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Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy, Part 3. Chapter 29.

Part 3. Chapter 29.

The carrying out of Levin's plan presented many difficulties; but he struggled on, doing his utmost, and attained a result which, though not what he desired, was enough to enable him, without self-deception, to believe that the attempt was worth the trouble. One of the chief difficulties was that the process of cultivating the land was in full swing, that it was impossible to stop everything and begin it all again from the beginning, and the machine had to be mended while in motion.

When on the evening that he arrived home he informed the bailiff of his plans, the latter with visible pleasure agreed with what he said so long as he was pointing out that all that had been done up to that time was stupid and useless. The bailiff said that he had said so a long while ago, but no heed had been paid him. But as for the proposal made by Levin—to take a part as shareholder with his laborers in each agricultural undertaking— at this the bailiff simply expressed a profound despondency, and offered no definite opinion, but began immediately talking of the urgent necessity of carrying the remaining sheaves of rye the next day, and of sending the men out for the second ploughing, so that Levin felt that this was not the time for discussing it.

On beginning to talk to the peasants about it, and making a proposition to cede them the land on new terms, he came into collision with the same great difficulty that they were so much absorbed by the current work of the day, that they had not time to consider the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed scheme.

The simple-hearted Ivan, the cowherd, seemed completely to grasp Levin's proposal—that he should with his family take a share of the profits of the cattle-yard—and he was in complete sympathy with the plan. But when Levin hinted at the future advantages, Ivan's face expressed alarm and regret that he could not hear all he had to say, and he made haste to find himself some task that would admit of no delay: he either snatched up the fork to pitch the hay out of the pens, or ran to get water or to clear out the dung. Another difficulty lay in the invincible disbelief of the peasant that a landowner's object could be anything else than a desire to squeeze all he could out of them. They were firmly convinced that his real aim (whatever he might say to them) would always be in what he did not say to them. And they themselves, in giving their opinion, said a great deal but never said what was their real object. Moreover (Levin felt that the irascible landowner had been right) the peasants made their first and unalterable condition of any agreement whatever that they should not be forced to any new methods of tillage of any kind, nor to use new implements. They agreed that the modern plough ploughed better, that the scarifier did the work more quickly, but they found thousands of reasons that made it out of the question for them to use either of them; and though he had accepted the conviction that he would have to lower the standard of cultivation, he felt sorry to give up improved methods, the advantages of which were so obvious. But in spite of all these difficulties he got his way, and by autumn the system was working, or at least so it seemed to him.

At first Levin had thought of giving up the whole farming of the land just as it was to the peasants, the laborers, and the bailiff on new conditions of partnership; but he was very soon convinced that this was impossible, and determined to divide it up. The cattle-yard, the garden, hay fields, and arable land, divided into several parts, had to be made into separate lots. The simple-hearted cowherd, Ivan, who, Levin fancied, understood the matter better than any of them, collecting together a gang of workers to help him, principally of his own family, became a partner in the cattle-yard. A distant part of the estate, a tract of waste land that had lain fallow for eight years, was with the help of the clever carpenter, Fyodor Ryezunov, taken by six families of peasants on new conditions of partnership, and the peasant Shuraev took the management of all the vegetable gardens on the same terms. The remainder of the land was still worked on the old system, but these three associated partnerships were the first step to a new organization of the whole, and they completely took up Levin's time. It is true that in the cattle-yard things went no better than before, and Ivan strenuously opposed warm housing for the cows and butter made of fresh cream, affirming that cows require less food if kept cold, and that butter is more profitable made from sour cream, and he asked for wages just as under the old system, and took not the slightest interest in the fact that the money he received was not wages but an advance out of his future share in the profits.

It is true that Fyodor Ryezunov's company did not plough over the ground twice before sowing, as had been agreed, justifying themselves on the plea that the time was too short. It is true that the peasants of the same company, though they had agreed to work the land on new conditions, always spoke of the land, not as held in partnership, but as rented for half the crop, and more than once the peasants and Ryezunov himself said to Levin, "If you would take a rent for the land, it would save you trouble, and we should be more free." Moreover the same peasants kept putting off, on various excuses, the building of a cattleyard and barn on the land as agreed upon, and delayed doing it till the winter.

It is true that Shuraev would have liked to let out the kitchen gardens he had undertaken in small lots to the peasants. He evidently quite misunderstood, and apparently intentionally misunderstood, the conditions upon which the land had been given to him.

Often, too, talking to the peasants and explaining to them all the advantages of the plan, Levin felt that the peasants heard nothing but the sound of his voice, and were firmly resolved, whatever he might say, not to let themselves be taken in. He felt this especially when he talked to the cleverest of the peasants, Ryezunov, and detected the gleam in Ryezunov's eyes which showed so plainly both ironical amusement at Levin, and the firm conviction that, if any one were to be taken in, it would not be he, Ryezunov. But in spite of all this Levin thought the system worked, and that by keeping accounts strictly and insisting on his own way, he would prove to them in the future the advantages of the arrangement, and then the system would go of itself.

These matters, together with the management of the land still left on his hands, and the indoor work over his book, so engrossed Levin the whole summer that he scarcely ever went out shooting. At the end of August he heard that the Oblonskys had gone away to Moscow, from their servant who brought back the side-saddle. He felt that in not answering Darya Alexandrovna's letter he had by his rudeness, of which he could not think without a flush of shame, burned his ships, and that he would never go and see them again. He had been just as rude with the Sviazhskys, leaving them without saying good-bye. But he would never go to see them again either. He did not care about that now. The business of reorganizing the farming of his land absorbed him as completely as though there would never be anything else in his life. He read the books lent him by Sviazhsky, and copying out what he had not got, he read both the economic and socialistic books on the subject, but, as he had anticipated, found nothing bearing on the scheme he had undertaken. In the books on political economy—in Mill, for instance, whom he studied first with great ardor, hoping every minute to find an answer to the questions that were engrossing him—he found laws deduced from the condition of land culture in Europe; but he did not see why these laws, which did not apply in Russia, must be general. He saw just the same thing in the socialistic books: either they were the beautiful but impracticable fantasies which had fascinated him when he was a student, or they were attempts at improving, rectifying the economic position in which Europe was placed, with which the system of land tenure in Russia had nothing in common. Political economy told him that the laws by which the wealth of Europe had been developed, and was developing, were universal and unvarying. Socialism told him that development along these lines leads to ruin. And neither of them gave an answer, or even a hint, in reply to the question what he, Levin, and all the Russian peasants and landowners, were to do with their millions of hands and millions of acres, to make them as productive as possible for the common weal.

Having once taken the subject up, he read conscientiously everything bearing on it, and intended in the autumn to go abroad to study land systems on the spot, in order that he might not on this question be confronted with what so often met him on various subjects. Often, just as he was beginning to understand the idea in the mind of anyone he was talking to, and was beginning to explain his own, he would suddenly be told: "But Kauffmann, but Jones, but Dubois, but Michelli? You haven't read them: they've thrashed that question out thoroughly." He saw now distinctly that Kauffmann and Michelli had nothing to tell him. He knew what he wanted. He saw that Russia has splendid land, splendid laborers, and that in certain cases, as at the peasant's on the way to Sviazhsky's, the produce raised by the laborers and the land is great—in the majority of cases when capital is applied in the European way the produce is small, and that this simply arises from the fact that the laborers want to work and work well only in their own peculiar way, and that this antagonism is not incidental but invariable, and has its roots in the national spirit. He thought that the Russian people whose task it was to colonize and cultivate vast tracts of unoccupied land, consciously adhered, till all their land was occupied, to the methods suitable to their purpose, and that their methods were by no means so bad as was generally supposed. And he wanted to prove this theoretically in his book and practically on his land.

Part 3. Chapter 29.

The carrying out of Levin's plan presented many difficulties; but he struggled on, doing his utmost, and attained a result which, though not what he desired, was enough to enable him, without self-deception, to believe that the attempt was worth the trouble. La mise en œuvre du plan de Levin présentait de nombreuses difficultés; mais il se débattit, faisant de son mieux, et parvint à un résultat qui, bien que non ce qu'il désirait, était suffisant pour lui permettre, sans se tromper, de croire que la tentative en valait la peine. One of the chief difficulties was that the process of cultivating the land was in full swing, that it was impossible to stop everything and begin it all again from the beginning, and the machine had to be mended while in motion. L'une des principales difficultés était que le processus de culture de la terre battait son plein, qu'il était impossible de tout arrêter et de tout recommencer depuis le début, et la machine devait être réparée pendant qu'elle était en mouvement.

When on the evening that he arrived home he informed the bailiff of his plans, the latter with visible pleasure agreed with what he said so long as he was pointing out that all that had been done up to that time was stupid and useless. Kai vakare, grįžęs namo, jis informavo antstolį apie savo planus, pastarasis su matomu malonumu sutiko su tuo, ką jis pasakė tol, kol nurodė, kad viskas, kas buvo padaryta iki to laiko, buvo kvaila ir nenaudinga. The bailiff said that he had said so a long while ago, but no heed had been paid him. L'huissier a dit qu'il l'avait dit il y a longtemps, mais aucune attention ne lui avait été accordée. Antstolis sakė, kad jis taip seniai kalbėjo, tačiau jam nebuvo atkreipta dėmesio. But as for the proposal made by Levin—to take a part as shareholder with his laborers in each agricultural undertaking— at this the bailiff simply expressed a profound despondency, and offered no definite opinion, but began immediately talking of the urgent necessity of carrying the remaining sheaves of rye the next day, and of sending the men out for the second ploughing, so that Levin felt that this was not the time for discussing it. Mais quant à la proposition faite par Levin - de prendre part comme actionnaire avec ses ouvriers dans chaque entreprise agricole - l'huissier exprima simplement un profond découragement et n'offrit aucune opinion définitive, mais commença aussitôt à parler de la nécessité urgente de porter le les gerbes de seigle restantes le lendemain, et d'envoyer les hommes pour le second labour, de sorte que Levin sentit que ce n'était pas le moment d'en discuter.

On beginning to talk to the peasants about it, and making a proposition to cede them the land on new terms, he came into collision with the same great difficulty that they were so much absorbed by the current work of the day, that they had not time to consider the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed scheme. En commençant à en parler aux paysans et en leur proposant de leur céder la terre à de nouvelles conditions, il se heurta à la même grande difficulté qu'ils étaient tellement absorbés par le travail actuel de la journée, qu'ils n'avaient pas il est temps d’examiner les avantages et les inconvénients du système proposé.

The simple-hearted Ivan, the cowherd, seemed completely to grasp Levin's proposal—that he should with his family take a share of the profits of the cattle-yard—and he was in complete sympathy with the plan. L'Ivan, le bouvier, au cœur simple, semblait tout à fait comprendre la proposition de Levin - qu'il prenne avec sa famille une part des bénéfices du parc à bestiaux - et il était entièrement d'accord avec le plan. De eenvoudige Ivan, de koeherder, scheen het voorstel van Levin - dat hij met zijn gezin een deel van de winst van de veeteelt zou nemen - volledig te begrijpen en hij stond volledig mee met het plan. But when Levin hinted at the future advantages, Ivan's face expressed alarm and regret that he could not hear all he had to say, and he made haste to find himself some task that would admit of no delay: he either snatched up the fork to pitch the hay out of the pens, or ran to get water or to clear out the dung. Mais quand Levin a fait allusion aux avantages futurs, le visage d'Ivan a exprimé l'alarme et le regret de ne pas pouvoir entendre tout ce qu'il avait à dire, et il s'est empressé de se trouver une tâche qui n'admettrait aucun retard: soit il a saisi la fourchette pour lancer le foin hors des enclos, ou a couru pour obtenir de l'eau ou pour nettoyer les excréments. Another difficulty lay in the invincible disbelief of the peasant that a landowner's object could be anything else than a desire to squeeze all he could out of them. Une autre difficulté résidait dans l'incrédulité invincible du paysan selon laquelle l'objet d'un propriétaire terrien pouvait être autre chose qu'un désir d'en tirer tout ce qu'il pouvait. They were firmly convinced that his real aim (whatever he might say to them) would always be in what he did not say to them. Jie buvo tvirtai įsitikinę, kad tikrasis jo tikslas (kad ir ką jis jiems pasakytų) visada bus tai, ko jis jiems nesakė. And they themselves, in giving their opinion, said a great deal but never said what was their real object. Moreover (Levin felt that the irascible landowner had been right) the peasants made their first and unalterable condition of any agreement whatever that they should not be forced to any new methods of tillage of any kind, nor to use new implements. De plus (Levin estimait que le propriétaire irascible avait raison), les paysans faisaient leur première et inaltérable condition de tout accord, quel qu'il soit, de ne pas être forcés à de nouvelles méthodes de travail du sol d'aucune sorte, ni à utiliser de nouveaux outils. They agreed that the modern plough ploughed better, that the scarifier did the work more quickly, but they found thousands of reasons that made it out of the question for them to use either of them; and though he had accepted the conviction that he would have to lower the standard of cultivation, he felt sorry to give up improved methods, the advantages of which were so obvious. Ils ont convenu que la charrue moderne labourait mieux, que le scarificateur faisait le travail plus rapidement, mais ils ont trouvé des milliers de raisons qui les empêchaient d'utiliser l'un ou l'autre; et bien qu'il ait accepté la conviction qu'il devrait abaisser le niveau de cultivation, il se sentit désolé d'abandonner des méthodes améliorées, dont les avantages étaient si évidents. But in spite of all these difficulties he got his way, and by autumn the system was working, or at least so it seemed to him.

At first Levin had thought of giving up the whole farming of the land just as it was to the peasants, the laborers, and the bailiff on new conditions of partnership; but he was very soon convinced that this was impossible, and determined to divide it up. Au début, Levin avait songé à abandonner toute la culture de la terre comme elle l'était aux paysans, aux ouvriers et à l'huissier à de nouvelles conditions d'association; mais il fut très vite convaincu que c'était impossible, et résolu à le diviser. The cattle-yard, the garden, hay fields, and arable land, divided into several parts, had to be made into separate lots. Le parc à bestiaux, le jardin, les champs de foin et les terres arables, divisés en plusieurs parties, ont dû être transformés en lots séparés. Galvijų kiemą, sodą, šieno laukus ir dirbamą žemę, padalytą į kelias dalis, reikėjo sudaryti į atskiras dalis. The simple-hearted cowherd, Ivan, who, Levin fancied, understood the matter better than any of them, collecting together a gang of workers to help him, principally of his own family, became a partner in the cattle-yard. Le bouvier au cœur simple, Ivan, qui, pensait Levin, comprenait mieux que n'importe lequel d'entre eux, rassemblant une bande d'ouvriers pour l'aider, principalement de sa propre famille, devint associé dans le parc à bestiaux. A distant part of the estate, a tract of waste land that had lain fallow for eight years, was with the help of the clever carpenter, Fyodor Ryezunov, taken by six families of peasants on new conditions of partnership, and the peasant Shuraev took the management of all the vegetable gardens on the same terms. Une partie éloignée du domaine, une parcelle de terrain vague qui était restée en jachère pendant huit ans, a été avec l'aide du charpentier intelligent, Fyodor Ryezunov, pris par six familles de paysans à de nouvelles conditions de partenariat, et le paysan Shuraev a pris le gestion de tous les potagers dans les mêmes conditions. The remainder of the land was still worked on the old system, but these three associated partnerships were the first step to a new organization of the whole, and they completely took up Levin's time. Le reste du terrain était encore travaillé sur l'ancien système, mais ces trois partenariats associés constituaient la première étape vers une nouvelle organisation de l'ensemble, et ils prirent complètement le temps de Levin. 其余的土地仍然在旧系统上工作，但这三个相关的合作伙伴关系是迈向整体新组织的第一步，它们完全占用了莱文的时间。 It is true that in the cattle-yard things went no better than before, and Ivan strenuously opposed warm housing for the cows and butter made of fresh cream, affirming that cows require less food if kept cold, and that butter is more profitable made from sour cream, and he asked for wages just as under the old system, and took not the slightest interest in the fact that the money he received was not wages but an advance out of his future share in the profits. Il est vrai que dans la cour à bétail, les choses ne se sont pas mieux passées qu'avant, et Ivan s'est vigoureusement opposé à un logement chaud pour les vaches et au beurre à base de crème fraîche, affirmant que les vaches ont besoin de moins de nourriture si elles sont conservées au froid, et que le beurre est plus rentable à partir de crème sure, et il demandait un salaire comme sous l'ancien système, et ne s'intéressait pas le moins du monde au fait que l'argent qu'il recevait n'était pas un salaire mais une avance sur sa part future dans les bénéfices.

It is true that Fyodor Ryezunov's company did not plough over the ground twice before sowing, as had been agreed, justifying themselves on the plea that the time was too short. Il est vrai que la société de Fyodor Ryezunov n'a pas labouré deux fois le sol avant de semer, comme il avait été convenu, se justifiant par l'argument que le temps était trop court. 确实，Fyodor Ryezunov 的公司并没有按照约定在播种前翻地两次，并以时间太短为由辩解。 It is true that the peasants of the same company, though they had agreed to work the land on new conditions, always spoke of the land, not as held in partnership, but as rented for half the crop, and more than once the peasants and Ryezunov himself said to Levin, "If you would take a rent for the land, it would save you trouble, and we should be more free." Il est vrai que les paysans de la même société, bien qu'ils aient accepté de travailler la terre dans de nouvelles conditions, parlaient toujours de la terre, non comme détenue en partenariat, mais comme louée pour la moitié de la récolte, et plus d'une fois les paysans et Ryezunov lui-même a dit à Levin: «Si vous preniez un loyer pour la terre, cela vous éviterait des ennuis et nous devrions être plus libres. 诚然，同一个公司的农民虽然同意在新的条件下耕种土地，但总是说这块土地不是合伙持有，而是按收成的一半租来的，而且不止一次农民和列祖诺夫本人对列文说：“如果你愿意为土地出租，那就省了你的麻烦，我们应该更自由。” Moreover the same peasants kept putting off, on various excuses, the building of a cattleyard and barn on the land as agreed upon, and delayed doing it till the winter. Bovendien bleven dezelfde boeren, met verschillende excuses, de bouw van een kattenhok en een schuur op het land uitstellen, zoals afgesproken, en stelden het uit tot de winter. 而且，同样的农民，以各种借口，一直拖延在约定的土地上建造牛场和谷仓，一直拖延到冬天。

It is true that Shuraev would have liked to let out the kitchen gardens he had undertaken in small lots to the peasants. Il est vrai que Shuraev aurait aimé laisser les potagers qu'il avait entrepris par petits lots aux paysans. Tiesa, Šurajevas norėtų valstiečiams išleisti daržus, kuriuos jis mažomis dalimis ėmėsi. 诚然，舒拉耶夫很想将他在小块土地上经营的菜园出租给农民。 He evidently quite misunderstood, and apparently intentionally misunderstood, the conditions upon which the land had been given to him. Il a manifestement mal compris, et apparemment mal compris intentionnellement, les conditions dans lesquelles la terre lui avait été donnée. 显然，他完全误解了，而且显然是故意误解了将土地赐给他的条件。

Often, too, talking to the peasants and explaining to them all the advantages of the plan, Levin felt that the peasants heard nothing but the sound of his voice, and were firmly resolved, whatever he might say, not to let themselves be taken in. Souvent aussi, parlant aux paysans et leur expliquant tous les avantages du plan, Levin sentit que les paysans n'entendaient que le son de sa voix et étaient fermement résolus, quoi qu'il en dise, à ne pas se laisser prendre. . 列文也经常与农民交谈，向他们解释计划的所有优点，他觉得农民只听到他的声音，并下定决心，不管他说什么，都不让他们上当。 . He felt this especially when he talked to the cleverest of the peasants, Ryezunov, and detected the gleam in Ryezunov's eyes which showed so plainly both ironical amusement at Levin, and the firm conviction that, if any one were to be taken in, it would not be he, Ryezunov. 当他与最聪明的农民雷祖诺夫交谈时，他尤其感受到了这一点，他发现了雷祖诺夫眼中的光芒，这清楚地表明了对列文的讽刺性的好笑和坚定的信念，即如果有人被吸引，他会不是他，雷祖诺夫。 But in spite of all this Levin thought the system worked, and that by keeping accounts strictly and insisting on his own way, he would prove to them in the future the advantages of the arrangement, and then the system would go of itself. Mais malgré tout cela, Levin pensait que le système fonctionnait, et qu'en tenant strictement les comptes et en insistant sur sa propre voie, il leur prouverait à l'avenir les avantages de l'arrangement, et alors le système disparaîtrait de lui-même. 但是尽管如此，列文还是认为这个系统是有效的，通过严格记账并坚持自己的方式，他将来会向他们证明这种安排的好处，然后系统就会自行消失。

These matters, together with the management of the land still left on his hands, and the indoor work over his book, so engrossed Levin the whole summer that he scarcely ever went out shooting. 这些事情，加上他手头还剩下的土地的管理，以及他的书的室内工作，整个夏天都让列文全神贯注，几乎没有出去拍摄。 At the end of August he heard that the Oblonskys had gone away to Moscow, from their servant who brought back the side-saddle. Rugpjūčio pabaigoje jis išgirdo, kad Oblonskiai išvyko į Maskvą, iš savo tarno, kuris parsivežė šoninius balnus. 八月底，他听说奥布隆斯基一家已经从他们的仆人那里带回了侧鞍去了莫斯科。 He felt that in not answering Darya Alexandrovna's letter he had by his rudeness, of which he could not think without a flush of shame, burned his ships, and that he would never go and see them again. Jis pajuto, kad neatsakydamas į Darjos Aleksandrovnos laišką, kurį jis turėjo grubumu, apie kurį negalėjo pagalvoti be gėdos, sudegino savo laivus ir niekada daugiau nebežiūrės. 他觉得他没有回覆达里娅·亚历山德罗芙娜的信是因为他的粗鲁，他一想到这点就羞愧万分，烧毁了他的船，他再也不会去看他们了。 He had been just as rude with the Sviazhskys, leaving them without saying good-bye. 他对斯维亚日斯基一家也同样粗鲁无礼，没有说再见就离开了他们。 But he would never go to see them again either. 但他也不会再去看他们了。 He did not care about that now. 他现在不在乎这些。 The business of reorganizing the farming of his land absorbed him as completely as though there would never be anything else in his life. 重新组织他的土地耕作的业务完全吸收了他，好像他的生活中再也没有其他事情了。 He read the books lent him by Sviazhsky, and copying out what he had not got, he read both the economic and socialistic books on the subject, but, as he had anticipated, found nothing bearing on the scheme he had undertaken. Il a lu les livres prêtés par Sviazhsky, et recopiant ce qu'il n'avait pas, il a lu les livres économiques et socialistes sur le sujet, mais, comme il l'avait anticipé, il ne trouva rien à propos du projet qu'il avait entrepris. 他阅读了斯维亚日斯基借给他的书，并抄写了他没有得到的东西，他阅读了有关这个主题的经济和社会主义书籍，但正如他所预料的那样，他发现与他所采取的计划毫无关系。 In the books on political economy—in Mill, for instance, whom he studied first with great ardor, hoping every minute to find an answer to the questions that were engrossing him—he found laws deduced from the condition of land culture in Europe; but he did not see why these laws, which did not apply in Russia, must be general. Dans les livres d'économie politique - à Mill, par exemple, qu'il étudia d'abord avec une grande ardeur, espérant chaque minute trouver une réponse aux questions qui le préoccupaient - il trouva des lois déduites de la condition de la culture de la terre en Europe; mais il ne voit pas pourquoi ces lois, qui ne s'appliquent pas en Russie, doivent être générales. 在有关政治经济学的书籍中——例如，他热心地首先研究穆勒，希望每分钟都能为他所关注的问题找到答案——他发现了从欧洲土地文化状况中推导出来的规律。但他不明白为什么这些在俄罗斯不适用的法律必须是通用的。 He saw just the same thing in the socialistic books: either they were the beautiful but impracticable fantasies which had fascinated him when he was a student, or they were attempts at improving, rectifying the economic position in which Europe was placed, with which the system of land tenure in Russia had nothing in common. Il voyait exactement la même chose dans les livres socialistes: soit c'étaient les fantasmes beaux mais impraticables qui l'avaient fasciné quand il était étudiant, soit c'étaient des tentatives d'amélioration, de rectification de la position économique dans laquelle l'Europe était placée, avec laquelle le système du régime foncier en Russie n'avait rien de commun. 他在社会主义书籍中看到了同样的东西：要么是他在学生时代迷住了他的美丽但不切实际的幻想，要么是试图改善和纠正欧洲所处的经济地位，制度俄罗斯的土地使用权没有任何共同点。 Political economy told him that the laws by which the wealth of Europe had been developed, and was developing, were universal and unvarying. L'économie politique lui disait que les lois par lesquelles la richesse de l'Europe s'était développée et se développait étaient universelles et invariables. 政治经济学告诉他，欧洲财富的发展和发展所依据的规律是普遍的和不变的。 Socialism told him that development along these lines leads to ruin. And neither of them gave an answer, or even a hint, in reply to the question what he, Levin, and all the Russian peasants and landowners, were to do with their millions of hands and millions of acres, to make them as productive as possible for the common weal. Et ni l'un ni l'autre n'a donné de réponse, ni même un indice, en réponse à la question de savoir ce que lui, Levin et tous les paysans et propriétaires terriens russes devaient faire de leurs millions de mains et de millions d'acres, pour les rendre aussi productifs que possible. possible pour le bien commun. 对于他、列文以及所有俄国农民和地主如何用他们的数百万双手和数百万英亩土地使他们像为公益成为可能。

Having once taken the subject up, he read conscientiously everything bearing on it, and intended in the autumn to go abroad to study land systems on the spot, in order that he might not on this question be confronted with what so often met him on various subjects. Après avoir abordé le sujet, il a lu consciencieusement tout ce qui le concernait, et avait l'intention à l'automne de se rendre à l'étranger pour étudier sur place les systèmes fonciers, afin de ne pas être confronté sur cette question à ce qui le rencontrait si souvent sur divers sujets. sujets. 他一提起这个话题，就认真地阅读了所有相关的东西，打算在秋天出国实地考察土地制度，以免在这个问题上遇到他在各种场合经常遇到的问题。科目。 Often, just as he was beginning to understand the idea in the mind of anyone he was talking to, and was beginning to explain his own, he would suddenly be told: "But Kauffmann, but Jones, but Dubois, but Michelli? Souvent, au moment où il commençait à comprendre l'idée dans l'esprit de ceux à qui il parlait, et commençait à expliquer la sienne, on lui disait soudain: «Mais Kauffmann, mais Jones, mais Dubois, mais Michelli? 通常，就在他开始理解与他交谈的任何人的想法并开始解释自己的想法时，他会突然被告知：“但是考夫曼，琼斯，杜布瓦，还是米歇利？ You haven't read them: they've thrashed that question out thoroughly." Vous ne les avez pas lus: ils ont résolu cette question à fond. " 你没有读过他们：他们已经彻底解决了这个问题。” He saw now distinctly that Kauffmann and Michelli had nothing to tell him. 他现在清楚地看到考夫曼和米歇利没有什么可告诉他的。 He knew what he wanted. 他知道自己想要什么。 He saw that Russia has splendid land, splendid laborers, and that in certain cases, as at the peasant's on the way to Sviazhsky's, the produce raised by the laborers and the land is great—in the majority of cases when capital is applied in the European way the produce is small, and that this simply arises from the fact that the laborers want to work and work well only in their own peculiar way, and that this antagonism is not incidental but invariable, and has its roots in the national spirit. Il a vu que la Russie a une terre splendide, de splendides ouvriers, et que dans certains cas, comme chez le paysan sur le chemin de Sviazhsky, le produit élevé par les ouvriers et la terre est grand - dans la plupart des cas où le capital est appliqué dans la De manière européenne, le produit est petit, et que cela vient simplement du fait que les ouvriers ne veulent travailler et bien travailler qu'à leur manière, et que cet antagonisme n'est pas accidentel mais invariable et a ses racines dans l'esprit national. 他看到，俄国有极好的土地，有极好的工人，而且在某些情况下，例如在通往斯维亚日斯基的路上的农民那里，工人和土地所生产的产品是巨大的——在大多数情况下，当资本用于欧洲的生产方式很小，这仅仅是因为工人只想以自己独特的方式工作和工作好，这种对抗不是偶然的，而是一成不变的，其根源在于民族精神。 He thought that the Russian people whose task it was to colonize and cultivate vast tracts of unoccupied land, consciously adhered, till all their land was occupied, to the methods suitable to their purpose, and that their methods were by no means so bad as was generally supposed. Il pensait que le peuple russe, dont la tâche était de coloniser et de cultiver de vastes étendues de terres inoccupées, adhérait consciemment, jusqu'à ce que toutes leurs terres fussent occupées, aux méthodes adaptées à leur but, et que leurs méthodes n'étaient en aucun cas si mauvaises qu'elles généralement supposé. 他认为，任务是殖民和开垦大片未被占领的土地的俄罗斯人民，有意识地坚持使用适合他们目的的方法，直到他们的土地都被占领为止，而且他们的方法绝不像以前那么糟糕。一般认为。 And he wanted to prove this theoretically in his book and practically on his land. 他想在他的书中和他的土地上从理论上证明这一点。