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PHILOSOPHY & FUN OF ALGEBRA, Chapter 1, From Arithmetic To Algebra, part 3

Chapter 1, From Arithmetic To Algebra, part 3

Let us include that among the facts we have to be logical about, and see where we get to then. In this problem, besides the numbers which we do know, there is one which we do not know, and which we want to know. Instead of guessing whether we are to call it nine, or seven, or a hundred and twenty, or a thousand and fifty, let us agree to call it x, and let us always remember that x stands for the Unknown. Let us write x in among all our other numbers, and deal logically with it according to exactly the same laws as we deal with six, or nine, or a hundred, or a thousand.” As soon as this method was adopted, many difficulties which had been puzzling everybody fell to pieces like a Rupert's drop when you nip its tail, or disappeared like bats when the sun rises. Nobody knew where they had gone to, and I should think that nobody cared. The main fact was that they were no longer there to puzzle people. A little girl was once saying the Evening Hymn to me, “May no ill dreams disturb my rest, No powers of darkness me molest.” I asked if she knew what Powers of Darkness meant. She said, “The wolves which I cannot help fancying are under my bed when all the time I know they are not there. They must be the Powers of Darkness, because they go away when the light comes.”

Now that is exactly what happened when people left off disputing about what they did not know, and began to deal logically with the fact of their own ignorance. This method of solving problems by honest confession of one's ignorance is called Algebra.1 The name Algebra is made up of two Arabic words. The science of Algebra came into Europe through Arabs, and therefore is called by its Arabic name. But it is believed to have been known in India before the Arabs got hold of it. Any fact which we know or have been told about our problem is called a datum. The number of pounds of sugar we are to buy is one datum; the price per pound is another. The plural of datum is data. It is a good plan to write all one's data on one column or page of the paper and work one's sum on the other. This leaves the first column clear for adding to one's data if one finds out any fresh one.


Chapter 1, From Arithmetic To Algebra, part 3 الفصل 1 ، من الحساب إلى الجبر ، الجزء 3 Capítulo 1, De la aritmética al álgebra, parte 3 Chapitre 1, De l'arithmétique à l'algèbre, partie 3 Capitolo 1, Dall'aritmetica all'algebra, parte 3 Capítulo 1, Da aritmética à álgebra, parte 3 Глава 1. От арифметики к алгебре, часть 3 第 1 章,从算术到代数,第 3 部分 第 1 章,從算術到代數,第 3 部分

Let us include that among the facts we have to be logical about, and see where we get to then. دعونا ندرج ذلك ضمن الحقائق التي يجب أن نكون منطقيين بشأنها ، ونرى أين سنصل بعد ذلك. Incluyamos eso entre los hechos sobre los que tenemos que ser lógicos, y veamos a dónde llegamos entonces. Vamos incluir isso entre os fatos sobre os quais temos que ser lógicos e ver aonde chegamos. In this problem, besides the numbers which we do know, there is one which we do not know, and which we want to know. في هذه المشكلة، إلى جانب الأعداد التي نعرفها، هناك رقم لا نعرفه، ونريد أن نعرفه. En este problema, además de los números que sí sabemos, hay uno que no sabemos y que queremos saber. Neste problema, além dos números que conhecemos, existe um que não conhecemos e que queremos conhecer. Instead of guessing whether we are to call it nine, or seven, or a hundred and twenty, or a thousand and fifty, let us agree to call it x, and let us always remember that x stands for the Unknown. بدلًا من تخمين ما إذا كنا سنسميه تسعة، أو سبعة، أو مائة وعشرين، أو ألفًا وخمسين، دعونا نتفق على تسميته x، ودعونا نتذكر دائمًا أن x تعني المجهول. En lugar de adivinar si debemos llamarlo nueve, o siete, o ciento veinte, o mil cincuenta, acordemos llamarlo x, y recordemos siempre que x representa lo Desconocido. Em vez de adivinhar se devemos chamá-lo de nove, ou sete, ou cento e vinte, ou mil e cinquenta, concordemos em chamá-lo de x, e lembremo-nos sempre de que x representa o Desconhecido. Let us write x in among all our other numbers, and deal logically with it according to exactly the same laws as we deal with six, or nine, or a hundred, or a thousand.” As soon as this method was adopted, many difficulties which had been puzzling everybody fell to pieces like a Rupert's drop when you nip its tail, or disappeared like bats when the sun rises. دعونا نكتب x بين جميع أرقامنا الأخرى، ونتعامل معها منطقيًا وفقًا لنفس القوانين التي نتعامل معها مع ستة، أو تسعة، أو مائة، أو ألف. وحالما تم اعتماد هذه الطريقة، تحطمت العديد من الصعوبات التي كانت تحير الجميع مثل قطرة روبرت عندما تقضم ذيلها، أو اختفت مثل الخفافيش عندما تشرق الشمس. Escribamos x entre todos nuestros otros números, y tratémoslo lógicamente de acuerdo exactamente con las mismas leyes que tratamos con seis, nueve, cien o mil”. Tan pronto como se adoptó este método, muchas dificultades que habían desconcertado a todo el mundo se desmoronaron como una gota de Rupert cuando le muerdes la cola, o desaparecieron como murciélagos cuando sale el sol. Vamos escrever x entre todos os nossos outros números e lidar logicamente com ele exatamente de acordo com as mesmas leis que lidamos com seis, ou nove, ou cem, ou mil.” Assim que esse método foi adotado, muitas dificuldades que vinham intrigando a todos caíram em pedaços como uma gota de Rupert quando você morde sua cauda, ou desapareceram como morcegos quando o sol nasce. 让我们在所有其他数字中写下x,并按照与处理六,九,一百或一千完全相同的定律进行逻辑处理。”一旦采用了这种方法,当您捏住它的尾巴时,许多困扰着每个人的难题就会像Rupert的坠落一样破碎,或者当太阳升起时像蝙蝠一样消失。 Nobody knew where they had gone to, and I should think that nobody cared. لم يكن أحد يعرف إلى أين ذهبوا، وأعتقد أن لا أحد يهتم. Nadie sabía adónde habían ido, y debería pensar que a nadie le importaba. Ninguém sabia para onde eles tinham ido, e eu acho que ninguém se importava. The main fact was that they were no longer there to puzzle people. الحقيقة الرئيسية هي أنهم لم يعودوا موجودين لإرباك الناس. El hecho principal era que ya no estaban allí para desconcertar a la gente. O fato principal era que eles não estavam mais ali para confundir as pessoas. A little girl was once saying the Evening Hymn to me, “May no ill dreams disturb my rest, No powers of darkness me molest.” I asked if she knew what Powers of Darkness meant. ذات مرة كانت فتاة صغيرة تقول لي ترنيمة المساء: "لا أرجو أن تزعجني الأحلام السيئة، ولا تضايقني قوى الظلام." سألتها إذا كانت تعرف ماذا تعني قوى الظلام. Una niña pequeña me recitaba una vez el himno vespertino: “Que ningún mal sueño perturbe mi descanso, que ningún poder de las tinieblas me moleste”. Le pregunté si sabía lo que significaba Poderes de la Oscuridad. Certa vez, uma garotinha estava cantando o Hino Vespertino para mim: “Que nenhum pesadelo perturbe meu descanso, que nenhum poder das trevas me moleste”. Perguntei se ela sabia o que significava Poderes das Trevas. She said, “The wolves which I cannot help fancying are under my bed when all the time I know they are not there. قالت: «الذئاب التي لا أستطيع منع نفسي من تخيلها موجودة تحت سريري بينما أعلم دائمًا أنها ليست هناك. Ella dijo: “Los lobos que no puedo evitar imaginar están debajo de mi cama cuando todo el tiempo sé que no están allí. Ela disse: “Os lobos que eu não posso deixar de imaginar estão debaixo da minha cama quando o tempo todo eu sei que eles não estão lá. They must be the Powers of Darkness, because they go away when the light comes.” لا بد أنها قوى الظلام، لأنها تختفي عندما يأتي النور. Deben ser los Poderes de la Oscuridad, porque desaparecen cuando llega la luz. Eles devem ser os Poderes das Trevas, porque eles vão embora quando a luz chega.”

Now that is exactly what happened when people left off disputing about what they did not know, and began to deal logically with the fact of their own ignorance. وهذا بالضبط ما حدث عندما توقف الناس عن الجدال حول ما لا يعرفونه، وبدأوا في التعامل بشكل منطقي مع حقيقة جهلهم. Ahora bien, eso es exactamente lo que sucedió cuando la gente dejó de discutir sobre lo que no sabía y comenzó a lidiar lógicamente con el hecho de su propia ignorancia. Ora, foi exatamente isso que aconteceu quando as pessoas deixaram de discutir sobre o que não sabiam e começaram a lidar logicamente com o fato de sua própria ignorância. This method of solving problems by honest confession of one's ignorance is called Algebra.1 هذه الطريقة لحل المشكلات عن طريق الاعتراف الصادق بالجهل تسمى الجبر.1 Este método de resolver problemas mediante la confesión honesta de la propia ignorancia se llama Álgebra.1 Este método de resolver problemas pela confissão honesta da própria ignorância é chamado de Álgebra.1 The name Algebra is made up of two Arabic words. اسم الجبر مكون من كلمتين عربيتين. El nombre Álgebra se compone de dos palabras árabes. O nome Álgebra é formado por duas palavras árabes. The science of Algebra came into Europe through Arabs, and therefore is called by its Arabic name. وقد دخل علم الجبر إلى أوروبا عن طريق العرب، ولذلك سمي باسمه العربي. La ciencia del Álgebra llegó a Europa a través de los árabes, y por ello recibe su nombre árabe. A ciência da álgebra chegou à Europa através dos árabes e, portanto, é chamada por seu nome árabe. But it is believed to have been known in India before the Arabs got hold of it. ولكن يعتقد أنها كانت معروفة في الهند قبل أن يحصل عليها العرب. Pero se cree que se conocía en la India antes de que los árabes se apoderaran de él. Mas acredita-se que já era conhecido na Índia antes que os árabes se apoderassem dele. Any fact which we know or have been told about our problem is called a datum. أي حقيقة نعرفها أو تم إخبارنا بها عن مشكلتنا تسمى مسندًا. Cualquier hecho que conocemos o nos han dicho acerca de nuestro problema se llama dato. Qualquer fato que sabemos ou nos foi dito sobre nosso problema é chamado de dado. The number of pounds of sugar we are to buy is one datum; the price per pound is another. عدد رطل السكر الذي سنشتريه هو مرجع واحد؛ سعر الجنيه هو شيء آخر. La cantidad de libras de azúcar que vamos a comprar es un dato; el precio por libra es otro. O número de libras de açúcar que devemos comprar é um dado; o preço por quilo é outro. The plural of datum is data. جمع المسند هو البيانات. El plural de dato es datos. O plural de dado é dados. It is a good plan to write all one's data on one column or page of the paper and work one's sum on the other. إنها خطة جيدة أن يكتب كل شخص بياناته في عمود أو صفحة واحدة من الورقة ويجمع مجموعها في العمود الآخر. It is a good plan to write all one's data on one column or page of the paper and work one's sum on the other. Es un buen plan escribir todos los datos de uno en una columna o página del papel y trabajar la suma de uno en el otro. É um bom plano escrever todos os dados em uma coluna ou página do papel e fazer a soma na outra. 将一个人的所有数据写在纸上的一列或一页上,然后将一个人的总和写在另一页上是一个好计划。 This leaves the first column clear for adding to one's data if one finds out any fresh one. وهذا يترك العمود الأول خاليًا للإضافة إلى بيانات الفرد إذا اكتشف أيًا منها جديدًا. This leaves the first column clear for adding to one's data if one finds out any fresh one. Esto deja la primera columna libre para agregar a los datos de uno si encuentra alguno nuevo. Isso deixa a primeira coluna livre para adicionar aos dados de alguém, caso encontre algum novo. 如果发现任何新数据,这将使第一列清楚地添加到一个人的数据中。