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TED-Ed: Lessons Worth Sharing, How memories form and how we lose them - Catharine Young

How memories form and how we lose them - Catharine Young

Think back to a really vivid memory.

Got it? Okay, now try to remember what you had for lunch three weeks ago. That second memory probably isn't as strong, but why not? Why do we remember some things, and not others? And why do memories eventually fade? Let's look at how memories form in the first place. When you experience something, like dialing a phone number, the experience is converted into a pulse of electrical energy that zips along a network of neurons. Information first lands in short term memory, where it's available from anywhere from a few seconds to a couple of minutes. It's then transferred to long-term memory through areas such as the hippocampus, and finally to several storage regions across the brain. Neurons throughout the brain communicate at dedicated sites called synapses using specialized neurotransmitters. If two neurons communicate repeatedly, a remarkable thing happens: the efficiency of communication between them increases. This process, called long term potentiation, is considered to be a mechanism by which memories are stored long-term, but how do some memories get lost? Age is one factor. As we get older, synapses begin to falter and weaken, affecting how easily we can retrieve memories. Scientists have several theories about what's behind this deterioration, from actual brain shrinkage, the hippocampus loses 5% of its neurons every decade for a total loss of 20% by the time you're 80 years old to the drop in the production of neurotransmitters, like acetylcholine, which is vital to learning and memory. These changes seem to affect how people retrieve stored information. Age also affects our memory-making abilities. Memories are encoded most strongly when we're paying attention, when we're deeply engaged, and when information is meaningful to us. Mental and physical health problems, which tend to increase as we age, interfere with our ability to pay attention, and thus act as memory thieves. Another leading cause of memory problems is chronic stress. When we're constantly overloaded with work and personal responsibilites, our bodies are on hyperalert. This response has evolved from the physiological mechanism designed to make sure we can survive in a crisis. Stress chemicals help mobilize energy and increase alertness. However, with chronic stress our bodies become flooded with these chemicals, resulting in a loss of brain cells and an inability to form new ones, which affects our ability to retain new information. Depression is another culprit. People who are depressed are 40% more likely to develop memory problems. Low levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter connected to arousal, may make depressed individuals less attentive to new information. Dwelling on sad events in the past, another symptom of depression, makes it difficult to pay attention to the present, affecting the ability to store short-term memories. Isolation, which is tied to depression, is another memory thief. A study by the Harvard School of Public Health found that older people with high levels of social integration had a slower rate of memory decline over a six-year period. The exact reason remains unclear, but experts suspect that social interaction gives our brain a mental workout. Just like muscle strength, we have to use our brain or risk losing it. But don't despair. There are several steps you can take to aid your brain in preserving your memories. Make sure you keep physically active. Increased blood flow to the brain is helpful. And eat well. Your brain needs all the right nutrients to keep functioning correctly. And finally, give your brain a workout. Exposing your brain to challenges, like learning a new language, is one of the best defenses for keeping your memories intact


How memories form and how we lose them - Catharine Young How memories form and how we lose them - Catharine Young Comment se forment les souvenirs et comment nous les perdons - Catharine Young Hogyan alakulnak az emlékek és hogyan veszítjük el őket - Catharine Young 記憶はどのように形成され、どのように失われていくのか - キャサリン・ヤング Como se formam as memórias e como as perdemos - Catharine Young Как формируются воспоминания и как мы их теряем - Катарина Янг

Think back to a really vivid memory. Think back to a really vivid memory. Gondolj vissza egy igazán élénk emlékre.

Got it? Megvan? Okay, now try to remember what you had for lunch three weeks ago. Oké, most próbálj meg visszaemlékezni, mit ettél ebédre három héttel ezelőtt. That second memory probably isn’t as strong, but why not? A második emlék valószínűleg nem olyan erős, de miért is nem? Why do we remember some things, and not others? Miért emlékszünk bizonyos dolgokra, és másokra miért nem? And why do memories eventually fade? És miért halványulnak el végül az emlékek? Let’s look at how memories form in the first place. Nézzük meg, hogyan alakulnak ki egyáltalán az emlékek. When you experience something, like dialing a phone number, the experience is converted into a pulse of electrical energy that zips along a network of neurons. Amikor megtapasztalunk valamit, például egy telefonszám tárcsázását, az élmény elektromos energiaimpulzussá alakul át, amely végigszáguld az idegsejtek hálózatán. Quando você experimenta algo, como discar um número de telefone, a experiência é convertida em um pulso de energia elétrica que percorre uma rede de neurônios. Information first lands in short term memory, where it’s available from anywhere from a few seconds to a couple of minutes. Az információ először a rövid távú memóriában landol, ahol néhány másodperctől néhány percig áll rendelkezésre. As informações primeiro chegam à memória de curto prazo, onde estão disponíveis de alguns segundos a alguns minutos. It’s then transferred to long-term memory through areas such as the hippocampus, and finally to several storage regions across the brain. Ezután a hosszú távú memóriába kerül olyan területeken keresztül, mint a hippokampusz, és végül az agy számos tároló régiójába. Neurons throughout the brain communicate at dedicated sites called synapses using specialized neurotransmitters. Az agyban az idegsejtek speciális neurotranszmitterek segítségével kommunikálnak egymással a szinapszisoknak nevezett speciális helyeken. Os neurônios em todo o cérebro se comunicam em locais dedicados chamados sinapses usando neurotransmissores especializados. If two neurons communicate repeatedly, a remarkable thing happens: the efficiency of communication between them increases. Ha két neuron többször kommunikál egymással, figyelemre méltó dolog történik: a köztük lévő kommunikáció hatékonysága megnő. Se dois neurônios se comunicam repetidamente, uma coisa notável acontece: a eficiência da comunicação entre eles aumenta. This process, called long term potentiation, is considered to be a mechanism by which memories are stored long-term, but how do some memories get lost? Ezt a hosszú távú potenciálásnak nevezett folyamatot tekintik az emlékek hosszú távú tárolásának egyik mechanizmusának, de hogyan vesznek el egyes emlékek? Esse processo, chamado de potenciação de longo prazo, é considerado um mecanismo pelo qual as memórias são armazenadas a longo prazo, mas como algumas memórias se perdem? Age is one factor. Az életkor az egyik tényező. As we get older, synapses begin to falter and weaken, affecting how easily we can retrieve memories. Ahogy öregszünk, a szinapszisok elkezdenek gyengülni, ami befolyásolja, hogy mennyire könnyen tudjuk előhívni az emlékeinket. À medida que envelhecemos, as sinapses começam a vacilar e enfraquecer, afetando a facilidade com que podemos recuperar memórias. Scientists have several theories about what’s behind this deterioration, from actual brain shrinkage, the hippocampus loses 5% of its neurons every decade for a total loss of 20% by the time you’re 80 years old to the drop in the production of neurotransmitters, like acetylcholine, which is vital to learning and memory. A tudósoknak több elmélete is van arról, hogy mi áll a romlás hátterében: a tényleges agyzsugorodástól kezdve - a hippokampusz minden évtizedben elveszíti neuronjainak 5%-át, ami 80 éves korunkra összesen 20%-os veszteséget jelent - a neurotranszmitterek, például az acetilkolin termelésének csökkenéséig, ami létfontosságú a tanulás és a memória szempontjából. Os cientistas têm várias teorias sobre o que está por trás dessa deterioração, desde o encolhimento real do cérebro, o hipocampo perde 5% de seus neurônios a cada década para uma perda total de 20% até os 80 anos até a queda na produção de neurotransmissores, como a acetilcolina, que é vital para o aprendizado e a memória. These changes seem to affect how people retrieve stored information. Úgy tűnik, hogy ezek a változások befolyásolják azt, hogy az emberek hogyan hívják elő a tárolt információkat. Essas mudanças parecem afetar a forma como as pessoas recuperam as informações armazenadas. Age also affects our memory-making abilities. Az életkor is befolyásolja a memóriakészítő képességünket. A idade também afeta nossas habilidades de memória. Memories are encoded most strongly when we’re paying attention, when we’re deeply engaged, and when information is meaningful to us. Az emlékek akkor kódolódnak a legerősebben, amikor figyelünk, amikor mélyen el vagyunk foglalva, és amikor az információ jelentőséggel bír számunkra. As memórias são codificadas mais fortemente quando estamos prestando atenção, quando estamos profundamente engajados e quando a informação é significativa para nós. Mental and physical health problems, which tend to increase as we age, interfere with our ability to pay attention, and thus act as memory thieves. A mentális és fizikai egészségügyi problémák, amelyek az életkor előrehaladtával általában fokozódnak, akadályozzák a figyelemfelhívó képességünket, és így memóriatolvajként működnek. Another leading cause of memory problems is chronic stress. A memóriaproblémák másik vezető oka a krónikus stressz. Outra causa importante de problemas de memória é o estresse crônico. When we’re constantly overloaded with work and personal responsibilites, our bodies are on hyperalert. Amikor folyamatosan túlterheltek vagyunk a munkával és a személyes felelősséggel, a testünk hiperérzékeny. This response has evolved from the physiological mechanism designed to make sure we can survive in a crisis. Ez a reakció abból a fiziológiai mechanizmusból fejlődött ki, amely arra szolgál, hogy válsághelyzetben túlélhessünk. Essa resposta evoluiu do mecanismo fisiológico projetado para garantir que possamos sobreviver em uma crise. Stress chemicals help mobilize energy and increase alertness. A stresszkémiai anyagok segítenek az energia mozgósításában és az éberség növelésében. Os produtos químicos do estresse ajudam a mobilizar energia e aumentar o estado de alerta. However, with chronic stress our bodies become flooded with these chemicals, resulting in a loss of brain cells and an inability to form new ones, which affects our ability to retain new information. A krónikus stressz hatására azonban testünket elárasztják ezek a vegyi anyagok, ami az agysejtek elvesztéséhez és az új sejtek kialakulásának képtelenségéhez vezet, ami befolyásolja az új információk megőrzésének képességét. Depression is another culprit. A depresszió egy másik bűnös. People who are depressed are 40% more likely to develop memory problems. A depressziós embereknél 40%-kal nagyobb valószínűséggel alakulnak ki memóriaproblémák. Pessoas que estão deprimidas são 40% mais propensas a desenvolver problemas de memória. Low levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter connected to arousal, may make depressed individuals less attentive to new information. Az alacsony szerotoninszint, az izgalomhoz kapcsolódó neurotranszmitter, a depressziós embereket kevésbé figyelmesekké teheti az új információkra. Baixos níveis de serotonina, um neurotransmissor ligado à excitação, podem tornar os indivíduos deprimidos menos atentos a novas informações. Dwelling on sad events in the past, another symptom of depression, makes it difficult to pay attention to the present, affecting the ability to store short-term memories. A depresszió másik tünete, a múlt szomorú eseményein való rágódás megnehezíti a jelenre való odafigyelést, ami befolyásolja a rövid távú emlékek tárolásának képességét. Resistir a acontecimentos tristes do passado, outro sintoma da depressão, dificulta a atenção ao presente, afetando a capacidade de armazenar memórias de curto prazo. Зацикливание на печальных событиях в прошлом — еще один симптом депрессии — затрудняет концентрацию внимания на настоящем, влияя на способность сохранять кратковременные воспоминания. Isolation, which is tied to depression, is another memory thief. Az elszigeteltség, amely a depresszióhoz kötődik, egy másik memóriatolvaj. O isolamento, que está ligado à depressão, é outro ladrão de memória. A study by the Harvard School of Public Health found that older people with high levels of social integration had a slower rate of memory decline over a six-year period. A Harvard School of Public Health tanulmánya szerint a magas szintű társadalmi integrációval rendelkező időseknél hat év alatt lassabban romlott a memória. Um estudo da Harvard School of Public Health descobriu que pessoas mais velhas com altos níveis de integração social tiveram uma taxa mais lenta de declínio da memória em um período de seis anos. The exact reason remains unclear, but experts suspect that social interaction gives our brain a mental workout. A pontos ok egyelőre nem világos, de a szakértők azt gyanítják, hogy a társas érintkezés szellemi edzést biztosít az agyunknak. A razão exata permanece incerta, mas os especialistas suspeitam que a interação social dá ao nosso cérebro um treino mental. Just like muscle strength, we have to use our brain or risk losing it. Az izomerőhöz hasonlóan az agyunkat is használnunk kell, különben azt kockáztatjuk, hogy elveszítjük. But don’t despair. De ne essetek kétségbe. There are several steps you can take to aid your brain in preserving your memories. Számos lépést tehet, hogy segítse az agyát az emlékek megőrzésében. Make sure you keep physically active. Győződjön meg róla, hogy fizikailag aktív marad. Increased blood flow to the brain is helpful. Az agy fokozott vérellátása hasznos. O aumento do fluxo sanguíneo para o cérebro é útil. And eat well. És jó étvágyat. Your brain needs all the right nutrients to keep functioning correctly. Az agynak szüksége van a megfelelő tápanyagokra, hogy megfelelően működjön. And finally, give your brain a workout. És végül, eddze meg az agyadat. Exposing your brain to challenges, like learning a new language, is one of the best defenses for keeping your memories intact Ha kihívásoknak tesszük ki az agyunkat, például új nyelvet tanulunk, az az egyik legjobb védekezés az emlékeink épségének megőrzése érdekében. Expor seu cérebro a desafios, como aprender um novo idioma, é uma das melhores defesas para manter suas memórias intactas