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TED-ED, The history of chocolate - Deanna Pucciarelli

The history of chocolate - Deanna Pucciarelli

If you can't imagine life without chocolate, you're lucky you weren't born before the 16th century.Until then, chocolate only existed in Mesoamerica in a form quite different from what we know.

As far back as 1900 BCE, the people of that region had learned to prepare the beans of the native cacao tree.

The earliest records tell us the beans were ground and mixed with cornmeal and chili peppers to create a drink - not a relaxing cup of hot cocoa, but a bitter, invigorating concoction frothing with foam. And if you thought we make a big deal about chocolate today, the Mesoamericans had us beat. They believed that cacao was a heavenly food gifted to humans by a feathered serpent god, known to the Maya as Kukulkan and to the Aztecs as Quetzalcoatl.

Aztecs used cacao beans as currency and drank chocolate at royal feasts, gave it to soldiers as a reward for success in battle, and used it in rituals. The first transatlantic chocolate encounter occurred in 1519 when Hernán Cortés visited the court of Moctezuma at Tenochtitlan. As recorded by Cortés's lieutenant, the king had 50 jugs of the drink brought out and poured into golden cups.

When the colonists returned with shipments of the strange new bean, missionaries' salacious accounts of native customs gave it a reputation as an aphrodisiac. At first, its bitter taste made it suitable as a medicine for ailments, like upset stomachs, but sweetening it with honey, sugar, or vanilla quickly made chocolate a popular delicacy in the Spanish court. And soon, no aristocratic home was complete without dedicated chocolate ware. The fashionable drink was difficult and time consuming to produce on a large scale.

That involved using plantations and imported slave labor in the Caribbean and on islands off the coast of Africa. The world of chocolate would change forever in 1828 with the introduction of the cocoa press by Coenraad van Houten of Amsterdam. Van Houten's invention could separate the cocoa's natural fat, or cocoa butter.

This left a powder that could be mixed into a drinkable solution or recombined with the cocoa butter to create the solid chocolate we know today.Not long after, a Swiss chocolatier named Daniel Peter added powdered milk to the mix, thus inventing milk chocolate. By the 20th century, chocolate was no longer an elite luxury but had become a treat for the public.

Meeting the massive demand required more cultivation of cocoa, which can only grow near the equator. Now, instead of African slaves being shipped to South American cocoa plantations, cocoa production itself would shift to West Africa with Cote d'Ivoire providing two-fifths of the world's cocoa as of 2015.

Yet along with the growth of the industry, there have been horrific abuses of human rights.

Many of the plantations throughout West Africa, which supply Western companies, use slave and child labor, with an estimation of more than 2 million children affected. This is a complex problem that persists despite efforts from major chocolate companies to partner with African nations to reduce child and indentured labor practices.

Today, chocolate has established itself in the rituals of our modern culture.

Due to its colonial association with native cultures, combined with the power of advertising, chocolate retains an aura of something sensual, decadent, and forbidden. Yet knowing more about its fascinating and often cruel history, as well as its production today, tells us where these associations originate and what they hide.

So as you unwrap your next bar of chocolate, take a moment to consider that not everything about chocolate is sweet.

The history of chocolate - Deanna Pucciarelli Die Geschichte der Schokolade - Deanna Pucciarelli The history of chocolate - Deanna Pucciarelli La historia del chocolate - Deanna Pucciarelli L'histoire du chocolat - Deanna Pucciarelli La storia del cioccolato - Deanna Pucciarelli チョコレートの歴史 - ディアナ・プッチャレッリ 초콜릿의 역사 - 디아나 푸치아렐리 Šokolado istorija - Deanna Pucciarelli Historia czekolady - Deanna Pucciarelli A história do chocolate - Deanna Pucciarelli История шоколада - Дианна Пуччиарелли Çikolatanın tarihi - Deanna Pucciarelli 巧克力的历史 - Deanna Pucciarelli 巧克力的歷史 - Deanna Pucciarelli

If you can’t imagine life without chocolate, you’re lucky you weren’t born before the 16th century.Until then, chocolate only existed in Mesoamerica in a form quite different from what we know. Se não consegue imaginar a vida sem chocolate, tem sorte por não ter nascido antes do século XVI. Até então, o chocolate só existia na Mesoamérica, numa forma muito diferente da que conhecemos. 如果您无法想象没有巧克力的生活，那么您很幸运，您没有出生在 16 世纪之前。在那之前，巧克力仅以与我们所知的形式完全不同的形式存在于中美洲。

As far back as 1900 BCE, the people of that region had learned to prepare the beans of the native cacao tree. Já em 1900 a.C., os povos desta região tinham aprendido a preparar as favas do cacaueiro nativo. 早在公元前 1900 年，该地区的人们就已经学会了用本地可可树制作豆子。

The earliest records tell us the beans were ground and mixed with cornmeal and chili peppers to create a drink - not a relaxing cup of hot cocoa, but a bitter, invigorating concoction frothing with foam. The earliest records tell us the beans were ground and mixed with cornmeal and chili peppers to create a drink - not a relaxing cup of hot cocoa, but a bitter, invigorating concoction frothing with foam. Os registos mais antigos dizem-nos que os feijões eram moídos e misturados com farinha de milho e pimenta malagueta para criar uma bebida - não uma chávena relaxante de cacau quente, mas uma mistura amarga e revigorante com espuma. En eski kayıtlar bize fasulyelerin öğütülüp mısır unu ve acı biberle karıştırılarak bir içecek haline getirildiğini söylüyor - rahatlatıcı bir fincan sıcak kakao değil, köpüren acı, canlandırıcı bir karışım. And if you thought we make a big deal about chocolate today, the Mesoamericans had us beat. そして、今日私たちがチョコレートについて大したことをしていると思ったら、メソアメリカ人は私たちを打ち負かしました. E se achava que hoje em dia damos muita importância ao chocolate, os mesoamericanos ganharam-nos. Bugün çikolatayı çok önemsediğimizi düşünüyorsanız, Mezoamerikalılar bizi alt etti. They believed that cacao was a heavenly food gifted to humans by a feathered serpent god, known to the Maya as Kukulkan and to the Aztecs as Quetzalcoatl. 彼らは、カカオは、マヤではククルカンとして、アステカではケツァルコアトルとして知られている、羽毛のある蛇の神によって人間に与えられた天国の食べ物であると信じていました. Acreditavam que o cacau era um alimento celestial oferecido aos humanos por um deus-serpente emplumado, conhecido pelos maias como Kukulkan e pelos astecas como Quetzalcoatl. Kakaonun, Mayalar tarafından Kukulkan ve Aztekler tarafından Quetzalcoatl olarak bilinen tüylü bir yılan tanrı tarafından insanlara hediye edilen ilahi bir yiyecek olduğuna inanıyorlardı.

Aztecs used cacao beans as currency and drank chocolate at royal feasts, gave it to soldiers as a reward for success in battle, and used it in rituals. Os astecas utilizavam as sementes de cacau como moeda e bebiam chocolate nos banquetes reais, davam-no aos soldados como recompensa pelo sucesso nas batalhas e utilizavam-no em rituais. The first transatlantic chocolate encounter occurred in 1519 when Hernán Cortés visited the court of Moctezuma at Tenochtitlan. 1519 年、エルナン コルテスがテノチティトランのモクテスマの宮廷を訪れたとき、大西洋を越えた最初のチョコレートの出会いがありました。 O primeiro encontro transatlântico com o chocolate ocorreu em 1519, quando Hernán Cortés visitou a corte de Moctezuma em Tenochtitlan. İlk transatlantik çikolata karşılaşması 1519 yılında Hernán Cortés'in Tenochtitlan'da Moctezuma'nın sarayını ziyaret etmesiyle gerçekleşmiştir. As recorded by Cortés’s lieutenant, the king had 50 jugs of the drink brought out and poured into golden cups. コルテスの副官が記録したように、王は 50 杯の飲み物を持ち出し、金のカップに注がせました。 Segundo o registo do lugar-tenente de Cortés, o rei mandou trazer 50 jarros da bebida, que foram vertidos em taças de ouro. Cortés'in teğmeni tarafından kaydedildiği üzere, kral 50 testi içki getirtmiş ve altın fincanlara döktürmüştür.

When the colonists returned with shipments of the strange new bean, missionaries' salacious accounts of native customs gave it a reputation as an aphrodisiac. 入植者が奇妙な新しい豆の積荷を持って戻ってきたとき、宣教師の現地の慣習に関するわいせつな説明により、それは媚薬としての評判を得ました。 Quando os colonos regressaram com carregamentos do novo e estranho feijão, os relatos obscenos dos missionários sobre os costumes dos nativos deram-lhe a reputação de afrodisíaco. Sömürgeciler bu garip yeni fasulyenin sevkiyatıyla geri döndüklerinde, misyonerlerin yerli geleneklerine dair müstehcen anlatıları bu fasulyeye afrodizyak olarak ün kazandırdı. At first, its bitter taste made it suitable as a medicine for ailments, like upset stomachs, but sweetening it with honey, sugar, or vanilla quickly made chocolate a popular delicacy in the Spanish court. 最初は、その苦い味が胃のむかつきなどの病気の薬として適していましたが、蜂蜜、砂糖、またはバニラで甘くすると、すぐにスペインの宮廷でチョコレートが人気の珍味になりました. No início, o seu sabor amargo tornava-o adequado como remédio para doenças, como dores de estômago, mas adoçá-lo com mel, açúcar ou baunilha rapidamente fez do chocolate uma iguaria popular na corte espanhola. And soon, no aristocratic home was complete without dedicated chocolate ware. E, em breve, nenhuma casa aristocrática estava completa sem artigos dedicados ao chocolate. The fashionable drink was difficult and time consuming to produce on a large scale. ファッショナブルな飲み物を大規模に生産するのは難しく、時間がかかりました。 A bebida da moda era difícil e morosa de produzir em grande escala.

That involved using plantations and imported slave labor in the Caribbean and on islands off the coast of Africa. それには、カリブ海やアフリカ沖の島々でプランテーションや輸入された奴隷労働力を使用することが含まれていました。 Para isso, foram utilizadas plantações e mão de obra escrava importada nas Caraíbas e nas ilhas ao largo da costa africana. The world of chocolate would change forever in 1828 with the introduction of the cocoa press by Coenraad van Houten of Amsterdam. チョコレートの世界は、1828 年にアムステルダムの Coenraad van Houten によるカカオ プレスの導入により、永遠に変化することになります。 O mundo do chocolate mudaria para sempre em 1828 com a introdução da prensa de cacau por Coenraad van Houten de Amesterdão. Van Houten’s invention could separate the cocoa’s natural fat, or cocoa butter. Van Houten の発明は、カカオの天然脂肪、つまりココアバターを分離することができました。 A invenção de Van Houten permitia separar a gordura natural do cacau, ou manteiga de cacau.

This left a powder that could be mixed into a drinkable solution or recombined with the cocoa butter to create the solid chocolate we know today.Not long after, a Swiss chocolatier named Daniel Peter added powdered milk to the mix, thus inventing milk chocolate. Peu de temps après, un chocolatier suisse du nom de Daniel Peter a ajouté du lait en poudre au mélange, inventant ainsi le chocolat au lait. これにより、飲用可能な溶液に混ぜたり、カカオバターと再結合したりして、今日知られている固形のチョコレートを作ることができる粉末が残りました. その後間もなく、ダニエル・ピーターというスイスのショコラティエが粉ミルクをミックスに加え、ミルクチョコレートを発明しました. Pouco tempo depois, um chocolatier suíço chamado Daniel Peter adicionou leite em pó à mistura, inventando assim o chocolate de leite. By the 20th century, chocolate was no longer an elite luxury but had become a treat for the public. 20 世紀までに、チョコレートはもはや高級品ではなく、大衆のおやつになりました。 No século XX, o chocolate deixou de ser um luxo de elite para se tornar uma guloseima para o público.

Meeting the massive demand required more cultivation of cocoa, which can only grow near the equator. 大量の需要を満たすには、赤道付近でしか育たないカカオの栽培を増やす必要がありました。 Para satisfazer a enorme procura, foi necessário aumentar o cultivo de cacau, que só pode crescer perto do equador. Now, instead of African slaves being shipped to South American cocoa plantations, cocoa production itself would shift to West Africa with Cote d’Ivoire providing two-fifths of the world’s cocoa as of 2015. 現在、アフリカの奴隷が南米のカカオ プランテーションに出荷される代わりに、カカオ生産自体が西アフリカに移行し、コートジボワールは 2015 年時点で世界のカカオの 5 分の 2 を供給しています。 Agora, em vez de os escravos africanos serem enviados para as plantações de cacau da América do Sul, a própria produção de cacau passaria para a África Ocidental, com a Costa do Marfim a fornecer dois quintos do cacau mundial a partir de 2015.

Yet along with the growth of the industry, there have been horrific abuses of human rights. しかし、業界の成長に伴い、恐ろしい人権侵害が発生しています。 No entanto, a par do crescimento do sector, registaram-se violações horríveis dos direitos humanos.

Many of the plantations throughout West Africa, which supply Western companies, use slave and child labor, with an estimation of more than 2 million children affected. Many of the plantations throughout West Africa, which supply Western companies, use slave and child labor, with an estimation of more than 2 million children affected. 欧米企業に供給している西アフリカ中のプランテーションの多くは、奴隷労働と児童労働を使用しており、推定 200 万人以上の子供たちが影響を受けています。 서방 기업에 공급하는 서아프리카 전역의 많은 농장에서 노예 및 아동 노동력을 사용하고 있으며, 200만 명 이상의 아동이 영향을 받는 것으로 추정됩니다. Muitas das plantações em toda a África Ocidental, que fornecem empresas ocidentais, utilizam trabalho escravo e infantil, estimando-se que mais de 2 milhões de crianças sejam afectadas. This is a complex problem that persists despite efforts from major chocolate companies to partner with African nations to reduce child and indentured labor practices. これは複雑な問題であり、主要なチョコレート会社がアフリカ諸国と協力して児童労働や年季奉公の慣行を削減しようとしているにもかかわらず、依然として続いています。 Trata-se de um problema complexo que persiste, apesar dos esforços das principais empresas de chocolate para estabelecer parcerias com os países africanos no sentido de reduzir as práticas de trabalho infantil e escravo.

Today, chocolate has established itself in the rituals of our modern culture. 今日、チョコレートは私たちの現代文化の儀式に定着しています。 Atualmente, o chocolate impôs-se nos rituais da nossa cultura moderna.

Due to its colonial association with native cultures, combined with the power of advertising, chocolate retains an aura of something sensual, decadent, and forbidden. ネイティブ文化との植民地時代のつながりと広告の力が相まって、チョコレートは官能的で退廃的で禁じられた何かのオーラを保持しています. Devido à sua associação colonial com culturas nativas, combinada com o poder da publicidade, o chocolate mantém uma aura de algo sensual, decadente e proibido. Yet knowing more about its fascinating and often cruel history, as well as its production today, tells us where these associations originate and what they hide. しかし、その魅力的でしばしば残酷な歴史と、今日の生産についてもっと知ることで、これらの関連がどこで始まり、何を隠しているかがわかります. No entanto, saber mais sobre a sua história fascinante e muitas vezes cruel, bem como sobre a sua produção atual, diz-nos qual é a origem destas associações e o que escondem.

So as you unwrap your next bar of chocolate, take a moment to consider that not everything about chocolate is sweet. ですから、次のチョコレート バーを開封するときは、チョコレートのすべてが甘いわけではないことを考慮してください。 Por isso, quando desembrulhar a sua próxima barra de chocolate, pare um momento para pensar que nem tudo no chocolate é doce.