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TED-ED, What causes kidney stones? Arash Shadman

What causes kidney stones? Arash Shadman

The biggest kidney stone on record weighed more than a kilogram and was 17 centimeters in diameter. The patient didn't actually swallow a stone the size of a coconut. Kidney stones form inside the body, but unfortunately, they're extremely painful to get out. A kidney stone is a hard mass of crystals that can form in the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. Urine contains compounds that consist of calcium, sodium, potassium, oxalate, uric acid, and phosphate. If the levels of these particles get too high, or if urine becomes too acidic or basic, the particles can clump together and crystallize. Unless the problem is addressed, the crystals will gradually grow over a few weeks, months, or even years, forming a detectable stone. Calcium oxalate is the most common type of crystal to form this way, and accounts for about 80% of kidney stones. Less common kidney stones are made of calcium phosphate, or uric acid. A slightly different type of stone made of the minerals magnesium ammonium phosphate, or struvite, can be caused by bacterial infection. And even rarer stones can result from genetic disorders or certain medications. A kidney stone can go undetected until it starts to move. When a stone travels through the kidney and into the ureter, its sharp edges scratch the walls of the urinary tract. Nerve endings embedded in this tissue transmit excruciating pain signals through the nervous system. And the scratches can send blood flowing into the urine. This can be accompanied by symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and a burning sensation while urinating. If a stone gets big enough to actually block the flow of urine , it can create an infection, or back flow, and damage the kidneys themselves. But most kidney stones don't become this serious, or even require invasive treatment. Masses less than five millimeters in diameter will usually pass out of the body on their own. A doctor will often simply recommend drinking large amounts of water to help speed the process along, and maybe taking some pain killers. If the stone is slightly larger, medications like alpha blockers can help by relaxing the muscles in the ureter and making it easier for the stone to get through. Another medication called potassium citrate can help dissolve the stones by creating a less acidic urine. For medium-sized stones up to about ten millimeters, one option is pulverizing them with soundwaves. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy uses high-intensity pulses of focused ultrasonic energy aimed directly at the stone. The pulses create vibrations inside the stone itself and small bubbles jostle it. These combined forces crush the stone into smaller pieces that can pass out of the body more easily. But zapping a stone with sound doesn't work as well if it's simply too big. So sometimes, more invasive treatments are necessary. A rigid tube called a stent can be placed in the ureter to expand it. Optical fibers can deliver laser pulses to break up the stone. Stones can also be surgically removed through an incision in the patient's back or groin. What about just avoiding kidney stones in the first place? For people prone to them, their doctor may recommend drinking plenty of water, which dilutes the calcium oxalate and other compounds that eventually build up into painful stones. Foods like potato chips, spinach, rhubarb, and beets are high in oxalate, so doctors might advise limiting them. Even though calcium is often found in stones, calcium in foods and beverages can actually help by binding to oxalate in the digestive tract before it can be absorbed and reach the kidneys. If you do end up with a kidney stone, you're not alone. Data suggests that rates are rising, but that world record probably won't be broken any time soon.

What causes kidney stones? Arash Shadman Was verursacht Nierensteine? Arash Shadman ¿Qué causa los cálculos renales? Arash Shadman Quali sono le cause dei calcoli renali? Arash Shadman 腎臓結石の原因は?アーラッシュ・シャドマン 신장 결석의 원인은 무엇일까요? 아라쉬 샤드만 Kas sukelia inkstų akmenligę? Arash Shadman Co powoduje powstawanie kamieni nerkowych? Arash Shadman Quais são as causas dos cálculos renais? Arash Shadman

The biggest kidney stone on record weighed more than a kilogram and was 17 centimeters in diameter. The patient didn't actually swallow a stone the size of a coconut. Der Patient hat nicht wirklich einen Stein von der Größe einer Kokosnuss verschluckt. Kidney stones form inside the body, but unfortunately, they're extremely painful to get out. A kidney stone is a hard mass of crystals that can form in the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. A kidney stone is a hard mass of crystals that can form in the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. Uma pedra nos rins é uma massa dura de cristais que pode se formar nos rins, ureteres, bexiga ou uretra. Urine contains compounds that consist of calcium, sodium, potassium, oxalate, uric acid, and phosphate. A urina contém compostos que consistem em cálcio, sódio, potássio, oxalato, ácido úrico e fosfato. If the levels of these particles get too high, or if urine becomes too acidic or basic, the particles can clump together and crystallize. Se os níveis dessas partículas ficarem muito altos ou se a urina se tornar muito ácida ou básica, as partículas podem se aglomerar e cristalizar. Если уровень этих частиц становится слишком высоким или если моча становится слишком кислой или щелочной, частицы могут слипаться и кристаллизоваться. Unless the problem is addressed, the crystals will gradually grow over a few weeks, months, or even years, forming a detectable stone. A menos que se solucione el problema, los cristales crecerán gradualmente durante algunas semanas, meses o incluso años, formando una piedra detectable. A menos que o problema seja resolvido, os cristais crescerão gradualmente ao longo de algumas semanas, meses ou até anos, formando uma pedra detectável. Если проблема не будет решена, кристаллы будут постепенно расти в течение нескольких недель, месяцев или даже лет, образуя обнаруживаемый камень. Calcium oxalate is the most common type of crystal to form this way, and accounts for about 80% of kidney stones. O oxalato de cálcio é o tipo mais comum de cristal que se forma dessa maneira e é responsável por cerca de 80% das pedras nos rins. Оксалат кальция является наиболее распространенным типом кристаллов, образующихся таким образом, и на его долю приходится около 80% камней в почках. Less common kidney stones are made of calcium phosphate, or uric acid. Weniger häufige Nierensteine bestehen aus Kalziumphosphat oder Harnsäure. Pedras nos rins menos comuns são feitas de fosfato de cálcio ou ácido úrico. A slightly different type of stone made of the minerals magnesium ammonium phosphate, or struvite, can be caused by bacterial infection. Um tipo ligeiramente diferente de pedra feita dos minerais fosfato de amônio e magnésio, ou estruvita, pode ser causada por infecção bacteriana. And even rarer stones can result from genetic disorders or certain medications. Und noch seltener können Steine durch genetische Störungen oder bestimmte Medikamente entstehen. E pedras ainda mais raras podem resultar de distúrbios genéticos ou de certos medicamentos. A kidney stone can go undetected until it starts to move. Ein Nierenstein kann unbemerkt bleiben, bis er sich zu bewegen beginnt. Uma pedra nos rins pode passar despercebida até que comece a se mover. When a stone travels through the kidney and into the ureter, its sharp edges scratch the walls of the urinary tract. Quando uma pedra passa pelo rim e entra no ureter, suas bordas afiadas arranham as paredes do trato urinário. Nerve endings embedded in this tissue transmit excruciating pain signals through the nervous system. Terminações nervosas embutidas neste tecido transmitem sinais de dor excruciante através do sistema nervoso. And the scratches can send blood flowing into the urine. Und durch das Kratzen kann Blut in den Urin fließen. E os arranhões podem enviar sangue para a urina. This can be accompanied by symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and a burning sensation while urinating. Dies kann mit Symptomen wie Übelkeit, Erbrechen und einem brennenden Gefühl beim Wasserlassen einhergehen. Isso pode ser acompanhado por sintomas de náusea, vômito e sensação de queimação ao urinar. Это может сопровождаться симптомами тошноты, рвоты и жжения при мочеиспускании. If a stone gets big enough to actually block the flow of urine , it can create an infection, or back flow, and damage the kidneys themselves. Wenn ein Stein so groß wird, dass er den Urinfluss blockiert, kann er eine Infektion oder einen Rückfluss verursachen und die Nieren selbst schädigen. Se uma pedra ficar grande o suficiente para realmente bloquear o fluxo de urina, ela pode criar uma infecção ou refluxo e danificar os próprios rins. Если камень становится достаточно большим, чтобы фактически блокировать поток мочи, он может вызвать инфекцию или обратный поток и повредить сами почки. But most kidney stones don't become this serious, or even require invasive treatment. Die meisten Nierensteine sind jedoch nicht so schwerwiegend und erfordern nicht einmal eine invasive Behandlung. Mas a maioria das pedras nos rins não se torna tão grave, nem requer tratamento invasivo. Но большинство камней в почках не становятся такими серьезными и даже не требуют инвазивного лечения. Masses less than five millimeters in diameter will usually pass out of the body on their own. Massen mit einem Durchmesser von weniger als fünf Millimetern werden in der Regel von selbst aus dem Körper ausgeschieden. Massas com menos de cinco milímetros de diâmetro geralmente saem do corpo por conta própria. Массы менее пяти миллиметров в диаметре обычно выходят из тела сами по себе. A doctor will often simply recommend drinking large amounts of water to help speed the process along, and maybe taking some pain killers. Ein Arzt wird oft einfach empfehlen, viel Wasser zu trinken, um den Prozess zu beschleunigen, und vielleicht einige Schmerzmittel einzunehmen. Um médico geralmente recomenda simplesmente beber grandes quantidades de água para ajudar a acelerar o processo e talvez tomar alguns analgésicos. Врач часто просто рекомендует пить большое количество воды, чтобы ускорить процесс, и, возможно, принять обезболивающие. If the stone is slightly larger, medications like alpha blockers can help by relaxing the muscles in the ureter and making it easier for the stone to get through. Wenn der Stein etwas größer ist, können Medikamente wie Alphablocker helfen, indem sie die Muskeln im Harnleiter entspannen und den Durchgang des Steins erleichtern. Se a pedra for um pouco maior, medicamentos como bloqueadores alfa podem ajudar relaxando os músculos do ureter e facilitando a passagem da pedra. Если камень немного больше, лекарства, такие как альфа-блокаторы, могут помочь, расслабив мышцы мочеточника и облегчив прохождение камня. Another medication called potassium citrate can help dissolve the stones by creating a less acidic urine. Ein anderes Medikament namens Kaliumzitrat kann die Auflösung der Steine unterstützen, indem es einen weniger sauren Urin erzeugt. Outro medicamento chamado citrato de potássio pode ajudar a dissolver as pedras, criando uma urina menos ácida. Другое лекарство, называемое цитратом калия, может помочь растворить камни, делая мочу менее кислой. For medium-sized stones up to about ten millimeters, one option is pulverizing them with soundwaves. Para pedras de tamanho médio até cerca de dez milímetros, uma opção é pulverizá-las com ondas sonoras. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy uses high-intensity pulses of focused ultrasonic energy aimed directly at the stone. A litotripsia extracorpórea por ondas de choque usa pulsos de alta intensidade de energia ultrassônica focada diretamente na pedra. The pulses create vibrations inside the stone itself and small bubbles jostle it. Os pulsos criam vibrações dentro da própria pedra e pequenas bolhas a empurram. These combined forces crush the stone into smaller pieces that can pass out of the body more easily. Essas forças combinadas esmagam a pedra em pedaços menores que podem sair do corpo com mais facilidade. But zapping a stone with sound doesn't work as well if it's simply too big. Mas zapping uma pedra com som não funciona tão bem se for simplesmente muito grande. Но ударить по камню звуком не получится, если он просто слишком большой. So sometimes, more invasive treatments are necessary. Daher sind manchmal invasivere Behandlungen notwendig. Поэтому иногда необходимы более инвазивные методы лечения. A rigid tube called a stent can be placed in the ureter to expand it. Ein starres Rohr, ein so genannter Stent, kann in den Harnleiter eingesetzt werden, um ihn zu erweitern. Жесткая трубка, называемая стентом, может быть помещена в мочеточник для его расширения. Optical fibers can deliver laser pulses to break up the stone. Optische Fasern können Laserpulse abgeben, um den Stein zu zerkleinern. Оптические волокна могут доставлять лазерные импульсы для разрушения камня. Stones can also be surgically removed through an incision in the patient's back or groin. Steine können auch chirurgisch durch einen Schnitt im Rücken oder in der Leiste des Patienten entfernt werden. Stones can also be surgically removed through an incision in the patient's back or groin. 결석은 환자의 등이나 사타구니를 절개하여 수술로 제거할 수도 있습니다. What about just avoiding kidney stones in the first place? Как насчет того, чтобы вообще избегать камней в почках? For people prone to them, their doctor may recommend drinking plenty of water, which dilutes the calcium oxalate and other compounds that eventually build up into painful stones. Bei Menschen, die dazu neigen, kann ihr Arzt empfehlen, viel Wasser zu trinken, das das Kalziumoxalat und andere Verbindungen verdünnt, die sich schließlich zu schmerzhaften Steinen aufbauen. Para pessoas propensas a eles, o médico pode recomendar beber bastante água, o que dilui o oxalato de cálcio e outros compostos que eventualmente se transformam em cálculos dolorosos. Людям, склонным к ним, врач может порекомендовать пить много воды, которая разбавляет оксалат кальция и другие соединения, которые в конечном итоге превращаются в болезненные камни. Foods like potato chips, spinach, rhubarb, and beets are high in oxalate, so doctors might advise limiting them. Lebensmittel wie Kartoffelchips, Spinat, Rhabarber und Rote Bete enthalten viel Oxalat, weshalb Ärzte raten können, sie einzuschränken. Alimentos como batatas fritas, espinafre, ruibarbo e beterraba são ricos em oxalato, então os médicos podem aconselhar limitá-los. Такие продукты, как картофельные чипсы, шпинат, ревень и свекла, содержат большое количество оксалатов, поэтому врачи могут посоветовать ограничить их потребление. Even though calcium is often found in stones, calcium in foods and beverages can actually help by binding to oxalate in the digestive tract before it can be absorbed and reach the kidneys. Obwohl Kalzium häufig in Steinen vorkommt, kann Kalzium in Lebensmitteln und Getränken tatsächlich helfen, indem es im Verdauungstrakt an Oxalat gebunden wird, bevor es absorbiert wird und die Nieren erreicht. Embora o cálcio seja freqüentemente encontrado em pedras, o cálcio em alimentos e bebidas pode realmente ajudar, ligando-se ao oxalato no trato digestivo antes que ele possa ser absorvido e atingir os rins. Несмотря на то, что кальций часто содержится в камнях, кальций в продуктах питания и напитках действительно может помочь, связываясь с оксалатом в пищеварительном тракте, прежде чем он сможет всосаться и достичь почек. If you do end up with a kidney stone, you're not alone. Если вы в конечном итоге с камнем в почке, вы не одиноки. Data suggests that rates are rising, but that world record probably won't be broken any time soon. Data suggests that rates are rising, but that world record probably won't be broken any time soon. Os dados sugerem que as taxas estão subindo, mas esse recorde mundial provavelmente não será quebrado tão cedo. Данные свидетельствуют о том, что ставки растут, но этот мировой рекорд, вероятно, не будет побит в ближайшее время.