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TED Talks + Video : Science / Brain / Health / Biology, Lisa Feldman Barrett / You aren't at the mercy of your emotions —your brain(...)

Lisa Feldman Barrett / You aren't at the mercy of your emotions —your brain(...)

You aren't at the mercy of your emotions — your brain creates them

My research lab sits about a mile from where several bombs exploded during the Boston Marathon in 2013. The surviving bomber, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev of Chechnya, was tried, convicted and sentenced to death.

Now, when a jury has to make the decision between life in prison and the death penalty, they base their decision largely on whether or not the defendant feels remorseful for his actions. Tsarnaev spoke words of apology, but when jurors looked at his face, all they saw was a stone-faced stare. Now, Tsarnaev is guilty, there's no doubt about that. He murdered and maimed innocent people, and I'm not here to debate that. My heart goes out to all the people who suffered. But as a scientist, I have to tell you that jurors do not and cannot detect remorse or any other emotion in anybody ever. Neither can I, and neither can you, and that's because emotions are not what we think they are. They are not universally expressed and recognized. They are not hardwired brain reactions that are uncontrollable. We have misunderstood the nature of emotion for a very long time, and understanding what emotions really are has important consequences for all of us.

I have studied emotions as a scientist for the past 25 years, and in my lab, we have probed human faces by measuring electrical signals that cause your facial muscles to contract to make facial expressions. We have scrutinized the human body in emotion. We have analyzed hundreds of physiology studies involving thousands of test subjects. We've scanned hundreds of brains, and examined every brain imaging study on emotion that has been published in the past 20 years. And the results of all of this research are overwhelmingly consistent. It may feel to you like your emotions are hardwired and they just trigger and happen to you, but they don't. You might believe that your brain is prewired with emotion circuits, that you're born with emotion circuits, but you're not. In fact, none of us in this room have emotion circuits in our brain. In fact, no brain on this planet contains emotion circuits.

So what are emotions, really? Well, strap on your seat belt, because ... emotions are guesses. They are guesses that your brain constructs in the moment where billions of brain cells are working together, and you have more control over those guesses than you might imagine that you do.

Now, if that sounds preposterous to you, or, you know, kind of crazy, I'm right there with you, because frankly, if I hadn't seen the evidence for myself, decades of evidence for myself, I am fairly sure that I wouldn't believe it either. But the bottom line is that emotions are not built into your brain at birth. They are just built.

To see what I mean, have a look at this. Right now, your brain is working like crazy. Your neurons are firing like mad trying to make meaning out of this so that you see something other than black and white blobs. Your brain is sifting through a lifetime of experience, making thousands of guesses at the same time, weighing the probabilities, trying to answer the question, "What is this most like? " not "What is it? " but "What is this most like in my past experience? " And this is all happening in the blink of an eye. Now if your brain is still struggling to find a good match and you still see black and white blobs, then you are in a state called "experiential blindness," and I am going to cure you of your blindness. This is my favorite part. Are you ready to be cured? (Cheers) All right. Here we go. (Gasps)

All right. So now many of you see a snake, and why is that? Because as your brain is sifting through your past experience, there's new knowledge there, the knowledge that came from the photograph. And what's really cool is that that knowledge which you just acquired moments ago is changing how you experience these blobs right now. So your brain is constructing the image of a snake where there is no snake, and this kind of a hallucination is what neuroscientists like me call "predictions. " Predictions are basically the way your brain works. It's business as usual for your brain. Predictions are the basis of every experience that you have. They are the basis of every action that you take. In fact, predictions are what allow you to understand the words that I'm speaking as they come out of my --

Audience: Mouth. Lisa Feldman Barrett: Mouth. Exactly.

Predictions are primal. They help us to make sense of the world in a quick and efficient way. So your brain does not react to the world. Using past experience, your brain predicts and constructs your experience of the world.

The way that we see emotions in others are deeply rooted in predictions. So to us, it feels like we just look at someone's face, and we just read the emotion that's there in their facial expressions the way that we would read words on a page. But actually, under the hood, your brain is predicting. It's using past experience based on similar situations to try to make meaning. This time, you're not making meaning of blobs, you're making meaning of facial movements like the curl of a lip or the raise of an eyebrow. And that stone-faced stare? That might be someone who is a remorseless killer, but a stone-faced stare might also mean that someone is stoically accepting defeat, which is in fact what Chechen culture prescribes for someone in Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's situation.

So the lesson here is that emotions that you seem to detect in other people actually come in part from what's inside your own head. And this is true in the courtroom, but it's also true in the classroom, in the bedroom, and in the boardroom.

And so here's my concern: tech companies which shall remain nameless ... well, maybe not. You know, Google, Facebook -- (Laughter) are spending millions of research dollars to build emotion-detection systems, and they are fundamentally asking the wrong question, because they're trying to detect emotions in the face and the body, but emotions aren't in your face and body. Physical movements have no intrinsic emotional meaning. We have to make them meaningful. A human or something else has to connect them to the context, and that makes them meaningful. That's how we know that a smile might mean sadness and a cry might mean happiness, and a stoic, still face might mean that you are angrily plotting the demise of your enemy. Now, if I haven't already gone out on a limb, I'll just edge out on that limb a little further and tell you that the way that you experience your own emotion is exactly the same process. Your brain is basically making predictions, guesses, that it's constructing in the moment with billions of neurons working together.

Now your brain does come prewired to make some feelings, simple feelings that come from the physiology of your body. So when you're born, you can make feelings like calmness and agitation, excitement, comfort, discomfort. But these simple feelings are not emotions. They're actually with you every waking moment of your life. They are simple summaries of what's going on inside your body, kind of like a barometer. But they have very little detail, and you need that detail to know what to do next. What do you about these feelings? And so how does your brain give you that detail? Well, that's what predictions are. Predictions link the sensations in your body that give you these simple feelings with what's going on around you in the world so that you know what to do. And sometimes, those constructions are emotions.

So for example, if you were to walk into a bakery, your brain might predict that you will encounter the delicious aroma of freshly baked chocolate chip cookies. I know my brain would predict the delicious aroma of freshly baked chocolate cookies. And our brains might cause our stomachs to churn a little bit, to prepare for eating those cookies. And if we are correct, if in fact some cookies have just come out of the oven, then our brains will have constructed hunger, and we are prepared to munch down those cookies and digest them in a very efficient way, meaning that we can eat a lot of them, which would be a really good thing.

You guys are not laughing enough. I'm totally serious. (Laughter) But here's the thing. That churning stomach, if it occurs in a different situation, it can have a completely different meaning. So if your brain were to predict a churning stomach in, say, a hospital room while you're waiting for test results, then your brain will be constructing dread or worry or anxiety, and it might cause you to, maybe, wring your hands or take a deep breath or even cry. Right? Same physical sensation, same churning stomach, different experience.

And so the lesson here is that emotions which seem to happen to you are actually made by you. You are not at the mercy of mythical emotion circuits which are buried deep inside some ancient part of your brain. You have more control over your emotions than you think you do. I don't mean that you can just snap your fingers and change how you feel the way that you would change your clothes, but your brain is wired so that if you change the ingredients that your brain uses to make emotion, then you can transform your emotional life. So if you change those ingredients today, you're basically teaching your brain how to predict differently tomorrow, and this is what I call being the architect of your experience.

So here's an example. All of us have had a nervous feeling before a test, right? But some people experience crippling anxiety before a test. They have test anxiety. Based on past experiences of taking tests, their brains predict a hammering heartbeat, sweaty hands, so much so that they are unable to actually take the test. They don't perform well, and sometimes they not only fail courses but they actually might fail college. But here's the thing: a hammering heartbeat is not necessarily anxiety. It could be that your body is preparing to do battle and ace that test ... or, you know, give a talk in front of hundreds of people on a stage where you're being filmed. (Laughter) I'm serious. (Laughter)

And research shows that when students learn to make this kind of energized determination instead of anxiety, they perform better on tests. And that determination seeds their brain to predict differently in the future so that they can get their butterflies flying in formation. And if they do that often enough, they not only can pass a test but it will be easier for them to pass their courses, and they might even finish college, which has a huge impact on their future earning potential. So I call this emotional intelligence in action.

Now you can cultivate this emotional intelligence yourself and use it in your everyday life. So just, you know, imagine waking up in the morning. I'm sure you've had this experience. I know I have. You wake up and as you're emerging into consciousness, you feel this horrible dread, you know, this real wretchedness, and immediately, your mind starts to race. You start to think about all the crap that you have to do at work and you have that mountain of email which you will never dig yourself out of ever, the phone calls you have to return, and that important meeting across town, and you're going to have to fight traffic, you'll be late picking your kids up, your dog is sick, and what are you going to make for dinner? Oh my God. What is wrong with your life? What is wrong with my life? (Laughter)

That mind racing is prediction. Your brain is searching to find an explanation for those sensations in your body that you experience as wretchedness, just like you did with the blobby image. So your brain is trying to explain what caused those sensations so that you know what to do about them. But those sensations might not be an indication that anything is wrong with your life. They might have a purely physical cause. Maybe you're tired. Maybe you didn't sleep enough. Maybe you're hungry. Maybe you're dehydrated. The next time that you feel intense distress, ask yourself: Could this have a purely physical cause? Is it possible that you can transform emotional suffering into just mere physical discomfort?

Now I am not suggesting to you that you can just perform a couple of Jedi mind tricks and talk yourself out of being depressed or anxious or any kind of serious condition. But I am telling you that you have more control over your emotions than you might imagine, and that you have the capacity to turn down the dial on emotional suffering and its consequences for your life by learning how to construct your experiences differently. And all of us can do this and with a little practice, we can get really good at it, like driving. At first, it takes a lot of effort, but eventually it becomes pretty automatic.

Now I don't know about you, but I find this to be a really empowering and inspiring message, and the fact that it's backed up by decades of research makes me also happy as a scientist. But I have to also warn you that it does come with some fine print, because more control also means more responsibility. If you are not at the mercy of mythical emotion circuits which are buried deep inside your brain somewhere and which trigger automatically, then who's responsible, who is responsible when you behave badly? You are. Not because you're culpable for your emotions, but because the actions and the experiences that you make today become your brain's predictions for tomorrow. Sometimes we are responsible for something not because we're to blame but because we're the only ones who can change it.

Now responsibility is a big word. It's so big, in fact, that sometimes people feel the need to resist the scientific evidence that emotions are built and not built in. The idea that we are responsible for our own emotions seems very hard to swallow. But what I'm suggesting to you is you don't have to choke on that idea. You just take a deep breath, maybe get yourself a glass of water if you need to, and embrace it. Embrace that responsibility, because it is the path to a healthier body, a more just and informed legal system, and a more flexible and potent emotional life.

Thank you.

(Applause)

Lisa Feldman Barrett / You aren't at the mercy of your emotions —your brain(...) Lisa Feldman Barrett / Du bist deinen Emotionen nicht ausgeliefert — deinem Gehirn (...) Lisa Feldman Barrett / You aren't at the mercy of your emotions —your brain(...) Lisa Feldman Barrett / No estás a merced de tus emociones: tu cerebro(...) Lisa Feldman Barrett / Vous n'êtes pas à la merci de vos émotions - votre cerveau(...) リサ フェルドマン バレット Lisa Feldman Barrett / Nie jesteś na łasce swoich emocji - twój mózg(...) Lisa Feldman Barrett / Você não está à mercê de suas emoções —seu cérebro(...) Lisa Feldman Barrett / Du är inte utlämnad till dina känslor - din hjärna(...) Lisa Feldman Barrett / Duygularınızın merhametine kalmadınız - beyniniz(...) Ліза Фельдман Барретт / Ви не у владі своїх емоцій - ваш мозок(...) 丽莎-费尔德曼-巴雷特(Lisa Feldman Barrett) / 你不会被情绪所左右,你的大脑(... 麗莎·費爾德曼·巴雷特 / 你不會受情緒的支配——你的大腦(...)

You aren't at the mercy of your emotions — your brain creates them Sie sind Ihren Emotionen nicht ausgeliefert – Ihr Gehirn erschafft sie No estás a merced de tus emociones: tu cerebro las crea あなたはあなたの感情に翻弄されていません-あなたの脳はそれらを作成します Você não está à mercê de suas emoções - seu cérebro as cria

My research lab sits about a mile from where several bombs exploded during the Boston Marathon in 2013. Mein Forschungslabor befindet sich etwa eine Meile von der Stelle entfernt, an der während des Boston-Marathons 2013 mehrere Bomben explodierten. My research lab sits about a mile from where several bombs exploded during the Boston Marathon in 2013. 私の研究所は、2013 年のボストン マラソンで複数の爆弾が爆発した場所から約 1 マイルのところにあります。 Meu laboratório de pesquisa fica a cerca de um quilômetro e meio de onde várias bombas explodiram durante a Maratona de Boston em 2013. The surviving bomber, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev of Chechnya, was tried, convicted and sentenced to death. Der überlebende Attentäter Dzhokhar Tsarnaev aus Tschetschenien wurde vor Gericht gestellt, verurteilt und zum Tode verurteilt. O homem-bomba sobrevivente, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, da Chechênia, foi julgado, condenado e sentenciado à morte. Hayatta kalan bombacı Çeçenistanlı Dzhokhar Tsarnaev yargılandı, suçlu bulundu ve idama mahkum edildi.

Now, when a jury has to make the decision between life in prison and the death penalty, they base their decision largely on whether or not the defendant feels remorseful for his actions. Wenn jetzt Geschworene die Entscheidung zwischen lebenslanger Haft und Todesstrafe treffen müssen, stützen sie ihre Entscheidung weitgehend darauf, ob der Angeklagte Reue für seine Taten empfindet oder nicht. 現在、陪審員が終身刑か死刑かの決定を下さなければならない場合、彼らは主に被告が自分の行動に後悔を感じているかどうかに基づいて決定を下します. Agora, quando um júri tem que tomar a decisão entre prisão perpétua e pena de morte, eles baseiam sua decisão em grande parte se o réu sente ou não remorso por suas ações. Şimdi, bir jüri ömür boyu hapis cezası ile ölüm cezası arasında bir karar vermek zorunda kaldığında, kararını büyük ölçüde sanığın yaptıklarından pişmanlık duyup duymadığına dayandırıyor. Tsarnaev spoke words of apology, but when jurors looked at his face, all they saw was a stone-faced stare. Tsarnaev sprach Worte der Entschuldigung, aber als die Geschworenen ihm ins Gesicht sahen, war alles, was sie sahen, ein steinerner Blick. ツァルナエフは謝罪の言葉を述べたが、陪審員が彼の顔を見たとき、彼らが見たのは石のような顔だけだった。 Now, Tsarnaev is guilty, there's no doubt about that. Nun, Tsarnaev ist schuldig, daran gibt es keinen Zweifel. 今、ツァルナエフは有罪であり、それについて疑いの余地はありません。 He murdered and maimed innocent people, and I'm not here to debate that. Er hat unschuldige Menschen ermordet und verstümmelt, und ich bin nicht hier, um darüber zu diskutieren. 彼は罪のない人々を殺害し、不具にしました、そして私はそれについて議論するためにここにいるのではありません. My heart goes out to all the people who suffered. Mein Herz geht an alle Menschen, die gelitten haben. 被害に遭われたすべての方々に心よりお見舞い申し上げます。 But as a scientist, I have to tell you that jurors do not and cannot detect remorse or any other emotion in anybody ever. Aber als Wissenschaftler muss ich Ihnen sagen, dass Geschworene niemals Reue oder irgendeine andere Emotion bei irgendjemandem feststellen können und können. しかし、科学者として、陪審員は誰も後悔やその他の感情を検出することはできず、また検出できないことを伝えなければなりません. Ancak bir bilim insanı olarak size şunu söylemeliyim ki jüri üyeleri hiç kimsede pişmanlık ya da başka bir duygu tespit etmez ve edemez. Neither can I, and neither can you, and that's because emotions are not what we think they are. Ich auch nicht und Sie auch nicht, und das liegt daran, dass Emotionen nicht das sind, wofür wir sie halten. 私もあなたもできません。それは、感情が私たちが思っているものではないからです。 Ben de yapamam, siz de yapamazsınız ve bunun nedeni duyguların sandığımız gibi olmamasıdır. They are not universally expressed and recognized. Sie werden nicht allgemein ausgedrückt und anerkannt. それらは普遍的に表現され認識されているわけではありません。 Bunlar evrensel olarak ifade edilmemekte ve tanınmamaktadır. They are not hardwired brain reactions that are uncontrollable. Sie sind keine fest verdrahteten Gehirnreaktionen, die unkontrollierbar sind. それらは、制御不能な固定化された脳の反応ではありません。 Bunlar kontrol edilemeyen beyin tepkileri değildir. We have misunderstood the nature of emotion for a very long time, and understanding what emotions really are has important consequences for all of us. Wir haben die Natur von Emotionen sehr lange missverstanden, und zu verstehen, was Emotionen wirklich sind, hat wichtige Konsequenzen für uns alle. 私たちは非常に長い間、感情の性質を誤解してきました。感情が実際に何であるかを理解することは、私たち全員にとって重要な結果をもたらします。 Duyguların doğasını çok uzun zamandır yanlış anlıyoruz ve duyguların gerçekte ne olduğunu anlamanın hepimiz için önemli sonuçları var.

I have studied emotions as a scientist for the past 25 years, and in my lab, we have probed human faces by measuring electrical signals that cause your facial muscles to contract to make facial expressions. Ich habe Emotionen als Wissenschaftler in den letzten 25 Jahren untersucht, und in meinem Labor haben wir menschliche Gesichter untersucht, indem wir elektrische Signale gemessen haben, die dazu führen, dass sich Ihre Gesichtsmuskeln zusammenziehen, um Gesichtsausdrücke zu erzeugen. 私は過去 25 年間、科学者として感情を研究してきました。私の研究室では、表情を作るために顔の筋肉を収縮させる電気信号を測定することで、人間の顔を調べてきました。 Son 25 yıldır bir bilim insanı olarak duygular üzerinde çalışıyorum ve laboratuvarımda, yüz ifadeleri oluşturmak için yüz kaslarınızın kasılmasına neden olan elektrik sinyallerini ölçerek insan yüzlerini araştırdık. We have scrutinized the human body in emotion. Wir haben den menschlichen Körper emotional unter die Lupe genommen. İnsan bedenini duygular içinde inceledik. We have analyzed hundreds of physiology studies involving thousands of test subjects. Wir haben Hunderte von Physiologiestudien mit Tausenden von Testpersonen analysiert. 私たちは、何千人もの被験者を対象とした何百もの生理学的研究を分析してきました。 We've scanned hundreds of brains, and examined every brain imaging study on emotion that has been published in the past 20 years. Wir haben Hunderte von Gehirnen gescannt und jede Gehirnbildgebungsstudie zu Emotionen untersucht, die in den letzten 20 Jahren veröffentlicht wurde. 私たちは何百もの脳をスキャンし、過去 20 年間に発表された感情に関する脳画像研究をすべて調べました。 And the results of all of this research are overwhelmingly consistent. Und die Ergebnisse all dieser Forschungen sind überwältigend konsistent. It may feel to you like your emotions are hardwired and they just trigger and happen to you, but they don't. Es mag sich für Sie anfühlen, als wären Ihre Emotionen fest verdrahtet und sie werden einfach ausgelöst und passieren Ihnen, aber das tun sie nicht. あなたの感情は固定化されており、それらはただトリガーしてあなたに起こるように感じるかもしれませんが、そうではありません. You might believe that your brain is prewired with emotion circuits, that you're born with emotion circuits, but you're not. Sie glauben vielleicht, dass Ihr Gehirn mit Emotionsschaltkreisen vorverdrahtet ist, dass Sie mit Emotionsschaltkreisen geboren werden, aber das sind Sie nicht. In fact, none of us in this room have emotion circuits in our brain. Tatsächlich hat keiner von uns in diesem Raum Emotionsschaltkreise in seinem Gehirn. In fact, no brain on this planet contains emotion circuits. Tatsächlich enthält kein Gehirn auf diesem Planeten Emotionsschaltkreise.

So what are emotions, really? Also, was sind Emotionen wirklich? Well, strap on your seat belt, because ... emotions are guesses. Nun, schnallen Sie sich an, denn ... Emotionen sind Vermutungen. They are guesses that your brain constructs in the moment where billions of brain cells are working together, and you have more control over those guesses than you might imagine that you do. Es sind Vermutungen, die Ihr Gehirn in dem Moment konstruiert, in dem Milliarden von Gehirnzellen zusammenarbeiten, und Sie haben mehr Kontrolle über diese Vermutungen, als Sie sich vielleicht vorstellen können. これらは、何十億もの脳細胞が一緒に働いている瞬間にあなたの脳が構築する推測であり、あなたが想像しているよりも、それらの推測をより細かく制御できます. Bunlar, beyninizin milyarlarca beyin hücresinin birlikte çalıştığı anda oluşturduğu tahminlerdir ve bu tahminler üzerinde düşündüğünüzden daha fazla kontrole sahipsinizdir.

Now, if that sounds preposterous to you, or, you know, kind of crazy, I'm right there with you, because frankly, if I hadn't seen the evidence for myself, decades of evidence for myself, I am fairly sure that I wouldn't believe it either. Nun, wenn das für Sie absurd oder irgendwie verrückt klingt, bin ich da ganz bei Ihnen, denn ehrlich gesagt, wenn ich die Beweise für mich selbst nicht gesehen hätte, Jahrzehnte von Beweisen für mich selbst, bin ich mir ziemlich sicher dass ich es auch nicht glauben würde. さて、それがあなたにとってばかげているように聞こえる場合、または、ご存知のように、ちょっとクレイジーに聞こえる場合は、私はあなたと一緒にいます.私も信じないだろうと。 Şimdi, eğer bu size mantıksız ya da biraz çılgınca geliyorsa, ben de sizinle aynı fikirdeyim, çünkü açıkçası, eğer kanıtları kendim görmemiş olsaydım, onlarca yıllık kanıtları kendim görmemiş olsaydım, eminim ki ben de buna inanmazdım. But the bottom line is that emotions are not built into your brain at birth. Aber die Quintessenz ist, dass Emotionen nicht von Geburt an in Ihr Gehirn eingebaut werden. Ancak işin özü şu ki, duygular beyninize doğuştan yerleştirilmemiştir. They are just built. Sie sind einfach gebaut. それらは構築されたばかりです。 Sadece inşa edildiler.

To see what I mean, have a look at this. Um zu sehen, was ich meine, schau dir das an. 私の言いたいことを理解するには、これを見てください。 Right now, your brain is working like crazy. Im Moment arbeitet Ihr Gehirn wie verrückt. 今、あなたの脳は狂ったように働いています。 Your neurons are firing like mad trying to make meaning out of this so that you see something other than black and white blobs. Ihre Neuronen feuern wie verrückt und versuchen, daraus einen Sinn zu machen, damit Sie etwas anderes als schwarze und weiße Kleckse sehen. あなたのニューロンは狂ったように発火し、これを意味づけようとしています。 Your brain is sifting through a lifetime of experience, making thousands of guesses at the same time, weighing the probabilities, trying to answer the question, "What is this most like? Ihr Gehirn durchforstet lebenslange Erfahrungen, stellt Tausende von Vermutungen gleichzeitig an, wägt die Wahrscheinlichkeiten ab und versucht, die Frage zu beantworten: „Wie ist das am ehesten? あなたの脳は生涯の経験をふるいにかけ、同時に何千もの推測を行い、確率を比較検討し、「これはどのようなものですか?」という質問に答えようとしています。 " not "What is it? "ではなく"何ですか? " but "What is this most like in my past experience? 」しかし「これは私の過去の経験の中で最も似ていますか? " And this is all happening in the blink of an eye. „Und das alles geschieht im Handumdrehen. 」 そして、これはすべて瞬く間に起こっています。 "И все это происходит в мгновение ока. Now if your brain is still struggling to find a good match and you still see black and white blobs, then you are in a state called "experiential blindness," and I am going to cure you of your blindness. Wenn Ihr Gehirn immer noch darum kämpft, eine gute Übereinstimmung zu finden, und Sie immer noch schwarze und weiße Flecken sehen, dann befinden Sie sich in einem Zustand, der als „erfahrungsbedingte Blindheit“ bezeichnet wird, und ich werde Sie von Ihrer Blindheit heilen. あなたの脳がまだ良い一致を見つけるのに苦労していて、まだ黒と白の塊が見えるなら、あなたは「経験的盲目」と呼ばれる状態にあり、私はあなたの失明を治します. This is my favorite part. Are you ready to be cured? 治る準備はできていますか? (Cheers)     All right. Here we go. (Gasps)

All right. So now many of you see a snake, and why is that? では、多くの人がヘビを見ますが、それはなぜですか? Because as your brain is sifting through your past experience, there's new knowledge there, the knowledge that came from the photograph. Denn während Ihr Gehirn Ihre vergangenen Erfahrungen sichtet, gibt es dort neues Wissen, das Wissen, das aus dem Foto stammt. Çünkü beyniniz geçmiş deneyimlerinizi gözden geçirirken, orada yeni bilgiler, fotoğraftan gelen bilgiler vardır. And what's really cool is that that knowledge which you just acquired moments ago is changing how you experience these blobs right now. Und was wirklich cool ist, ist, dass dieses Wissen, das Sie sich gerade erst angeeignet haben, die Art und Weise verändert, wie Sie diese Blobs jetzt erleben. そして本当に素晴らしいのは、ほんの少し前に得た知識が、現在これらの塊をどのように経験するかを変えているということです. Ve gerçekten harika olan şey, az önce edindiğiniz bu bilginin şu anda bu lekeleri nasıl deneyimlediğinizi değiştiriyor olması. So your brain is constructing the image of a snake where there is no snake, and this kind of a hallucination is what neuroscientists like me call "predictions. Ihr Gehirn konstruiert also das Bild einer Schlange, wo keine Schlange ist, und diese Art von Halluzination nennen Neurowissenschaftler wie ich „Vorhersagen“. つまり、あなたの脳は、ヘビのいないところにヘビのイメージを構築しています。この種の幻覚は、私のような神経科学者が「予測」と呼んでいるものです。 Yani beyniniz yılan olmayan bir yerde bir yılan imgesi inşa ediyor ve bu tür bir halüsinasyon benim gibi sinirbilimcilerin 'tahminler' dediği şeydir. " Predictions are basically the way your brain works. 「基本的に、予測は脳の仕組みです。 It's business as usual for your brain. それはあなたの脳にとっていつものことです。 Predictions are the basis of every experience that you have. Vorhersagen sind die Grundlage jeder Erfahrung, die Sie haben. 予測は、あなたが持っているすべての経験の基礎です。 They are the basis of every action that you take. Sie sind die Grundlage jeder Handlung, die Sie ergreifen. In fact, predictions are what allow you to understand the words that I'm speaking as they come out of my -- Tatsächlich sind es Vorhersagen, die es dir ermöglichen, die Worte zu verstehen, die ich spreche, wenn sie aus meinem – 実際、予測は、私が話している言葉を理解するのに役立ちます。 Aslında, tahminler benim ağzımdan çıkan sözleri anlamanızı sağlayan şeydir --

Audience: Mouth. Publikum: Mund. 聴衆: 口。 Lisa Feldman Barrett: Mouth. Lisa Feldman Barrett: Mund. リサ・フェルドマン・バレット: 口。 Exactly. Exakt.

Predictions are primal. Vorhersagen sind ursprünglich. 予測は第一です。 They help us to make sense of the world in a quick and efficient way. Sie helfen uns, die Welt schnell und effizient zu verstehen. それらは、迅速かつ効率的な方法で世界を理解するのに役立ちます。 So your brain does not react to the world. Ihr Gehirn reagiert also nicht auf die Welt. Using past experience, your brain predicts and constructs your experience of the world. Anhand früherer Erfahrungen sagt Ihr Gehirn Ihre Erfahrung der Welt voraus und konstruiert sie. 過去の経験を使用して、脳は世界の経験を予測して構築します。

The way that we see emotions in others are deeply rooted in predictions. Die Art und Weise, wie wir Emotionen bei anderen sehen, ist tief in Vorhersagen verwurzelt. 私たちが他人の感情を見る方法は、予測に深く根ざしています。 Başkalarındaki duyguları görme şeklimiz derinlemesine tahminlere dayanır. So to us, it feels like we just look at someone's face, and we just read the emotion that's there in their facial expressions the way that we would read words on a page. Für uns fühlt es sich also so an, als würden wir jemandem einfach ins Gesicht schauen und die Emotionen in seinem Gesichtsausdruck lesen, so wie wir Wörter auf einer Seite lesen würden. つまり、私たちは誰かの顔を見て、ページ上の単語を読むように、顔の表情にある感情を読み取っているように感じます。 Yani bize göre, birinin yüzüne bakıyoruz ve yüz ifadelerindeki duyguları tıpkı bir sayfadaki kelimeleri okuduğumuz gibi okuyoruz. But actually, under the hood, your brain is predicting. Aber eigentlich sagt Ihr Gehirn unter der Haube etwas voraus. It's using past experience based on similar situations to try to make meaning. Es nutzt vergangene Erfahrungen, die auf ähnlichen Situationen basieren, um zu versuchen, Bedeutung zu erzeugen. 似たような状況に基づいた過去の経験を使って、意味を作ろうとしています。 This time, you're not making meaning of blobs, you're making meaning of facial movements like the curl of a lip or the raise of an eyebrow. Diesmal legen Sie keine Bedeutung auf Kleckse, sondern auf Gesichtsbewegungen wie das Kräuseln einer Lippe oder das Heben einer Augenbraue. 今回は、ブロブを意味するのではなく、唇のカールや眉を上げるなどの顔の動きを意味しています. And that stone-faced stare? そして、その石のような凝視? That might be someone who is a remorseless killer, but a stone-faced stare might also mean that someone is stoically accepting defeat, which is in fact what Chechen culture prescribes for someone in Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's situation. Das könnte jemand sein, der ein unbarmherziger Mörder ist, aber ein steinerner Blick könnte auch bedeuten, dass jemand stoisch eine Niederlage hinnimmt, was in der Tat die tschetschenische Kultur für jemanden in der Situation von Dzhokhar Tsarnaev vorschreibt. それは無慈悲な殺人者であるかもしれませんが、石のような凝視は、誰かがストイックに敗北を受け入れていることを意味するかもしれません.Dzhokhar Tsarnaevの状況でチェチェン文化が処方するものです. Bu acımasız bir katil olabilir, ancak taş suratlı bir bakış aynı zamanda birinin yenilgiyi metanetle kabul ettiği anlamına da gelebilir ki Çeçen kültürünün Dzhokhar Tsarnaev'in durumundaki biri için öngördüğü şey de budur.

So the lesson here is that emotions that you seem to detect in other people actually come in part from what's inside your own head. Die Lektion hier ist also, dass Emotionen, die Sie bei anderen Menschen zu entdecken scheinen, tatsächlich teilweise aus dem stammen, was in Ihrem eigenen Kopf ist. ここでの教訓は、あなたが他の人に感じている感情は、実際にはあなた自身の頭の中にあるものから来ているということです。 Buradan çıkarılacak ders, diğer insanlarda algıladığınız duyguların aslında kısmen kendi kafanızın içindekilerden kaynaklandığıdır. And this is true in the courtroom, but it's also true in the classroom, in the bedroom, and in the boardroom. Und das gilt im Gerichtssaal, aber auch im Klassenzimmer, im Schlafzimmer und im Sitzungssaal. これは法廷だけでなく、教室、寝室、会議室でも同じです。

And so here's my concern: tech companies which shall remain nameless ... well, maybe not. Und deshalb meine Sorge: Tech-Unternehmen, die namenlos bleiben sollen ... naja, vielleicht auch nicht. そして、ここに私の懸念があります。名前のないままになるテクノロジー企業...まあ、そうではないかもしれません。 You know, Google, Facebook --   (Laughter)     are spending millions of research dollars to build emotion-detection systems, and they are fundamentally asking the wrong question, because they're trying to detect emotions in the face and the body, but emotions aren't in your face and body. Wissen Sie, Google, Facebook – (Gelächter) geben Millionen von Forschungsdollar aus, um Systeme zur Emotionserkennung zu bauen, und sie stellen grundlegend die falsche Frage, weil sie versuchen, Emotionen im Gesicht und am Körper zu erkennen, aber Emotionen sind nicht in deinem Gesicht und Körper. ご存知のように、Google や Facebook は -- (笑) 何百万ドルもの研究費を費やして感情検出システムを構築していますが、彼らは根本的に間違った質問をしています。顔にも体にもありません。 Physical movements have no intrinsic emotional meaning. Körperliche Bewegungen haben keine intrinsische emotionale Bedeutung. 身体の動きには、本質的な感情的な意味はありません。 Fiziksel hareketlerin içsel bir duygusal anlamı yoktur. We have to make them meaningful. Wir müssen sie bedeutungsvoll machen. それらを意味のあるものにする必要があります。 A human or something else has to connect them to the context, and that makes them meaningful. Ein Mensch oder etwas anderes muss sie mit dem Kontext verbinden, und das macht sie sinnvoll. 人間または他の何かがそれらを文脈に結び付ける必要があり、それがそれらを意味のあるものにします。 That's how we know that a smile might mean sadness and a cry might mean happiness, and a stoic, still face might mean that you are angrily plotting the demise of your enemy. Daher wissen wir, dass ein Lächeln Traurigkeit und ein Weinen Glück bedeuten kann und ein stoisches, stilles Gesicht bedeuten könnte, dass Sie wütend den Untergang Ihres Feindes planen. このようにして、笑顔は悲しみを意味し、泣き声は幸せを意味し、ストイックで静かな顔は、怒って敵の終焉を企んでいることを意味する可能性があることを私たちは知っています. Now, if I haven't already gone out on a limb, I'll just edge out on that limb a little further and tell you that the way that you experience your own emotion is exactly the same process. Nun, wenn ich nicht bereits auf die Beine gegangen bin, werde ich auf diesem Ast noch etwas weiter ausholen und Ihnen sagen, dass die Art und Weise, wie Sie Ihre eigenen Emotionen erleben, genau derselbe Prozess ist. さて、まだ手足に出ていないのなら、もう少し手足を伸ばして、自分の感情を体験する方法はまったく同じプロセスだと言います。 Your brain is basically making predictions, guesses, that it's constructing in the moment with billions of neurons working together. Ihr Gehirn macht im Grunde Vorhersagen, Vermutungen, die es in dem Moment konstruiert, in dem Milliarden von Neuronen zusammenarbeiten. あなたの脳は基本的に、何十億ものニューロンが一緒に働いて、その瞬間に構築している予測、推測を行っています.

Now your brain does come prewired to make some feelings, simple feelings that come from the physiology of your body. Jetzt ist Ihr Gehirn vorverdrahtet, um einige Gefühle zu erzeugen, einfache Gefühle, die aus der Physiologie Ihres Körpers stammen. 今、あなたの脳は、あなたの体の生理機能から来るいくつかの感情、単純な感情を作るために事前に配線されています. So when you're born, you can make feelings like calmness and agitation, excitement, comfort, discomfort. Wenn Sie also geboren werden, können Sie Gefühle wie Ruhe und Aufregung, Aufregung, Trost und Unbehagen hervorrufen. ですから、生まれたとき、落ち着きや動揺、興奮、快適さ、不快感などの感情を作ることができます。 But these simple feelings are not emotions. Aber diese einfachen Gefühle sind keine Emotionen. しかし、これらの単純な感情は感情ではありません。 They're actually with you every waking moment of your life. Sie sind eigentlich in jedem wachen Moment deines Lebens bei dir. 彼らは実際にあなたの人生のすべての目覚めの瞬間にあなたと一緒にいます. They are simple summaries of what's going on inside your body, kind of like a barometer. Sie sind einfache Zusammenfassungen dessen, was in Ihrem Körper vor sich geht, so etwas wie ein Barometer. 体の中で何が起こっているかを簡単にまとめたもので、バロメーターのようなものです。 But they have very little detail, and you need that detail to know what to do next. Aber sie haben sehr wenig Details, und Sie brauchen diese Details, um zu wissen, was als nächstes zu tun ist. しかし、それらには詳細がほとんどなく、次に何をすべきかを知るためにその詳細が必要です。 What do you about these feelings? Was denkst du über diese Gefühle? これらの感情についてどう思いますか? And so how does your brain give you that detail? Und wie gibt Ihnen Ihr Gehirn dieses Detail? では、脳はどのようにしてその詳細を提供するのでしょうか? Well, that's what predictions are. Nun, das sind Vorhersagen. Predictions link the sensations in your body that give you these simple feelings with what's going on around you in the world so that you know what to do. 予測は、これらの単純な感覚を与える身体の感覚を、世界であなたの周りで起こっていることと結びつけ、何をすべきかを知ることができます. And sometimes, those constructions are emotions. Und manchmal sind diese Konstruktionen Emotionen.

So for example, if you were to walk into a bakery, your brain might predict that you will encounter the delicious aroma of freshly baked chocolate chip cookies. Wenn Sie also beispielsweise eine Bäckerei betreten, könnte Ihr Gehirn vorhersagen, dass Sie auf das köstliche Aroma von frisch gebackenen Schokoladenkeksen stoßen werden. たとえば、パン屋に足を踏み入れた場合、脳は、焼きたてのチョコレート チップ クッキーのおいしい香りに出会うと予測するかもしれません。 I know my brain would predict the delicious aroma of freshly baked chocolate cookies. Ich weiß, dass mein Gehirn das köstliche Aroma von frisch gebackenen Schokoladenkeksen vorhersagen würde. 焼きたてのチョコレート クッキーのおいしい香りを脳が予測することはわかっています。 And our brains might cause our stomachs to churn a little bit, to prepare for eating those cookies. Und unser Gehirn könnte dazu führen, dass sich unser Magen ein wenig dreht, um uns auf das Essen dieser Kekse vorzubereiten. そして私たちの脳は、クッキーを食べる準備をするために胃を少しかき回すかもしれません. And if we are correct, if in fact some cookies have just come out of the oven, then our brains will have constructed hunger, and we are prepared to munch down those cookies and digest them in a very efficient way, meaning that we can eat a lot of them, which would be a really good thing. もし私たちが正しければ、実際にいくつかのクッキーがオーブンから出てきたばかりである場合、私たちの脳は空腹を構築し、それらのクッキーをむしゃむしゃ食べて非常に効率的な方法で消化する準備ができています。それらの多くは、本当に良いことです。

You guys are not laughing enough. Ihr Jungs lacht nicht genug. 君たちは十分に笑っていません。 I'm totally serious. 私は完全に深刻です。 (Laughter)   But here's the thing. (笑) しかし、問題はここにあります。 That churning stomach, if it occurs in a different situation, it can have a completely different meaning. Dieser aufgewühlte Magen kann, wenn er in einer anderen Situation auftritt, eine ganz andere Bedeutung haben. その胃のむかつきは、別の状況で発生すると、まったく別の意味を持つ可能性があります. So if your brain were to predict a churning stomach in, say, a hospital room while you're waiting for test results, then your brain will be constructing dread or worry or anxiety, and it might cause you to, maybe, wring your hands or take a deep breath or even cry. Wenn Ihr Gehirn also beispielsweise in einem Krankenhauszimmer einen aufgewühlten Magen vorhersagen würde, während Sie auf Testergebnisse warten, dann wird Ihr Gehirn Angst oder Sorge oder Angst konstruieren, und es könnte dazu führen, dass Sie vielleicht die Hände ringen oder tief durchatmen oder sogar weinen. たとえば、病室で検査結果を待っているときに脳が胃のむかつきを予測した場合、脳は恐怖や心配、不安を構築し、おそらく手を絞めることになるでしょう。深呼吸したり、泣いたり。 Right? Same physical sensation, same churning stomach, different experience. 同じ身体感覚、同じ胃袋、異なる体験。

And so the lesson here is that emotions which seem to happen to you are actually made by you. ここでの教訓は、あなたに起こっているように見える感情は、実際にはあなたによって作られているということです。 You are not at the mercy of mythical emotion circuits which are buried deep inside some ancient part of your brain. Sie sind nicht den mythischen Emotionsschaltkreisen ausgeliefert, die tief in einem uralten Teil Ihres Gehirns vergraben sind. あなたは、脳の古い部分の奥深くに埋もれている神話上の感情回路に翻弄されることはありません。 You have more control over your emotions than you think you do. Du hast mehr Kontrolle über deine Emotionen, als du denkst. 自分が思っている以上に感情をコントロールできます。 I don't mean that you can just snap your fingers and change how you feel the way that you would change your clothes, but your brain is wired so that if you change the ingredients that your brain uses to make emotion, then you can transform your emotional life. Ich meine nicht, dass Sie einfach mit den Fingern schnippen und Ihre Gefühle so ändern können, wie Sie Ihre Kleidung wechseln würden, aber Ihr Gehirn ist so verdrahtet, dass Sie sich verwandeln können, wenn Sie die Zutaten ändern, die Ihr Gehirn verwendet, um Emotionen zu erzeugen dein Gefühlsleben. 指をパチンと鳴らすだけで、着替えるように感じ方を変えることができるという意味ではありませんが、脳は配線されているため、脳が感情を生み出すために使用する成分を変更すると、変化する可能性がありますあなたの感情的な人生。 So if you change those ingredients today, you're basically teaching your brain how to predict differently tomorrow, and this is what I call being the architect of your experience. Wenn Sie also diese Zutaten heute ändern, bringen Sie Ihrem Gehirn im Grunde bei, wie es morgen anders vorhersagen kann, und das nenne ich, der Architekt Ihrer Erfahrung zu sein. つまり、今日これらの材料を変更すると、基本的に脳に明日の予測を変える方法を教えていることになります。

So here's an example. Also hier ist ein Beispiel. これが例です。 All of us have had a nervous feeling before a test, right? Jeder von uns hatte vor einem Test ein nervöses Gefühl, richtig? テスト前に緊張した経験は誰にでもありますよね? But some people experience crippling anxiety before a test. Aber manche Menschen erleben vor einem Test lähmende Angst. しかし、テストの前に不自由な不安を経験する人もいます。 They have test anxiety. Sie haben Prüfungsangst. Based on past experiences of taking tests, their brains predict a hammering heartbeat, sweaty hands, so much so that they are unable to actually take the test. Basierend auf früheren Erfahrungen mit Tests sagt ihr Gehirn einen hämmernden Herzschlag und schwitzige Hände voraus, so dass sie den Test nicht wirklich machen können. 過去の受験経験から、ドキドキする鼓動や汗ばむ手などを脳が予測しすぎて、実際に受験することができません。 They don't perform well, and sometimes they not only fail courses but they actually might fail college. Sie schneiden nicht gut ab und fallen manchmal nicht nur in den Kursen durch, sondern auch im College. 彼らは成績が悪く、コースに失敗するだけでなく、実際に大学に失敗することもあります。 But here's the thing: a hammering heartbeat is not necessarily anxiety. Aber hier ist die Sache: Ein hämmernder Herzschlag ist nicht unbedingt Angst. しかし、ここに問題があります。鼓動が激しくなるのは、必ずしも不安ではありません。 It could be that your body is preparing to do battle and ace that test ... or, you know, give a talk in front of hundreds of people on a stage where you're being filmed. Es könnte sein, dass sich Ihr Körper darauf vorbereitet, zu kämpfen und diesen Test zu bestehen … oder, wissen Sie, einen Vortrag vor Hunderten von Menschen auf einer Bühne zu halten, auf der Sie gefilmt werden. それは、あなたの体が戦いの準備をしているのかもしれません... または、あなたが撮影されているステージで何百人もの人々の前で講演をしているのかもしれません. (Laughter)   I'm serious. (Gelächter) Ich meine es ernst. (笑) 本気です。 (Laughter) (Lachen)

And research shows that when students learn to make this kind of energized determination instead of anxiety, they perform better on tests. Und die Forschung zeigt, dass Schüler bei Tests besser abschneiden, wenn sie lernen, diese Art von energiegeladener Entschlossenheit anstelle von Angst zu treffen. そして研究によると、学生が不安ではなく、この種のエネルギーに満ちた決断を下すことを学ぶと、テストの成績が良くなることが示されています. And that determination seeds their brain to predict differently in the future so that they can get their butterflies flying in formation. Und diese Entschlossenheit bringt ihr Gehirn dazu, die Zukunft anders vorherzusagen, damit sie ihre Schmetterlinge in Formation fliegen lassen können. そして、その決意が脳に種をまき、蝶が隊列を組んで飛ぶことができるように、将来別の方法で予測するようにします。 And if they do that often enough, they not only can pass a test but it will be easier for them to pass their courses, and they might even finish college, which has a huge impact on their future earning potential. Und wenn sie das oft genug tun, können sie nicht nur einen Test bestehen, sondern es wird ihnen auch leichter fallen, ihre Kurse zu bestehen, und sie schließen vielleicht sogar das College ab, was sich enorm auf ihre zukünftigen Verdienstmöglichkeiten auswirkt. そして、それを十分に頻繁に行えば、テストに合格できるだけでなく、コースに合格しやすくなり、将来の収入の可能性に大きな影響を与える大学を卒業することさえできるかもしれません. So I call this emotional intelligence in action. Ich nenne das also emotionale Intelligenz in Aktion. ですから、私はこの感情的知性を行動と呼んでいます。

Now you can cultivate this emotional intelligence yourself and use it in your everyday life. Jetzt können Sie diese emotionale Intelligenz selbst kultivieren und in Ihrem Alltag nutzen. これで、この感情的知性を自分で養い、日常生活で使うことができます。 So just, you know, imagine waking up in the morning. Stellen Sie sich also vor, Sie wachen morgens auf. 朝起きたときのことを想像してみてください。 I'm sure you've had this experience. Ich bin sicher, Sie haben diese Erfahrung gemacht. きっとあなたもこの経験をしたことがあるでしょう。 I know I have. Ich weiß, ich habe. You wake up and as you're emerging into consciousness, you feel this horrible dread, you know, this real wretchedness, and immediately, your mind starts to race. Du wachst auf und während du ins Bewusstsein auftauchst, fühlst du diese schreckliche Angst, weißt du, dieses wirkliche Elend, und sofort beginnt dein Verstand zu rasen. You start to think about all the crap that you have to do at work and you have that mountain of email which you will never dig yourself out of ever, the phone calls you have to return, and that important meeting across town, and you're going to have to fight traffic, you'll be late picking your kids up, your dog is sick, and what are you going to make for dinner? Du fängst an, über all den Mist nachzudenken, den du bei der Arbeit zu erledigen hast, und du hast diesen Berg von E-Mails, aus dem du dich nie wieder ausgraben wirst, die Anrufe, die du zurückrufen musst, und dieses wichtige Meeting am anderen Ende der Stadt, und du Sie müssen sich mit dem Verkehr herumschlagen, Sie werden Ihre Kinder zu spät abholen, Ihr Hund ist krank und was werden Sie zum Abendessen machen? あなたは仕事でしなければならないすべてのがらくたについて考え始め、あなたは決して自分自身を掘り起こすことのできないその山のような電子メール、あなたが返さなければならない電話、そして町の向こう側の重要な会議を持っています.交通渋滞と戦わなければならない、子供の迎えに遅れる、犬が病気である、そして夕食に何を作るつもりですか? Oh my God. What is wrong with your life? What is wrong with my life? (Laughter)

That mind racing is prediction. そのマインドレーシングは予測です。 Your brain is searching to find an explanation for those sensations in your body that you experience as wretchedness, just like you did with the blobby image. Ihr Gehirn sucht nach einer Erklärung für diese Empfindungen in Ihrem Körper, die Sie als Elend empfinden, genau wie Sie es mit dem Klecksbild getan haben. あなたの脳は、ぼんやりしたイメージの場合と同じように、惨めさとして経験する身体の感覚の説明を見つけようとしています. So your brain is trying to explain what caused those sensations so that you know what to do about them. そのため、あなたの脳は、それらの感覚の原因を説明しようとしています。 But those sensations might not be an indication that anything is wrong with your life. しかし、それらの感覚は、あなたの人生に何か問題があることを示しているわけではありません. They might have a purely physical cause. 純粋に物理的な原因があるかもしれません。 Maybe you're tired. 多分あなたは疲れています。 Maybe you didn't sleep enough. 睡眠が足りなかったのかもしれません。 Maybe you're hungry. 多分あなたは空腹です。 Maybe you're dehydrated. たぶんあなたは脱水症状です。 The next time that you feel intense distress, ask yourself: Could this have a purely physical cause? 次回、激しい苦痛を感じたら、次のことを自問してください。純粋に身体的な原因があるのでしょうか? Is it possible that you can transform emotional suffering into just mere physical discomfort? Ist es möglich, dass Sie emotionales Leiden in bloßes körperliches Unbehagen verwandeln können? 感情的な苦痛を単なる肉体的な不快感に変えることは可能ですか?

Now I am not suggesting to you that you can just perform a couple of Jedi mind tricks and talk yourself out of being depressed or anxious or any kind of serious condition. ジェダイの心のトリックをいくつか実行して、落ち込んだり、不安になったり、深刻な状態に陥ったりしないように自分に言い聞かせることができると言っているのではありません。 But I am telling you that you have more control over your emotions than you might imagine, and that you have the capacity to turn down the dial on emotional suffering and its consequences for your life by learning how to construct your experiences differently. しかし、あなたは想像以上に自分の感情をコントロールすることができ、自分の経験を異なる方法で構築する方法を学ぶことで、感情的な苦しみとそれがあなたの人生に与える影響を抑えることができると言っています. And all of us can do this and with a little practice, we can get really good at it, like driving. そして、私たち全員がこれを行うことができ、少し練習すれば、運転のように本当に上手になることができます. At first, it takes a lot of effort, but eventually it becomes pretty automatic. 最初は手間がかかりますが、最終的にはかなり自動化されます。

Now I don't know about you, but I find this to be a really empowering and inspiring message, and the fact that it's backed up by decades of research makes me also happy as a scientist. あなたのことはわかりませんが、これは本当に力を与え、刺激的なメッセージだと思います。何十年にもわたる研究に裏打ちされているという事実は、科学者としての私も嬉しく思います。 But I have to also warn you that it does come with some fine print, because more control also means more responsibility. しかし、それには細かな点が伴うことも警告しなければなりません。なぜなら、より多くのコントロールはより多くの責任を意味するからです. If you are not at the mercy of mythical emotion circuits which are buried deep inside your brain somewhere and which trigger automatically, then who's responsible, who is responsible when you behave badly? 脳のどこかに深く埋め込まれ、自動的にトリガーされる神話的な感情回路に翻弄されていない場合、誰が責任を負い、あなたが悪い行動をとった場合、誰が責任を負うのでしょうか? You are. Not because you're culpable for your emotions, but because the actions and the experiences that you make today become your brain's predictions for tomorrow. 自分の感情に責任があるからではなく、今日の行動や経験が脳の明日への予測になるからです。 Sometimes we are responsible for something not because we're to blame but because we're the only ones who can change it. 自分に責任があるからではなく、それを変えることができるのは私たちだけだからです。

Now responsibility is a big word. 今、責任は大きな言葉です。 It's so big, in fact, that sometimes people feel the need to resist the scientific evidence that emotions are built and not built in. 実際、それは非常に大きいため、感情は組み込まれているものではなく組み込まれているという科学的証拠に抵抗する必要があると感じる人もいます. The idea that we are responsible for our own emotions seems very hard to swallow. 私たちは自分の感情に責任があるという考えは、飲み込むのが非常に難しいようです. But what I'm suggesting to you is you don't have to choke on that idea. しかし、私があなたに提案しているのは、その考えに窒息する必要はないということです. You just take a deep breath, maybe get yourself a glass of water if you need to, and embrace it. 深呼吸するだけで、必要に応じてコップ一杯の水を手に取り、それを受け入れます。 Embrace that responsibility, because it is the path to a healthier body, a more just and informed legal system, and a more flexible and potent emotional life. それは、より健康な体、より公正で情報に基づいた法制度、より柔軟で強力な感情生活への道であるため、その責任を受け入れてください.

Thank you.

(Applause)