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Hi there, Steve Kaufmann here. Today I'm going to talk about public speaking. 今日は人前で話すことについて話します。 Remember if you enjoy these videos, please subscribe, click on the bell here to get notifications. So, uh, first of all, I think public speaking, uh, in your own language is an art. Something that the ancient Greeks and Romans were 古希腊人和古罗马人

particularly good at, or at least it was a very important part of their, of their lives. 特に彼らの生活が得意であるか、少なくともそれは彼らの生活の非常に重要な部分でした。 特别擅长，或者至少这是他们生活中非常重要的一部分。 Whether as lawyers defending a client or debating in the Senate or whatever it might be. Seja como advogados a defender um cliente ou a debater no Senado ou o que quer que seja. And so they developed a certain set of rules. そして、彼らは特定の一連のルールを開発しました。 I think public speaking is a wonderful discipline if you are learning another language.

So if you are learning English and I know many people who listen to me here, they listen in order to improve their English. Uh, and I think that's a good idea. And of course you can study any of these videos at LingQ, uh, and learn the words and phrases and expressions and so forth. But, uh, there are public speaking clubs, uh, Toastmaster clubs, this kind of thing in all kinds of places around the world. Maar er zijn clubs voor het spreken in het openbaar, Toastmaster-clubs, dit soort dingen op allerlei plaatsen in de wereld.

Sometimes even in English, even in those places where English isn't the native language. And preparing to give, uh, you know, to talk in front of people is a wonderful way to build up your capability in the language. Now I, um, was learning Swedish. It was quite interesting. I was just thinking about this subject, public speaking, the importance of public speaking, and I remembered that

I didn't know when, but quite a long time ago, when I was really into learning Swedish and I was traveling to Sweden for business, for my lumber business. And I would always go to bookstores and I would buy, you know, books in Swedish and books where I could find the audio book. Uh, this was a long time ago where we didn't have the ability to like right now to, uh, go to YouTube and import things to LingQ or Netflix, or, uh, you know, even to find audio books and eBooks that, uh, are matching and where we can import them into, I think as I have done for Polish and for Ukrainian and, and for other languages, these things didn't exist.

I had to buy an e-book. Uh, excuse me, I had to buy an audio book and then I had to buy the book and read the book and, uh, look things up. So in Sweden, I bought this thing called Praktisk Retorik, and I was able to buy the matching CD. So this was tremendous fun for me. The only problem was

that there were words I can see now, as I  look through the book that there were words that I underlined that I didn't understand, but, um, or I wanted to remember like.. . In other words, this means I wanted to get some of this phrasing. Uh...

so, you know I'm underlying some of these things. por isso, sabem que estou a sublinhar algumas destas coisas. So it was part of my Swedish learning, uh, experience, but it also taught me about public speaking. And in fact, I had to give a speech to the Swedish. Mm. I can't remember what it was. I think it was, they have 'em in, in Karlstad every year. The Swedish timber trade has an international conference where, uh, suppliers and customers and people involved in the timber business from all around the world come.

And they asked me to give a talk. So I said, fine, I'd give a talk. Por isso, disse que tudo bem, eu daria uma palestra. And so then I referred to what I had learned here. And then I thought to myself, well, you know, I can, you know, not many people are listening to me speak Swedish, and there's not much point in quoting this in Swedish. E depois pensei para comigo, bem, sabe, eu posso, sabe, não há muitas pessoas a ouvir-me falar sueco, e não faz muito sentido citar isto em sueco. And I was curious to see if by any chance, this book had been translated into English.

So I Googled Praktisk Retorik. And lo and behold, I found an article that I had submitted to a self-help website in 2007. そして、見よ、私は2007年に自助ウェブサイトに提出した記事を見つけました。 E eis que encontrei um artigo que tinha enviado para um site de autoajuda em 2007. And the website was called Pick the Brain. And there it is, it says. Uh, nail your next presentation with these classic principles of public speaking, November the fifth, 2007. Arrase na sua próxima apresentação com estes princípios clássicos de falar em público, 5 de novembro de 2007.

So that is 13 years ago. And at that time I was obviously, we were starting LingQ and we wanted to generate some traffic. そして、その時私は明らかに、LingQを開始していて、トラフィックを生成したかったのです。 And I was up there trying to get guest posts on people's blogs and stuff like that, but I'm going to post a link to this in the description box. そして、私は人々のブログやそのようなものにゲストの投稿を取得しようとしてそこにいましたが、説明ボックスにこれへのリンクを投稿します。 Uh, but I pointed out many of the things...

this is a very good book. I'm just disappointed that it's not available in English. Uh, I should have actually checked to see if it's available in, uh, in the ebook format so that it can be imported into LingQ along with the audio, but he references the Greeks. Na verdade, devia ter verificado se está disponível em formato de livro eletrónico para poder ser importado para o LingQ juntamente com o áudio, mas ele faz referência aos gregos. He ... and Romans.. He represents, you know, Churchill or, or, uh, modern people who are good at public speaking.

And he does sort of hit on the highlights, which I'm going to do for you now. E faz uma espécie de apanhado dos pontos altos, o que vou fazer agora para si. And I got to cheat by, uh, you know, going back to what I wrote back then 13 years ago. I udało mi się oszukać, wracając do tego, co napisałem 13 lat temu. So, you know, you've been, and they had terms in the ancient world for the different parts of your presentation. So it begins with the exordium , which is sort of the introduction.

And as he points out in his book, like many people are concerned about... how do you start the speech? En zoals hij in zijn boek aangeeft, zoals veel mensen zich zorgen maken over... hoe begin je de toespraak? And he says, it's really not very important. The start of the speech is all about just getting people to like you. スピーチの始まりは、人々にあなたを好きになってもらうことです。 Na początku przemówienia chodzi o to, aby ludzie cię polubili. And so therefore if you spill your water and your, you know, a glass or, or you notice some people in the audience that, you know, Um, you know, especially if you're visiting, like if, if I was up in Karlstad, then I might say, Oh, it's nice to be here with ... and with, uh, ... and all these friends in the Swedish timber industry to create some connection, that's really all you want to achieve, get them to like you, and also establish that you have some

authority in the field. So, you know, in my example, I would have said, you know, that I am happy to be here amongst these friends and that, you know, I have been in the timber trade for whatever, you know, 30 years. And I can't remember if I was talking about Japan or what I was talking about, but I would like to establish the fact that not only am a nice guy, cause I spilled my water そして、私が日本について話していたのか、それとも何について話していたのかは思い出せませんが、私はいい人であるだけでなく、水をこぼしたので、その事実を証明したいと思います。

uh, and I know some people in the audience. But also I know something, I know what I'm talking about. So I'm somebody you should be listening to, and that's all you do in this exordium, which is the first part of it. So I then as having earned the listener sympathy and convinced them that you are someone that they might believe or trust, now you tell them what you're going to talk about.

So this is the narratio, the narration. So this is the narratio, the narration. Dus dit is de vertelling, de vertelling. Here is what I'm going to be talking about. Okay. And there's a little more detail here in this article. And you, so you, you spell out the details of what your, your presentation is. Now where I was watching earlier. They, uh, the, uh, discussions in the, in the US Senate.

And of course the speakers are trying to make their case and stuff like that. And so you present the facts, the story, the narration. And so that's the second thing after you've gained their sympathy. E essa é a segunda coisa a fazer depois de ganharmos a sua simpatia. That's probably number one. Then part number two, you sort of tell the story that you've got to the details, the story, then the next is supposed to be what they call the refutatio, where you come and point out the counter-arguments. Depois, na segunda parte, conta-se a história que se tem até aos pormenores, a história, e a seguir é suposto ser aquilo a que chamam a refutatio, em que se apontam os contra-argumentos.

So you present all of this is we think this, that, and the other and stuff, but then what about the counter-arguments? Więc przedstawiasz to wszystko tak, że myślimy to, tamto i jeszcze raz tamto, ale co z kontrargumentami? What about this? So you present these counter-arguments. And of course you're destroy them. You know, these counter-arguments can all be easily refuted. So you refute, you put these counter arguments up there and then you just bang, you bomb them. Więc obalasz, przedstawiasz te kontrargumenty, a potem po prostu walisz, bombardujesz je.

And then the last part of the presentation is what they call the peroratio, which is where you make a final emotional appeal. En dan is het laatste deel van de presentatie wat ze de peroratio noemen, waar je een laatste emotionele oproep doet. Okay. So basically that's it. You begin by making people like you and establish the fact that you are someone they should trust and believe. The second part you explain or sort of you, you provide the narration.

Here are the facts. Here's a story. Here's what I think is important. Here's the cause that I'm trying to persuade you off. Hier ist die Ursache, von der ich versuche, Sie zu überzeugen. Then in the third part, you'll put up potentials , counter arguments, and destroy them. And then you end up with an emotional appeal. And I found that when I have a, uh, talk to give, if I have some kind of format like that, that I can slot my ideas into, it's easier to prepare the speech.

And I know where I am leading the audience. They don't know what's coming. I do. And I find that gives me a sense of control over my audience. I know where I'm leading them at every step of the way. Now, each one of these sections can have parts to them. You might have, for example, I had my experience in Sciences Po in Paris at the, uh, political science Institute, we were taught to have these balanced expose, you know, first part, second part. 例如，您可能有我在巴黎政治科学研究所的巴黎科学学院（Science Po）的经验，我们被教导要使这些平衡的内容暴露出来，您知道，第一部分，第二部分。

So in presenting your ideas, you could have part one and then you can have, you know, can expand on it a bit. And then of course you have the counter argument, so there's different ways you can refine it. 然后，您当然拥有了相反的论点，因此可以使用不同的方法来完善它。 But the idea that you have an approach that says here I am, I'm a nice guy. You should believe me.

Here's a story that I have to tell you. Here are the counter-arguments and they hold no water. And here's my final emotional appeal is a format that I have found to be very effective and it gives you confidence. If you know what it is you're going to say and how you're going to say it. It helps you organize your ideas and it gives you confidence.

So, um, with that, you can find a reference here to the article that I submitted back in 2007. If you want to explore this in greater detail.