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Crash Course 2: Philosophy., 06a. Locke, Berkeley, & Empiricism. Part 1/2.

06a. Locke, Berkeley, & Empiricism. Part 1/2.

Crash Course Philosophy is brought to you by Squarespace.

Squarespace: share your passion with the world. By the time we're done today, I just might have you questioning whether this apple is real or not.

Think I can't do it? Gimme about ten minutes! I might have you wondering whether I'm a physical object or not. And the same goes for all of this stuff, and your computer, and Nick behind the camera! And … you! How? By unleashing the power of empiricism. [Theme Music]

Last time, we learned about 17th century philosopher Rene Descartes, and how he upended the apple-basket that was his entire personal belief system, and descended into a radical skepticism, only to emerge with his conviction that: Cogito ergo sum – I think, therefore I am.

This one idea -- the fact that he was thinking -- or really, the fact that he was doubting -- allowed him to build back up, one by one, more beliefs that he thought he could rely on.

But in the end, most of the beliefs that Descartes ended up putting back into his intellectual apple-basket had to do with the immaterial world.

Like, he decided that he could believe that he existed, as a thinking thing. And he believed that God existed. Ultimately, he lit upon the idea that some of our thoughts are clear and distinct in a way that somehow guarantees their truth.

But, a lot of philosophers disagreed.

They argued that thinking on its own wasn't enough. Like, just because you're thinking, doesn't mean that your thoughts correspond to material reality in any reliable way. Basically, Descartes' philosophical opponents thought that the Cogito was a dead end. So here, we start to see a split between two different understandings of how we can most reliably get to the nature of reality, and therefore truth.

Both were responses to the constant questioning that is skepticism. On the one hand, there was rationalism. And on the other: empiricism. Descartes, like Plato long before him, was a lover of reason.

He met skepticism with rationalism. He believed that the most real things in life were ideas -- propositions that can be known through pure reason. Deductive truths, which we talked about before, fall into this category. And mathematical truths do, too. But by contrast, empiricism is based on the principle that the most reliable source of knowledge isn't our ideas, or our reasoning, but our senses.

Sure, we can know things through deduction and basic logic.

But what actually leads us to truth, or at least gives us our best shot at getting there, are things like induction, and the scientific method -- ways of thinking that tell us about the material world. Probably the most famous split among philosophers between these two camps was the life-long debate between Plato and Aristotle.

Plato was convinced that Truth resided in the immaterial world of Ideas, while Aristotle's attention was focused firmly on the ground. But what about in Descartes' day?

If he was the original prototype of the navel-gazing philosopher -- a living example of rationalist thinking — then his foil was the 17th century English thinker John Locke. This is where he was born. Locke believed that we're all born as a tabula rasa, or a blank slate.

He argued that all knowledge is obtained through experience. He rejected the concept of innate ideas -- the view that we're born pre-loaded with certain information, like what's good versus what's bad, or what is the nature of God. Locke thought that we are born knowing nothing.

And instead, all of our knowledge comes to us through sense data. But one place where Locke agreed with Descartes was in the idea that, just because your senses tell you something, that doesn't mean you can trust it. After all, sometimes your senses give you false information, like when you think you see or hear something that's just not there.

Descartes' response to this, of course, was to just throw out all sense experience as an unreliable source of knowledge.

But Locke didn't go that far.

Instead, in order to figure out whether the senses accurately reflect the outside world, he introduced a distinction between what he called the primary and secondary qualities of all things. Primary qualities are qualities that physical objects themselves have.

They're not in our minds, Locke argued -- they're actually in the stuff. These primary qualities include things like solidity -- the density, weight, and mass of an object. And also extension -- the height, depth, and width that a certain thing has. He also included figure, or the shape of an object, as well as mobility, which is this – whether it's stationary or in motion. So primary qualities, Locke said, belong to the thing itself.

Take this apple. It weighs maybe 150 grams, is the size of my palm, roundish, but firm, with the slightest bit of give, and right now it's moving through the air. Those are its primary qualities. But it has secondary qualities, too.

And by Locke's standards, they are not real. At least not in any objective, agreed-upon way. They're just in our minds. But they get there through the primary qualities. I'm talking about things like its color, taste, texture, smell, and sound. The secondary qualities of this apple are its redness, and how it tastes and smells and feels on my tongue and hand. Even how it sounds when I bite into it.

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06a. Locke, Berkeley, & Empiricism. Part 1/2. 06a|Locke|Berkeley|empirismo|parte 06a. Locke, Berkeley und der Empirismus. Teil 1/2. 06a.ロック、バークレー、そして経験主義。パート1/2。 06a. Locke, Berkeley en empirisme. Deel 1/2. 06a. Locke, Berkeley i empiryzm. Część 1/2. 06a. Locke, Berkeley e o Empirismo. Parte 1/2. 06a. Локк, Беркли и эмпиризм. Часть 1/2. 06a. Локк, Берклі та емпіризм. Частина 1/2. 06a。洛克、贝克莱与经验主义。第 1/2 部分。 06a.洛克、貝克萊和經驗主義。第 1/2 部分。 06a. Locke, Berkeley y el empirismo. Parte 1/2.

Crash Course Philosophy is brought to you by Squarespace. choque|curso|filosofía|es|traído|a|ti|por|Squarespace Crash Course Philosophy es traído a ti por Squarespace.

Squarespace: share your passion with the world. Squarespace|comparte|tu|pasión|con|el|mundo Squarespace: comparte tu pasión con el mundo. By the time we’re done today, I just might have you questioning whether this apple is real or not. para|el|tiempo|estamos|terminados|hoy|yo|solo|podría|tener|te|cuestionando|si|esta|manzana|es|real|o|no Para cuando terminemos hoy, podría hacerte cuestionar si esta manzana es real o no.

Think I can’t do it? piensas|yo|no puedo|hacer|eso ¿Crees que no puedo hacerlo? Gimme about ten minutes! dame|aproximadamente|diez|minutos ¡Dame unos diez minutos! I might have you wondering whether I’m a physical object or not. yo|podría|hacer|que|preguntándote|si|soy|un|físico|objeto|o|no Podría hacerte preguntarte si soy un objeto físico o no. And the same goes for all of this stuff, and your computer, and Nick behind the camera! y|lo|mismo|va|por|todas|de|estas|cosas|y|tu|computadora|y|Nick|detrás|la|cámara Y lo mismo ocurre con todas estas cosas, y tu computadora, y Nick detrás de la cámara! And … you! y|tú Y... ¡tú! How? cómo ¿Cómo? By unleashing the power of empiricism. |libérant|||| al|desatar|el|poder|de|empirismo Desatando el poder del empirismo. [Theme Music] tema|música] [Música de Tema]

Last time, we learned about 17th century philosopher Rene Descartes, and how he upended the apple-basket that was his entire personal belief system, and descended into a radical skepticism, only to emerge with his conviction that: Cogito ergo sum – I think, therefore I am. |||||||||||||a renversé||||||||||||est descendu||||||||||||||||||| último|vez|nosotros|aprendimos|sobre|siglo 17|filósofo|filósofo|René|Descartes|y|cómo|él|volcó|la|||que|era|su|entero|personal|creencia|sistema|y|descendió|en|un|radical|escepticismo|solo|para|emerger|con|su|convicción|que|pienso|por lo tanto|soy||||| La última vez, aprendimos sobre el filósofo del siglo XVII René Descartes, y cómo desmanteló la cesta de manzanas que era todo su sistema de creencias personal, y descendió a un escepticismo radical, solo para emerger con su convicción de que: Cogito ergo sum – Pienso, luego existo.

This one idea -- the fact that he was thinking -- or really, the fact that he was doubting -- allowed him to build back up, one by one, more beliefs that he thought he could rely on. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||compter| esta|una|idea|el|hecho|que|él|estaba|pensando|o|realmente|el|hecho|que|él|estaba|dudando|permitió|él|a|construir|de nuevo|arriba|una|por|uno|más|creencias|que|él|pensaba|él|podría|confiar|en Esta única idea -- el hecho de que estaba pensando -- o realmente, el hecho de que estaba dudando -- le permitió reconstruir, uno por uno, más creencias en las que pensaba que podía confiar.

But in the end, most of the beliefs that Descartes ended up putting back into his intellectual apple-basket had to do with the immaterial world. pero|en|el|fin|la mayoría|de|las|creencias|que|Descartes|terminó|arriba|poniendo|de nuevo|en|su|intelectual|||tenían|que|hacer|con|el|inmaterial|mundo Pero al final, la mayoría de las creencias que Descartes terminó volviendo a poner en su cesta intelectual de manzanas tenían que ver con el mundo inmaterial.

Like, he decided that he could believe that he existed, as a thinking thing. como|él|decidió|que|él|podría|creer|que|él|existía|como|un|pensante|ser Como, decidió que podía creer que existía, como un ser pensante. And he believed that God existed. y|él|creyó|que|Dios|existía Y él creía que Dios existía. Ultimately, he lit upon the idea that some of our thoughts are clear and distinct in a way that somehow guarantees their truth. ||est tombé|||||||||||||||||||| en última instancia|él|iluminó|sobre|la|idea|que|algunos|de|nuestros|pensamientos|son|claros|y|distintos|en|una|manera|que|de alguna manera|garantiza|su|verdad En última instancia, se le ocurrió la idea de que algunos de nuestros pensamientos son claros y distintos de una manera que de alguna manera garantiza su verdad.

But, a lot of philosophers disagreed. pero|un|mucho|de|filósofos|discreparon Pero, muchos filósofos no estaban de acuerdo.

They argued that thinking on its own wasn’t enough. ellos|argumentaron|que|pensar|por|su|cuenta|no era|suficiente Argumentaron que pensar por sí solo no era suficiente. Like, just because you’re thinking, doesn’t mean that your thoughts correspond to material reality in any reliable way. como|solo|porque|tú eres|pensando|no|significa|que|tus|pensamientos|corresponden|a|material|realidad|en|ninguna|confiable|manera Como, solo porque estás pensando, no significa que tus pensamientos correspondan a la realidad material de manera confiable. Basically, Descartes' philosophical opponents thought that the Cogito was a dead end. básicamente|de Descartes|filosóficos|oponentes|pensaron|que|el|Cogito|era|un|muerto|fin Básicamente, los oponentes filosóficos de Descartes pensaban que el Cogito era un callejón sin salida. So here, we start to see a split between two different understandings of how we can most reliably get to the nature of reality, and therefore truth. |||||||||||||||||fiablement||||||||| así que|aquí|nosotros|comenzamos|a|ver|una|división|entre|dos|diferentes|entendimientos|de|cómo|nosotros|podemos|más|confiablemente|llegar|a|la|naturaleza|de|realidad|y|por lo tanto|verdad Así que aquí, comenzamos a ver una división entre dos entendimientos diferentes de cómo podemos llegar de manera más confiable a la naturaleza de la realidad, y por lo tanto a la verdad.

Both were responses to the constant questioning that is skepticism. ambos|fueron|respuestas|a|la|constante|cuestionamiento|que|es|escepticismo Ambos fueron respuestas a la constante interrogación que es el escepticismo. On the one hand, there was rationalism. en|la|una|mano|allí|había|racionalismo Por un lado, estaba el racionalismo. And on the other: empiricism. y|en|la|otra|empirismo Y por el otro: el empirismo. Descartes, like Plato long before him, was a lover of reason. Descartes|como|Platón|mucho|antes|él|fue|un|amante|de|razón Descartes, como Platón mucho antes que él, era un amante de la razón.

He met skepticism with rationalism. él|enfrentó|escepticismo|con|racionalismo Enfrentó el escepticismo con el racionalismo. He believed that the most real things in life were ideas -- propositions that can be known through pure reason. él|creyó|que|las|más|reales|cosas|en|la vida|eran|ideas|proposiciones|que|pueden|ser|conocidas|a través de|pura|razón Он считал, что наиболее реальными вещами в жизни являются идеи - предложения, которые можно познать с помощью чистого разума. Él creía que las cosas más reales en la vida eran ideas -- proposiciones que pueden ser conocidas a través de la pura razón. Deductive truths, which we talked about before, fall into this category. deductivas|verdades|las que|nosotros|hablamos|sobre|antes|caen|en|esta|categoría Las verdades deductivas, de las que hablamos antes, caen en esta categoría. And mathematical truths do, too. y|matemáticas|verdades|lo|también Y las verdades matemáticas también. But by contrast, empiricism is based on the principle that the most reliable source of knowledge isn’t our ideas, or our reasoning, but our senses. pero|por|contraste|empirismo|es|basado|en|el|principio|que|la|más|confiable|fuente|de|conocimiento|no es|nuestras|ideas|o|nuestro|razonamiento|sino|nuestros|sentidos Mas, em contraste, o empirismo se baseia no princípio de que a fonte mais confiável de conhecimento não são nossas ideias ou nosso raciocínio, mas nossos sentidos. Pero, en contraste, el empirismo se basa en el principio de que la fuente más confiable de conocimiento no son nuestras ideas, ni nuestro razonamiento, sino nuestros sentidos.

Sure, we can know things through deduction and basic logic. seguro|nosotros|podemos|saber|cosas|a través de|deducción|y|básica|lógica Claro, podemos saber coisas por meio de dedução e lógica básica. Claro, podemos conocer cosas a través de la deducción y la lógica básica.

But what actually leads us to truth, or at least gives us our best shot at getting there, are things like induction, and the scientific method -- ways of thinking that tell us about the material world. pero|lo que|realmente|nos lleva|a nosotros|a|la verdad|o|al|menos|da|a nosotros||||||||||||el|||||||||||material|mundo Mas o que realmente nos leva à verdade, ou pelo menos nos dá a melhor chance de chegar lá, são coisas como a indução e o método científico - modos de pensar que nos falam sobre o mundo material. Pero lo que realmente nos lleva a la verdad, o al menos nos da nuestra mejor oportunidad de llegar allí, son cosas como la inducción y el método científico: formas de pensar que nos hablan sobre el mundo material. Probably the most famous split among philosophers between these two camps was the life-long debate between Plato and Aristotle. probablemente|el|más|famoso|división|entre|filósofos|entre|estos|dos|campos|fue|el|||debate|entre|Platón|y|Aristóteles Provavelmente, a divisão mais famosa entre os filósofos entre esses dois campos foi o longo debate entre Platão e Aristóteles. Probablemente la división más famosa entre filósofos entre estos dos campos fue el debate de toda la vida entre Platón y Aristóteles.

Plato was convinced that Truth resided in the immaterial world of Ideas, while Aristotle’s attention was focused firmly on the ground. |||||résidait||||||||||||fermement||| Platón|estaba|convencido|que|la verdad|residía|en|el|inmaterial|mundo|de|Ideas|mientras|de Aristóteles|atención|estaba|enfocada|firmemente|en|el|suelo Platão estava convencido de que a Verdade residia no mundo imaterial das Idéias, enquanto a atenção de Aristóteles estava firmemente focada no chão. Платон был убежден, что Истина пребывает в нематериальном мире Идей, в то время как внимание Аристотеля было приковано к земле. Platón estaba convencido de que la Verdad residía en el mundo inmaterial de las Ideas, mientras que la atención de Aristóteles estaba firmemente centrada en el suelo. But what about in Descartes' day? pero|qué|acerca de|en|de Descartes|día Mas e na época de Descartes? ¿Pero qué pasa en la época de Descartes?

If he was the original prototype of the navel-gazing philosopher -- a living example of rationalist thinking — then his foil was the 17th century English thinker John Locke. ||||||||nombril|||||||||||antithèse|||||||| si|él|fue|el|original|prototipo|de|el|||filósofo|un|vivo|ejemplo|de|racionalista|pensamiento|entonces|su|contraparte|fue|el|siglo XVII|siglo|inglés|pensador|John|Locke Se ele foi o protótipo original do filósofo que olha para o umbigo - um exemplo vivo de pensamento racionalista - então seu contraponto foi o pensador inglês do século XVII, John Locke. Если он был оригинальным прототипом философа-пустозвона, живым примером рационалистического мышления, то его соперником был английский мыслитель XVII века Джон Локк. Si él era el prototipo original del filósofo contemplativo — un ejemplo vivo del pensamiento racionalista — entonces su contraparte fue el pensador inglés del siglo XVII, John Locke. This is where he was born. esto|es|donde|él|nació|nacido Aquí es donde nació. Locke believed that we’re all born as a tabula rasa, or a blank slate. ||||||||||||ardoise| Locke|creía|que||todos|nacidos|como|una|tabula|rasa|o|una|en blanco|pizarra Locke acreditava que todos nós nascemos como uma tabula rasa, ou uma lousa em branco. Locke creía que todos nacemos como una tabula rasa, o una pizarra en blanco.

He argued that all knowledge is obtained through experience. él|argumentó|que|todo|conocimiento|es|obtenido|a través de|experiencia Ele argumentou que todo conhecimento é obtido através da experiência. Argumentó que todo conocimiento se obtiene a través de la experiencia. He rejected the concept of innate ideas -- the view that we’re born pre-loaded with certain information, like what’s good versus what’s bad, or what is the nature of God. |||||innées|||||||||||||||||||||||| él|rechazó|el|concepto|de|innatos|ideas|la|visión|que|estamos|nacidos|||con|cierta|información|como|lo que es|bueno|versus||malo|o|lo que|es|la|naturaleza|de|Dios Ele rejeitou o conceito de ideias inatas – a visão de que nascemos pré-carregados com certas informações, como o que é bom versus o que é ruim, ou qual é a natureza de Deus. Rechazó el concepto de ideas innatas: la visión de que nacemos pre-cargados con cierta información, como lo que es bueno frente a lo que es malo, o cuál es la naturaleza de Dios. Locke thought that we are born knowing nothing. Locke|pensó|que|nosotros|estamos|nacidos|sabiendo|nada Locke pensava que nascemos sem saber nada. Locke pensaba que nacemos sin saber nada.

And instead, all of our knowledge comes to us through sense data. y|en cambio|todo|de|nuestro|conocimiento|viene|a|nosotros|a través de|sentido|datos Em vez disso, todo o nosso conhecimento chega até nós por meio dos dados dos sentidos. Y en su lugar, todo nuestro conocimiento nos llega a través de los datos sensoriales. But one place where Locke agreed with Descartes was in the idea that, just because your senses tell you something, that doesn’t mean you can trust it. pero|un|lugar|donde|Locke|estuvo de acuerdo|con|Descartes|estuvo|en|la|idea|que|solo|porque|tus|sentidos|dicen|te|algo|eso|no|significa|tú|puedes|confiar|eso Mas um ponto em que Locke concordou com Descartes foi na ideia de que, só porque seus sentidos lhe dizem algo, isso não significa que você pode confiar neles. Pero un lugar donde Locke estuvo de acuerdo con Descartes fue en la idea de que, solo porque tus sentidos te digan algo, eso no significa que puedas confiar en ello. After all, sometimes your senses give you false information, like when you think you see or hear something that’s just not there. después|de todo|a veces|tus|sentidos|dan|te|falsa|información|como|cuando|tú|piensas|tú|ves|o|oyes|algo|que está|solo|no|allí Afinal, às vezes seus sentidos fornecem informações falsas, como quando você pensa que vê ou ouve algo que simplesmente não existe. Después de todo, a veces tus sentidos te dan información falsa, como cuando piensas que ves o escuchas algo que simplemente no está allí.

Descartes' response to this, of course, was to just throw out all sense experience as an unreliable source of knowledge. ||||||||||||||||source peu fiable||| de Descartes|respuesta|a|esto|por|supuesto|fue|a|solo|tirar|fuera|toda|sentido|experiencia|como|una|poco confiable|fuente|de|conocimiento A resposta de Descartes a isso, é claro, foi simplesmente descartar toda experiência sensorial como uma fonte não confiável de conhecimento. La respuesta de Descartes a esto, por supuesto, fue simplemente descartar toda experiencia sensorial como una fuente de conocimiento poco confiable.

But Locke didn’t go that far. ||ne||| pero|Locke|no|fue|tan|lejos Pero Locke no llegó tan lejos.

Instead, in order to figure out whether the senses accurately reflect the outside world, he introduced a distinction between what he called the primary and secondary qualities of all things. en lugar|en|orden|a|averiguar|fuera|si|los|sentidos|con precisión|reflejan|el|exterior|mundo|él|introdujo|una|distinción|entre|lo que|él|llamó|las|primarias|y|secundarias|cualidades|de|todas|cosas Em vez disso, para descobrir se os sentidos refletem com precisão o mundo exterior, ele introduziu uma distinção entre o que chamou de qualidades primárias e secundárias de todas as coisas. En cambio, para averiguar si los sentidos reflejan con precisión el mundo exterior, introdujo una distinción entre lo que él llamaba las cualidades primarias y secundarias de todas las cosas. Primary qualities are qualities that physical objects themselves have. primarias|cualidades|son|cualidades|que|físicas|objetos|ellos mismos|tienen Qualidades primárias são qualidades que os próprios objetos físicos possuem. Las cualidades primarias son cualidades que los objetos físicos tienen por sí mismos.

They’re not in our minds, Locke argued -- they’re actually in the stuff. ellos son|no|en|nuestras|mentes|Locke|argumentó|ellos están|en realidad|en|la|materia Eles não estão em nossas mentes, argumentou Locke – eles estão realmente nas coisas. No están en nuestras mentes, argumentó Locke; en realidad están en la materia. These primary qualities include things like solidity -- the density, weight, and mass of an object. estas|primarias|cualidades|incluyen|cosas|como|solidez|la|densidad|peso|y|masa|de|un|objeto Essas qualidades primárias incluem coisas como solidez - a densidade, peso e massa de um objeto. Estas cualidades primarias incluyen cosas como la solidez: la densidad, el peso y la masa de un objeto. And also extension -- the height, depth, and width that a certain thing has. y|también|extensión|la|altura|profundidad|y|ancho|que|un|cierto|cosa|tiene E também extensão -- a altura, profundidade e largura que uma certa coisa tem. Y también extensión: la altura, profundidad y ancho que tiene cierta cosa. He also included figure, or the shape of an object, as well as mobility, which is this – whether it’s stationary or in motion. él|también|incluyó|figura|o|la|forma|de|un|objeto|así|también|como|movilidad|la cual|es|esto|si|está|estacionario|o|en|movimiento Ele também incluiu a figura, ou a forma de um objeto, assim como a mobilidade, que é isso – seja parado ou em movimento. También incluyó figura, o la forma de un objeto, así como movilidad, que es esto: si está estacionario o en movimiento. So primary qualities, Locke said, belong to the thing itself. así que|primarias|cualidades|Locke|dijo|pertenecen|a|la|cosa|misma Assim, as qualidades primárias, disse Locke, pertencem à própria coisa. Así que las cualidades primarias, dijo Locke, pertenecen a la cosa misma.

Take this apple. toma|esta|manzana Pegue esta maçã. Toma esta manzana. It weighs maybe 150 grams, is the size of my palm, roundish, but firm, with the slightest bit of give, and right now it’s moving through the air. ||||||||||rondish|||||le moindre||||||||||| Eso|pesa|tal vez|gramos|es|el|tamaño|de|mi|palma|redondeado|pero|firme|con|el|más mínimo|poco|de|flexibilidad|y|ahora|ahora|está|moviendo|a través|el|aire Pesa uns 150 gramas, é do tamanho da palma da minha mão, arredondada, mas firme, com um pouquinho de folga, e agora está se movendo no ar. Pesa tal vez 150 gramos, es del tamaño de mi palma, redondeado, pero firme, con un ligero grado de flexibilidad, y en este momento se está moviendo por el aire. Those are its primary qualities. esas|son|sus|primarias|cualidades Essas são suas qualidades primárias. Esas son sus cualidades primarias. But it has secondary qualities, too. pero|eso|tiene|secundarias|cualidades|también Mas também tem qualidades secundárias. Pero también tiene cualidades secundarias.

And by Locke’s standards, they are not real. y|por|Locke|estándares|ellas|son|no|reales E pelos padrões de Locke, eles não são reais. Y según los estándares de Locke, no son reales. At least not in any objective, agreed-upon way. al|menos|no|en|ninguna|objetiva|||manera Pelo menos não de maneira objetiva e acordada. 至少不是以任何客观的、一致同意的方式。 Al menos no de una manera objetiva y acordada. They’re just in our minds. |solo|en|nuestra|mentes Eles estão apenas em nossas mentes. Simplemente están en nuestras mentes. But they get there through the primary qualities. pero|ellos|llegan|allí|a través de|las|primarias|cualidades Mas eles chegam lá por meio das qualidades primárias. Pero llegan allí a través de las cualidades primarias. I’m talking about things like its color, taste, texture, smell, and sound. yo estoy|hablando|sobre|cosas|como|su|color|sabor|textura|olor|y|sonido Estou falando de coisas como cor, sabor, textura, cheiro e som. Estoy hablando de cosas como su color, sabor, textura, olor y sonido. The secondary qualities of this apple are its redness, and how it tastes and smells and feels on my tongue and hand. ||||||||rougeur||||||||||||| este|secundarias|cualidades|de|esta|manzana|son|sus|rojez|y|cómo|se|sabe|y|huele|y|se siente|en|mi|lengua|y|mano As qualidades secundárias desta maçã são sua vermelhidão e seu gosto, cheiro e sensação na minha língua e na minha mão. Las cualidades secundarias de esta manzana son su color rojo, y cómo sabe, huele y se siente en mi lengua y mano. Even how it sounds when I bite into it. incluso|cómo|se|suena|cuando|yo|muerdo|en|ella Mesmo como soa quando eu mordo. Incluso cómo suena cuando muerdo en ella.

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