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Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell, Why Don't We Shoot Nuclear Waste Into Space?

Why Don't We Shoot Nuclear Waste Into Space?

Here in the Kurzgesagt labs we test very important ideas to see what happens when you blow things up

or play with black holes. Many of you suggested that we look into an idea that sounds reasonable:

Shooting nuclear waste into space. It is one of those concepts that seems like an

easy fix for one of the main problems with nuclear energy. But it turns out this idea

is not just bad but horribly bad and it gets worse the longer you think about it.

Why is that?

What is nuclear waste?

Nuclear waste is a fuzzy term and comes in categories which

vary from country to country. But in general there are three broad levels:

90% is low level nuclear waste – tools, gloves or

trash used at a nuclear facility that could be weakly contaminated,

with some short lived radioactivity. This stuff is generally safe for normal disposal.

7% is intermediate level nuclear waste – mostly materials that have been in close proximity to a

reactor core long enough to become dangerously radioactive. With proper handling it is either

safely buried or melted down and mixed into glass or concrete and stored deep underground.

So 97% of nuclear waste is similar to toxic byproducts from other industries. Not great,

not terrible – we can handle it. The remaining 3% is where our problems begin.

High level nuclear waste is very concentrated spent fuel taken out of a reactor core. Formerly

uranium, it is now made of various dangerous and often highly radioactive elements. As a bonus it

is also incredibly hot and not easy to handle at all. This is what we want to shoot into space.

All in all, around 440 active nuclear reactors create about 11,000 tonnes of high level nuclear

waste each year. Since 1954, we have accumulated 400,000 tonnes of dangerous radioactive waste.

Most countries are dealing with it by not dealing with it and kicking the can towards the future.

Great! So let's launch it into space! According to scientists space is big and nobody lives there,

so it seems perfect for yeeting away this mess. There are a few tiny problems though.

Problem 1: Stuff Ain't Cheap

Even though spaceflight is getting more affordable, it's still extremely

expensive. Just to get something into low earth orbit costs on average about $4,000 per kilogram.

Putting that into perspective, it costs about $1600 to mine, separate, and fabricate one

kilogram of nuclear fuel, so launching waste into space has suddenly made nuclear fuel for reactors

way more expensive and greatly increased the cost of the electricity they produce.

To launch one reactor's worth of nuclear waste would cost at least $100 million per year.

To deal with all the 440 operational nuclear power plants' high level nuclear waste, would cost

some $44 billion per year for space launch before packaging, transport and security costs are added.

Ok let us pretend we don't care. Currently we could not shoot all the nuclear waste

into space even if we wanted to. There just aren't enough rockets.

In 2021, we saw a record 135 launches into space. If we repurposed each of those rockets and filled

them all with nuclear waste, the total amount that could be lifted into a Low Earth Orbit,

which is the closest orbit above the atmosphere, is nearly 800 tonnes.

We'd need at least 14 times more rockets to handle just today's nuclear waste,

let alone get rid of the hundreds of thousands of tonnes in temporary storage. We would need

to create entire new space industries to keep up with the demand for giant,

toxic space trash trucks. And it gets worse!

Problem 2: Space is hard

We only made the calculation for low earth orbit, where we send most of our rockets and satellites.

Littering the space around earth with thousands of casks of spent nuclear fuel would be a nightmare

for space junk management and satellite collision avoidance. Worse still, at this altitude there

still is a little bit of atmosphere causing a tiny bit of drag, so we might have nuclear

waste raining down from space within just a few years. Experts would call this a huge problem.

Clearly, we have to launch our waste farther. If we wanted to send it to, perhaps, the moon,

we either need way more rockets or we need to build much bigger ones. Making it even more

expensive. A single Saturn V, the rocket used by the Apollo program, which cost about $1.5

billion adjusted for inflation per launch, could get about 43.5 tonnes from the earth to the moon.

So we would need about 260 Saturn V rocket launches every year. And of course, using the

moon as target practice for nuclear-waste tipped rockets kind of makes a huge mess.

So maybe don't aim for anything – space is empty, do we really need a target?

Shooting waste in any random direction is, you guessed it, also a bad idea. Orbits are

loops which means they have a tendency to come back to where they started. Put enough in the

sky in random directions, and you'll get one back eventually. So we would want to launch our nuclear

waste deep into space, which means we need EVEN bigger rockets that would be even more expensive.

Not that we would be completely safe then. Earth might run into these interplanetary caskets at

some time in the far future and experience a pretty meteor shower made from radioactive dust.

Ok. But how about we shoot it into the sun?!

Ironically, the sun is pretty hard to hit.

While the sun has very strong gravity, everything on earth is moving with respect to the sun,

including the rockets that we launch, meaning a rocket would have to ‘cancel

out' all the orbital motion it has around the sun so it can stop orbiting and fall in.

Because of this it is actually easier to launch a rocket entirely out of the solar

system than it is to launch it into the sun. But to do either of these

things we need even bigger rockets, probably the biggest we've ever built.

Urgh. Nothing works.

The thing is: It still gets much worse.

Problem 3: Rockets go Brrrrrrrr

Rocket engineering has taken huge steps since the Apollo era.

We have made them relatively safe. We've mostly replaced the toxic explosive cancer

fuels of the past decades with much saner mixes of liquid oxygen and hydrogen or

kerosene. The newest designs even land themselves so that they can be reused.

And yet, Out of the 146 launches in 2021, there were 11 failures. Which means that a sizable

number of our rockets carrying high level radioactive waste would be exploding on the

launch pad or in the worst case: disassembling at high altitude or crashing from hypersonic speeds.

Each failure would be at least equivalent to a mini-Chernobyl – but instead of being

contained under a slab of concrete, spread throughout the atmosphere.

Radioactive particles could make their way to far away places by riding on the winds.

Most would fall in the ocean but some would land on the inhabited parts of the world.

They could cover farmlands and get concentrated into our food, or enter our water supply. Which

is, well, bad. Imagine regular large scale nuclear disasters happening. People would not be happy.

Conclusion and Opinion Part

Nuclear waste is scary. But the fear of it and horrible ideas like shooting

it into space reveals how bad we are at understanding risk. Because the largest

amounts of radioactive elements like uranium and radon are actually released by coal. Burning

millions of tonnes of coal each year leaves ash as a waste product, that includes about

36,000 tonnes of radioactive materials. Less radioactive than high level nuclear waste,

but there is also a lot more of it and it is handled way less carefully.

Some of this ash is caught by filters, but most is simply pushed back into leaky mines, shoved

into piles exposed to the wind or poured into ponds that regularly spill into rivers and lakes.

Living within 1.6 km of an ash pile increases your cancer risk up to

2000 times over the acceptable limit. And this is on top of other toxic chemicals like heavy metals,

and of course their massive CO2 emissions. And yet, while nuclear energy is flawed and its

current form may only be a transitory technology, nuclear power plants are a harder sell than coal.

Nuclear waste and the lack of willingness to deal with it are a real issue. It's not insurmountable

though. There are good methods to handle it, like burying it deep underground or reprocessing some

of it into new fuel. But however we ultimately deal with this issue we hope one thing is clear:

shooting nuclear waste into space is one of the worst ideas ever.

Researching this crazy thing, conducting all of these important tests and of course,

creating this video, took us around 2,000 hours – which is insane for a YouTube video.

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Why Don't We Shoot Nuclear Waste Into Space? Warum schießen wir den Atommüll nicht ins All? Γιατί δεν εκτοξεύουμε πυρηνικά απόβλητα στο διάστημα; ¿Por qué no lanzamos residuos nucleares al espacio? Pourquoi ne pas envoyer les déchets nucléaires dans l'espace ? Perché non spariamo le scorie nucleari nello spazio? なぜ核廃棄物を宇宙へ飛ばさないのか? 왜 핵폐기물을 우주로 쏘아 올리면 안 될까요? Kodėl neiškeliame branduolinių atliekų į kosmosą? Waarom schieten we geen kernafval de ruimte in? Dlaczego nie wystrzeliwujemy odpadów nuklearnych w kosmos? Porque é que não atiramos resíduos nucleares para o espaço? Почему мы не выбрасываем ядерные отходы в космос? Nükleer Atıkları Neden Uzaya Fırlatmıyoruz? Чому ми не запускаємо ядерні відходи в космос? 我们为什么不把核废料发射到太空? 我們為什麼不把核廢料發射到太空?

Here in the Kurzgesagt labs we test very important  ideas to see what happens when you blow things up Nei laboratori di Kurzgesagt mettiamo alla prova idee molto importanti per vedere cosa succede facendo esplodere le cose Burada, Kurzgesagt laboratuvarlarında, bir şeyleri havaya uçurduğunuzda ne olacağını görmek için çok önemli fikirleri test ediyoruz

or play with black holes. Many of you suggested  that we look into an idea that sounds reasonable: o giocando con i buchi neri. Molti di voi ci hanno suggerito di esaminare un'idea che sembra ragionevole: さて多くの視聴者があるアイディアを提案した 많은 시청자 분들께서 괜찮아 보이는 아이디어를 연구해달라고 요청하셨는데요: พวกคุณหลายคนแนะนำให้เรา พิจารณาไอเดียที่ฟังดูสมเหตุสมผล ya da kara deliklerle oynamak. Birçoğunuz makul görünen bir fikre bakmamızı önerdiniz: Rất nhiều bạn đã gợi ý cho chúng tôi một ý tưởng thoạt nghe có vẻ hợp lý:

Shooting nuclear waste into space. It is  one of those concepts that seems like an sparare le scorie nucleari nello spazio. È una di quelle idee che sembra una facile soluzione Nükleer atıkları uzaya fırlatmak. Nükleer atıkların uzaya fırlatılması Bắn chất thải hạt nhân vào không gian. Đó là một khái niệm mà có vẻ như là một lời giải đơn giản

easy fix for one of the main problems with  nuclear energy. But it turns out this idea

is not just bad but horribly bad and it  gets worse the longer you think about it. è mostruosamente pessima, e peggiora man mano che la si esamina. は、ただ悪いだけでなく、恐ろしく悪いし、考えれば考えるほど悪くなる。 깊히 파헤치면 파헤칠수록 점점 더 나빠집니다. sadece kötü değil, korkunç derecede kötü ve düşündükçe daha da kötüleşiyor. và càng nghĩ lâu về nó, nó càng trở nên tệ hơn.

Why is that? Come mai? なぜだろう? 왜일까요? ทำไมถึงเป็นอย่างนั้นล่ะ? Tại sao lại thế?

What is nuclear waste? [Cosa sono le scorie nucleari?] 核廃棄物とは? 방사성 폐기물이란 무엇일까요? กากนิวเคลียร์คืออะไร? CHẤT THẢI HẠT NHÂN LÀ GÌ? 核廢料是什麼?

Nuclear waste is a fuzzy term  and comes in categories which 核廃棄物という言葉は曖昧で国によって分類も異なる 방사성 폐기물이란 애매한 용어인데요, 종류도 다양하고 구분하는 기준도 나라마다 제각각입니다. กากนิวเคลียร์เป็นศัพท์ที่คลุมเครือ และแตกต่างกันไปในแต่ละประเทศ 「核廢料」是個模糊的術語,其類別因

vary from country to country. But in  general there are three broad levels: Ma in generale ci sono tre livelli principali. まあ一般的には3つに分けられる 그래도 일반적으로는 폭넓게 세 종류로 구분할 수 있습니다. แต่โดยทั่วไปแล้ว มีสามระดับกว้างๆ Nhưng nhìn chung, có 3 cấp phân loại chính: 國家而異。但一般上核廢料有三個主要階層

90% is low level nuclear waste – tools, gloves or 其中百分之九十屬於低放射性廢料:在核設施中使用並遭

trash used at a nuclear facility  that could be weakly contaminated, 輕度污染具有短壽命放射性的

with some short lived radioactivity. This  stuff is generally safe for normal disposal. In genere sono idonei al normale smaltimento. 弱い汚染の可能性がある これらは普通に廃棄しても安全だ 이런 폐기물은 보통 그냥 처리해도 될 정도로 안전합니다. с некоторой короткоживущей радиоактивностью. В целом эти материалы безопасны для обычного захоронения. ของพวกนี้จะปลอดภัยสำหรับการกำจัดตามปกติ Những thứ này thường là an toàn để được xử lý một cách bình thường. 工具、手套或垃圾等。這些按普通方式丟棄在一般上是安全的

7% is intermediate level nuclear waste – mostly  materials that have been in close proximity to a 7%は中間レベルの放射性廃棄物である。 百分之七屬於中放射性廢料:這些材料長時間在反應爐堆芯附近

reactor core long enough to become dangerously  radioactive. With proper handling it is either 使它們具有危險的放射性。妥當的處理方式有二

safely buried or melted down and mixed into  glass or concrete and stored deep underground. e mischiato a vetro o cemento e stoccato a grande profondità. và trộn với thuỷ tinh hay bê tông và lưu trữ sâu dưới lòng đất một cách an toàn. 要麽安全的掩埋,或是熔化了混入玻璃或混凝土儲存於地下深處

So 97% of nuclear waste is similar to toxic  byproducts from other industries. Not great, Quindi il 97% delle scorie nucleari è simile ai sottoprodotti tossici di altre industrie. 核廃棄物の97%は他産業の危険な副産物と殆ど変わらない 즉 방사성 폐기물의 97%는 다른 산업폐기물과 비슷한 셈이죠. ดังนั้น 97% ของกากนิวเคลียร์จึงคล้ายกับ ผลพลอยได้ที่เป็นพิษจากอุตสาหกรรมอื่นๆ Vậy 97% lượng chất thải hạt nhân cũng không khác gì so với các phụ phẩm độc hại từ các ngành công nghiệp khác. 換句話說百分之九十七的核廢料和其他工業所生成的有毒副產物類似

not terrible – we can handle it. The  remaining 3% is where our problems begin. Non un granché, ma c'è di peggio: sappiamo come gestirle. Il nostro problema inizia con il restante 3%. 凄くも、恐ろしくもない適切に処理可能だ 残りの3%が問題の始まりだ 좋은 건 아니지만, 그닥 나쁘지도 않습니다. 충분히 처리할 수 있으니까요. 문제는 나머지 3%입니다. ไม่ดี แต่ก็ไม่แย่ เราสามารถจัดการได้ อีก 3% ที่เหลือคือจุดเริ่มต้นของปัญหา Không tốt, cũng không quá tệ. Chúng ta có thể xử lý chúng. 3% còn lại là vấn đề chính của chúng ta. 不是很好但不可怕,我們仍能處理。剩下的百分之三是我們問題的開端

High level nuclear waste is very concentrated  spent fuel taken out of a reactor core. Formerly Le scorie nucleari di alto livello sono combustile esaurito ad alta concentrazione rimosso dal nocciolo di un reattore. 高レベル核廃棄物は炉心から取り出した使用済み燃料だ กากนิวเคลียร์ระดับสูงเป็นเชื้อเพลิงใช้แล้ว ที่มีความเข้มข้นสูงซึ่งถูกนำออกจากเตาปฏิกรณ์ 高放射性廢料是從反應爐堆芯中取出的非常濃縮的乏燃料

uranium, it is now made of various dangerous and  often highly radioactive elements. As a bonus it ウランは、現在、さまざまな危険な、そしてしばしば高放射能の元素でできています。おまけに、それは 以往是鈾,現在則是由各種危險且往往具高放射性的元素構成

is also incredibly hot and not easy to handle at  all. This is what we want to shoot into space. È questo che vogliamo sparare nello spazio. これが宇宙に放り投げたいモノだ 이걸 우주로 쏘자는 겁니다. นี่คือสิ่งที่เราต้องการจะยิงไปในอวกาศ Đây là thứ mà ta muốn ném vào không gian. 更糟的是,這些廢料非常熱並且極不容易處理。我們想射到外太空的是這些

All in all, around 440 active nuclear reactors  create about 11,000 tonnes of high level nuclear 全部で440基の原子炉が、約11,000トンの高レベルの核物質を作り出しています。 โดยรวมแล้ว มีเครื่องปฏิกรณ์นิวเคลียร์ ที่กำลังทำงานอยู่ประมาณ 440 เครื่อง สร้างกากนิวเคลียร์ระดับสูง ประมาณ 11,000 ตันในแต่ละปี Tổng cộng khoảng 440 lò phản ứng hạt nhân đang hoạt động tạo ra khoảng 11,000 tấn chất thải hạt nhân cấp cao mỗi năm. 總的來説,每年有大概四百四十座核反應堆產生約一萬一千噸的

waste each year. Since 1954, we have accumulated  400,000 tonnes of dangerous radioactive waste. di scorie nucleari pericolose. 1954年以来、危険な廃棄物が 40万トンも蓄積されている 1954년부터 지금까지 약 40만 톤의 위험한 방사성 폐기물이 쌓였습니다. ตั้งแต่ปี 1954 เราได้สะสม กากกัมมันตรังสีอันตรายถึง 400,000 ตัน Từ năm 1954, chúng ta đã tích tụ khoảng 400,000 tấn chất thải phóng xạ nguy hiểm. 高放射性廢料。自1954年起,我們已囤積了四十萬噸的危險核廢料

Most countries are dealing with it by not dealing  with it and kicking the can towards the future. La maggior parte delle nazioni decidono di non decidere, rimandando la questione al futuro. 殆どの国が未来に丸投げすることでこれに対処している 대부분의 국가는 이 폐기물을 처리하려 하지 않고 나중에 해결할 문제로 미루기만 하고 있습니다. ประเทศส่วนใหญ่จัดการกับมันโดยการ ไม่จัดการอะไรเลยและปล่อยให้มันเป็นเรื่องของอนาคต Phần lớn các quốc gia đang xử lý chúng bằng cách không xử lý chúng và "để dành" đến tương lai rồi mới xử lý. 大多數國家沒在處理這個問題,而是等到未來再說

Great! So let's launch it into space! According  to scientists space is big and nobody lives there, Grandioso! Lanciamole nello spazio! Secondo gli scienziati, lo spazio è grande e non ci vive nessuno, よし!じゃあ打ち上げよう! 科学者によれば宇宙は大きく誰も住んでいないので เอาล่ะ! ส่งมันไปสู่อวกาศกันเถอะ! ตามที่นักวิทยาศาสตร์กล่าวเอาไว้ว่า อวกาศนั้นกว้างใหญ่และไม่มีใครอาศัยอยู่ Tuyệt! Giờ hãy phóng chúng lên không gian nào! Theo như các nhà khoa học, không gian rất to và chả ai sống ở đó 好極了,讓我們把它們送到太空去吧!根據科學家所說,宇宙非常大且沒人居住

so it seems perfect for yeeting away this  mess. There are a few tiny problems though. e quindi sembra l'ideale per liberarci di questo problema. Purtroppo ci sono alcuni problemini. これを放り投げるのには最適の場所だ しかし小さな問題もある 다만 작은 문제점이 몇 가지 있습니다. ดังนั้นมันจึงเหมาะกับการกำจัดความยุ่งเหยิงนี้ออกไป ถึงแม้จะมีปัญหาเล็กๆ น้อยๆ ก็ตาม vậy nên nó có vẻ là địa điểm hoàn hảo để vứt cái đống rác này đi. Nhưng mà có một vài vấn đề nho nhỏ. 所以看來把這團糟扔到那是個完美的策略。只是我們有幾個小問題

Problem 1: Stuff Ain't Cheap [Problema 1: Non è economico] 問題その1安いとは言えない 첫번째 문제점: 세상에 공짜란 없다 ปัญหาที่ 1: ของมันไม่ได้ถูกๆ VẤN ĐỀ 1: NÓ ẼO RẺ ĐÂU 問題一:東西不便宜

Even though spaceflight is getting  more affordable, it's still extremely Anche se il volo spaziale sta diventando più a buon mercato, rimane comunque estremamente costoso. 宇宙飛行は安価になったとは言えまだまだ非常に高価だ 우주비행이 점점 저렴해지고 있다고는 하지만, 엄청난 비용이 드는 것은 여전합니다. แม้ว่ายานอวกาศจะมีราคาที่จับต้องได้ แต่ก็ยังมีราคาแพงมาก 雖然我們越來越能負擔得起航天技術了

expensive. Just to get something into low earth  orbit costs on average about $4,000 per kilogram. costa mediamente circa 4000 dollari al chilogrammo. 地球低軌道に何かを載せるだけでも1kgあたり4,000ドルかかる 지구 저궤도에 물건을 올리는 것만 해도 1킬로그램당 약 4000달러가 듭니다. แค่ส่งบางสิ่งเข้าสู่วงโคจรต่ำของโลก โดยเฉลี่ยแล้วจะอยู่ที่ 4,000 ดอลลาร์ต่อกิโลกรัม 但它仍舊很貴。光是把東西送到近地軌道平均每公斤就要四千美元左右

Putting that into perspective, it costs about  $1600 to mine, separate, and fabricate one 核燃料を採掘し、分離し、製造するのに1kgあたり1,600ドルかかる เมื่อเปรียบเทียบกันแล้ว มันจะใช้เงิน 1,600 ดอลลาร์ ในการขุด แยก และผลิตเชื้อเพลิงนิวเคลียร์ 1 กิโลกรัม 從這角度來看,開採、分離並製造一公斤的核燃料花費約一千六百美元

kilogram of nuclear fuel, so launching waste into  space has suddenly made nuclear fuel for reactors つまり核廃棄物を宇宙に投棄することを含めると bỗng dưng làm cho nhiên liệu hạt nhân cho các lò phản ứng 所以把核廢料送到外太空這點突然使核燃料

way more expensive and greatly increased  the cost of the electricity they produce. aumentando di molto il costo dell'elettricità che producono. 核燃料は高価となり電気代は大幅に値上げされるだろう และทำให้ต้นทุนการผลิตไฟฟ้าสูงขึ้นอย่างมาก trở nên đắt hơn rất nhiều và đẩy giá điện chúng sản xuất ra lên cao hơn. 變得更加昂貴,並大大增加了它們的電力生產成本

To launch one reactor's worth of nuclear waste  would cost at least $100 million per year. Lanciare le scorie nucleari prodotte da un reattore costerebbe almeno 100 milioni di dollari all'anno. 原子炉1基分の核廃棄物を打ち上げるには少なくとも年間1億ドルかかる 원자력 발전소 하나의 폐기물을 우주로 쏘는 데만 매년 적어도 1억 달러가 소요될 것입니다. การส่งกากนิวเคลียร์จากเครื่องปฏิกรณ์หนึ่งเครื่อง จะต้องเสียค่าใช้จ่ายประมาณ 100 ล้านดอลลาร์ต่อปี Để phóng lượng chất thải của một lò phản ứng hạt nhân, ta sẽ mất ít nhất 100 triệu đô la mỗi năm. 要將一個核反應堆產生的核廢料射到太空每年至少要一億美元

To deal with all the 440 operational nuclear  power plants' high level nuclear waste, would cost Farlo con tutte le scorie di alto livello dei 440 impianti nucleari attivi 稼働中の原子炉440基の高レベル核廃棄物への対処には 440여 기 원자력 발전소의 폐기물을 모두 처리하려면 ในการจัดการกับกากนิวเคลียร์ระดับสูง ของโรงไฟฟ้านิวเคลียร์ที่ดำเนินการอยู่ทั้งหมด 440 โรง Để xử lý lượng chất thải cấp cao của toàn bộ 440 nhà máy điện hạt nhân đang hoạt động 單單要發射全四百四十座核反應堆的高放射性廢料

some $44 billion per year for space launch before  packaging, transport and security costs are added. costerebbe circa 44 miliardi di dollari all'anno per i soli lanci, ignorando quindi i costi di imballaggio, trasporto e sicurezza. 年間で440億ドルかかるだろう梱包や輸送などを考えなくてもだ 우주 발사에만 매년 약 440억 달러가 소요될 것입니다. 여기에 폐기물의 봉인, 운송, 보안 등의 비용도 추가되겠죠. จะเสียค่าใช้จ่ายประมาณ 44 พันล้านดอลลาร์ต่อปี สำหรับการส่งไปอวกาศก่อนที่จะรวมกับต้นทุน ด้านบรรจุภัณฑ์ การขนส่ง และความปลอดภัย sẽ tốn khoảng 44 tỷ đô mỗi năm cho việc phóng, chưa kể đến phí thu gom, vận chuyển và an ninh. 每年需花費四百四十億美元,這還未加上包裝、運輸以及安全措施的額外費用

Ok let us pretend we don't care. Currently  we could not shoot all the nuclear waste Ma facciamo finta che non ci importi. Al momento non potremmo sparare tutte le scorie nello spazio, よし、気にしないことにしよう。現在、私たちはすべての核廃棄物を撮影することはできません。 Được rồi. Cứ kệ nó đi. Hiện tại chúng ta không thể bắn hết lượng chất thải hạt nhân ra ngoài vũ trụ được 好吧,假裝我們錢多不在乎。如今我們即使想把所有的核廢料

into space even if we wanted to.  There just aren't enough rockets. neanche se lo volessimo. Non ci sono abbastanza razzi. ロケットが足りないのだ 로켓이 부족하기 때문이죠. เนื่องจากเรามีจรวดไม่เพียงพอ ngay cả khi chúng ta muốn. Số lượng tên lửa là không đủ. 射到外太空也無能為力,因為我們的火箭根本不夠用

In 2021, we saw a record 135 launches into space.  If we repurposed each of those rockets and filled Năm 2021 chúng ta chứng kiến số lượng kỷ lục 135 vụ phóng tên lửa vào không gian. Nếu chúng ta biến đổi công năng của các tên lửa 在2021年,我們見證了創紀錄的一百三十五次太空發射。如果我們把這些火箭的承載物

them all with nuclear waste, the total amount  that could be lifted into a Low Earth Orbit, la quantità trasportata in bassa orbita terrestre ปริมาณทั้งหมดที่สามารถให้มันขึ้นสู่วงโคจรต่ำของโลก và lấp đầy chất thải hạt nhân vào chúng, tổng lượng chất thải mà ta có thể đưa lên quỹ đạo tầm thấp, 全部換成核廢料,並發射到最接近地表的近地軌道的話

which is the closest orbit above the  atmosphere, is nearly 800 tonnes. – che è la prima orbita oltre l'atmosfera – sarebbe stata di quasi 800 tonnellate. その積載量はたった800トンに過ぎない ซึ่งเป็นวงโคจรโลกที่ใกล้ที่สุดที่อยู่ เหนือชั้นบรรยากาศ คือเกือบ 800 ตัน chính là quỹ đạo gần với bầu khí quyển nhất, sẽ là khoảng gần 800 tấn. 我們發射了近八百噸的廢料

We'd need at least 14 times more rockets  to handle just today's nuclear waste, Servirebbero 14 flotte di razzi solo per gestire le scorie prodotte oggi, 現在の核廃棄物の処理にはロケットが14倍必要で 오늘날의 폐기물을 다루는 데만 로켓이 지금보다 적어도 14배는 더 필요할 것입니다. เราต้องการจรวดเพิ่มอย่างน้อย 14 เท่า เพื่อจัดการกับกากนิวเคลียร์ในปัจจุบัน Chúng ta cần thêm ít nhất 14 lần số tên lửa nữa chỉ để xử lý lượng chất thải ngày nay, 我們至少需要比現在多十四倍的火箭數量來負荷一年的廢料製造量

let alone get rid of the hundreds of thousands  of tonnes in temporary storage. We would need figuriamoci per le centinaia di migliaia di tonnellate negli stoccaggi temporanei. 何十万トンもの過去の核廃棄物は対処できない 更別提清空那數十萬噸在臨時存儲的廢料了

to create entire new space industries  to keep up with the demand for giant, この巨大な需要に対応するためには全く新しい宇宙産業を興す必要があるのだ 我們會需要開創嶄新的有毒太空垃圾車企業來滿足

toxic space trash trucks. And it gets worse! E c'è di peggio. 이게 다가 아닙니다! และมันก็แย่ลงไปอีก! Và... nó còn tệ hơn nữa cơ! 這龐大的需求量。這問題還會變的更糟呢!

Problem 2: Space is hard [Problema 2: Lo spazio è complicato] 問題その2宇宙は難しい 두번째 문제점: 우주는 어려워 ปัญหาที่ 2: อวกาศนั้นยาก VẤN ĐỀ 2: KHÔNG GIAN RẤT KHẮC NGHIỆT 問題二:太空好難

We only made the calculation for low earth orbit,  where we send most of our rockets and satellites. Abbiamo fatto i calcoli solo per la bassa orbita terrestre, dove inviamo la maggior parte di razzi e satelliti. これまでは全て地球低軌道に物を送ることについて検討した 방금 한 계산은 대부분의 로켓과 인공위성이 있는 지구 저궤도를 가정한 것입니다. เราเพียงแต่คำนวณสำหรับวงโคจรต่ำของโลก ซึ่งเราส่งจรวดและดาวเทียมส่วนใหญ่ของเราไว้ที่นั่น Chúng ta mới chỉ thực hiện các phép tính toán cho quỹ đạo tầm thấp, nơi chúng ta đưa phần lớn tên lửa và vệ tinh lên. 我們只做了發射到擁有大部分火箭和人造衛星的近地軌道的計算

Littering the space around earth with thousands of  casks of spent nuclear fuel would be a nightmare Disseminare l'area con migliaia di barili di combustibile nucleare esaurito การทิ้งขยะในอวกาศรอบๆ โลก ด้วยเชื้อเพลิงนิวเคลียร์ที่ใช้แล้วหลายพันถัง 在地球周遭亂丟上千桶乏核燃料對

for space junk management and satellite collision  avoidance. Worse still, at this altitude there 太空垃圾管理和衛星防撞來說会是場惡夢。更糟的是,在這個高度

still is a little bit of atmosphere causing  a tiny bit of drag, so we might have nuclear 仍有小部分大氣造成細微的空氣阻力,所以我們的核廢料

waste raining down from space within just a few  years. Experts would call this a huge problem. Gli esperti lo definirebbero un "problema enorme". 専門家は大問題だと言うことだろう 이런 걸 전문 용어로 심각한 문제라고 합니다. Các chuyên gia sẽ gọi đó là một vấn đề lớn. 可能在幾年內會因此從太空傾盆而下。專家會說這是個大問題

Clearly, we have to launch our waste farther.  If we wanted to send it to, perhaps, the moon, È evidente che dobbiamo lanciarle più lontano. Se volessimo lanciarle, per dire, verso la Luna, 그러면 폐기물을 더 멀리 쏘면 되겠네요. 예를 들어, 만약 폐기물을 달로 보낸다고 하면, Rõ ràng rồi, ta phải phóng lượng chất thải này ra xa hơn nữa. Nếu như chúng ta muốn đưa nó đến, giả sử Mặt Trăng đi, 顯而易見的,我們必須把廢料發射到更遠的地方。要是我們想送到月球去的話

we either need way more rockets or we need to  build much bigger ones. Making it even more dovremmo avere molti più razzi o costruirne di molto più grandi rendendo il tutto ancora più costoso. 로켓이 훨씬 많이 필요하거나 훨씬 더 큰 로켓이 필요할 것입니다. 그러면 비용은 또 비싸지겠죠. ทำให้ยิ่งแพงเข้าไปใหญ่ ta hoặc là cần phóng nhiều tên lửa hơn, hoặc là chế tạo ra những tên lửa to hơn, khiến cho nó trở nên đắt đỏ hơn nữa. 我們需要建造更多或更大的火箭。兩者皆

expensive. A single Saturn V, the rocket used  by the Apollo program, which cost about $1.5 增加成本。區區一枚用於阿波羅計畫的土星五號在經通膨調整後每發射一次

billion adjusted for inflation per launch, could  get about 43.5 tonnes from the earth to the moon. potrebbe trasportare circa 43,5 tonnellate dalla Terra alla Luna. 約43.5トンを月まで輸送できる 지구에서 달까지 약 43.5톤을 나를 수 있다고 합니다. สามารถรับน้ำหนักได้ประมาณ 43.5 ตัน จากโลกสู่ดวงจันทร์ có thể đưa khoảng 43.5 tấn hàng từ Trái Đất lên Mặt Trăng. 要價十五億美元,並能將約四十三點五噸的廢料送往月球

So we would need about 260 Saturn V rocket  launches every year. And of course, using the 換句話說我們每年需要發射大概兩百六十枚土星五號。當然了

moon as target practice for nuclear-waste  tipped rockets kind of makes a huge mess. causerebbe un bel caos. 拿月球當廢料火箭的靶子會弄得一團亂

So maybe don't aim for anything – space  is empty, do we really need a target? Allora potremmo non mirare a nulla. Lo spazio è vuoto: abbiamo davvero bisogno di un bersaglio? 宇宙は空っぽだ標的など必要あるだろうか 그러면 표적이 없으면 되지 않을까요? 우주는 텅텅 비었는데, 굳이 목표를 삼을 필요는 없잖아요. ดังนั้นอย่าคาดหวังอะไรเลย อวกาศนั้นว่างเปล่า แล้วเราต้องการเป้าหมายจริงๆ หรือ? Vậy hay chúng ta chả nhắm vào thứ gì cả? Không gian trống trơn, liệu chúng ta có cần một mục tiêu không? 我們還是不要瞄準任何東西比較好吧?宇宙這麼大,我們真的需要一個目標嗎?

Shooting waste in any random direction is,  you guessed it, also a bad idea. Orbits are 你可能猜到了:盲目的發射廢料也是個糟糕的點子

loops which means they have a tendency to come  back to where they started. Put enough in the a tornare da dove sono partite. 軌道是環狀這點表示發射出去的東西傾向於回到原點

sky in random directions, and you'll get one back  eventually. So we would want to launch our nuclear 隨機往天空亂射總有一枚會回來。因此我們可能需要把核廢料

waste deep into space, which means we need EVEN  bigger rockets that would be even more expensive. e perciò avremmo bisogno di razzi ancora più grandi e costosi. 그러려면 달 로켓보다도 크고 비싼 로켓이 필요하게 됩니다. ซึ่งหมายความว่าเราต้องใช้จรวดที่'ใหญ่กว่า' ซึ่งจะมีราคาแพงมากกว่านั้นอีก tức là chúng ta sẽ cần những chiếc tên lửa to hơn nữa và đắt hơn nữa. 發射到太空深處,這也表示我們需要更大、更昂貴的火箭

Not that we would be completely safe then. Earth  might run into these interplanetary caskets at 這麼做並不代表我們就安全了。地球在遙遠的未來

some time in the far future and experience a  pretty meteor shower made from radioactive dust. offrendoci una graziosa pioggia di meteore composta da polvere radioattiva. 放射性流星群を経験するかもしれない 아름다운 방사성 먼지 별똥별을 감상하게 될 수도 있습니다. และพบกับฝนดาวตกที่สวยงามจากฝุ่นกัมมันตภาพรังสี và sẽ phải hứng chịu những cơn mưa sao băng tạo thành từ bụi phóng xạ 可能會與這些星際匣子以漂亮的放射性塵埃流星雨形式撞見

Ok. But how about we shoot it into the sun?! Ok. E se le sparassimo nel Sole? なるほどでは太陽にぶつけるのはどうか 그러면 폐기물을 태양으로 쏘면 되지 않을까요? แล้วถ้าเรายิงกากนิวเคลียร์เข้าไปในดวงอาทิตย์ล่ะ? Được rồi. Hay là ta bắn nó vào Mặt Trời? 好吧,那射到太陽去如何?

Ironically, the sun is pretty hard to hit. Sembra ironico, ma il Sole è difficile da colpire. 皮肉なことに太陽にぶつけるのは難しい 아이러니하게도, 태양을 맞추는 것은 꽤나 어렵습니다. พูดตรงๆ ว่า ดวงอาทิตย์นั้นค่อนข้างที่จะยิงโดนยาก Mỉa mai thay, rất khó để bắn trúng Mặt Trời. 很諷刺的,我們其實很難打中太陽

While the sun has very strong gravity, everything  on earth is moving with respect to the sun, Sebbene la gravità del Sole sia enorme, ogni cosa sulla Terra si muove rispetto al Sole, 太陽の重力は強力で地球上の万物は太陽に対して動いている แม้ว่าดวงอาทิตย์จะมีแรงโน้มถ่วงรุนแรงมาก แต่ทุกสิ่งบนโลกก็เคลื่อนไหวตามดวงอาทิตย์ Mặc dù Mặt Trời có trọng lực rất mạnh, mọi thứ trên Trái Đất đều di chuyển theo Mặt Trời, 雖然太陽的引力非常強,地球上所有事物是相對於太陽運動著的

including the rockets that we launch,  meaning a rocket would have to ‘cancel 我々のロケットもだ太陽由来の軌道運動を全て相殺することで 包括了我們發射的火箭。這表示這些火箭需要

out' all the orbital motion it has around  the sun so it can stop orbiting and fall in. così da interrompere l'orbita e caderci dentro. やっと周回をやめ落下させられる 공전을 멈추고 태양에 닿을 수 있습니다. เพื่อที่จะหยุดโคจรและตกลงไป để nó có thể ngừng bay quanh Mặt Trời và rơi vào. 抵消掉所有圍繞太陽的軌道運動才能停止繞行並落入太陽中

Because of this it is actually easier to  launch a rocket entirely out of the solar Per questo è più facile lanciare un razzo fuori dal Sistema Solare 実際、太陽にぶつけるより太陽系外に打ち上げる方が簡単なのだ 이 때문에, 로켓을 아예 태양계 밖으로 보내는 것이 오히려 태양으로 보내는 것보다 쉽습니다. ด้วยเหตุนี้ ทำให้จริงๆ แล้วการส่งจรวดออกไป นอกระบบสุริยะนั้นง่ายกว่าส่งเข้าไปในดวงอาทิตย์ Bởi vậy, việc phóng tên lửa thoát khỏi Hệ Mặt Trời là dễ hơn nhiều so với phóng vào Mặt Trời. 因此,比起發射到太陽去,把廢料送到

system than it is to launch it into  the sun. But to do either of these 太陽系以外還更容易些。但要做到任何一點都意味著

things we need even bigger rockets,  probably the biggest we've ever built. probabilmente i più grandi mai costruiti. 아마 역사상 최대의 로켓이 되겠죠. có lẽ là loại to nhất mà chúng ta có thể sản xuất ra. 我們可能需要建造有史以來最大的火箭

Urgh. Nothing works. Mh. Non c'è soluzione. うーんうまくいかないな 젠장, 먹히는 게 아무것도 없네요. เฮ้อ... ไม่มีอะไรเวิร์คเลย Hmm... Chả có phương án nào khả thi. 嘖,沒一點可行

The thing is: It still gets much worse. E c'è ancora di peggio. だが、事態はもっと悪くなる 문제는 상황이 이보다도 심각하다는 것입니다. ประเด็นคือ มันยังแย่กว่านี้ได้อีก Điều nữa là, nó còn tệ hơn nữa cơ.

Problem 3: Rockets go Brrrrrrrr [Problema 3: Razzi go brrrrrrrr] 問題その3ロケットで全て解決だ! 세번째 문제점: 로켓이 화르르르 ปัญหาที่ 3: จรวดมัน... บรื่ออออออ VẤN ĐỀ 3: TÊN LỬA BAY BRRRRRRRR... 問題三:火箭故障

Rocket engineering has taken  huge steps since the Apollo era. La missilistica ha compiuto balzi da gigante dall'epoca dell'Apollo. ロケットはアポロ時代より大きな進歩を遂げ比較的安全になった 로켓 공학은 아폴로 임무를 하던 시절보다 훨씬 발전했습니다. วิศวกรรมจรวดได้พัฒนาอย่างมากตั้งแต่ยุคอะพอลโล Khoa học tên lửa đã có những bước tiến lớn kể từ thời Apollo. 自從阿波羅計畫結束以後,火箭工程日新月異

We have made them relatively safe. We've  mostly replaced the toxic explosive cancer Chúng giờ đã an toàn hơn khá nhiều. Chúng ta đã thay thế loại nhiên liệu độc hại, dễ phát nổ 火箭已變得相對安全,在幾十年前運用的有毒爆炸性致癌燃料

fuels of the past decades with much saner  mixes of liquid oxygen and hydrogen or con un più saggio mix di ossigeno e idrogeno o cherosene liquidi. 液体酸素や水素などのより安全な燃料に置き換えた 액체 산소에 수소나 케로신을 섞은 훨씬 안전한 혼합물로 대체했습니다. โดยใช้ออกซิเจนเหลวและไฮโดรเจน หรือน้ำมันก๊าดผสมกันอย่างมีเหตุผล và gây ung thư của các thập niên trước bằng hỗn hợp oxy lỏng và hydro hoặc dầu hoả an toàn hơn nhiều. 已多數被更穩定安全的、由液態氧和氫或煤油構成的

kerosene. The newest designs even land  themselves so that they can be reused. Gli ultimi progressi permettono persino l'atterraggio e quindi il riutilizzo. 最新の設計では再利用のための着陸すらできる 심지어 최신형 로켓은 자동 착륙해서 재사용도 가능합니다. ดีไซน์ใหม่ล่าสุดที่ทำให้มันลงจอดได้ เพื่อนำกลับมาใช้ใหม่ได้ Những thiết kế mới nhất thậm chí còn có thể tự đáp xuống để có thể được tái sử dụng. 混合燃料取代。最新的設計甚至能自行著陸,以便重複使用

And yet, Out of the 146 launches in 2021, there  were 11 failures. Which means that a sizable Eppure, dei 146 lanci del 2021, undici sono falliti. Significa che un considerevole numero di razzi 然而,我們在2021年裡的一百四十六次發射中失敗了十一次

number of our rockets carrying high level  radioactive waste would be exploding on the 這代表有許多載著高放射性廢料的火箭可能會在

launch pad or in the worst case: disassembling at  high altitude or crashing from hypersonic speeds. si distruggerebbero ad alta quota o precipiterebbero a velocità ipersoniche. 최악의 경우에는 고고도에서 분해되거나 극초음속으로 추락할 것입니다. หรือในกรณีที่แย่ที่สุด: การถอดประกอบในระดับความสูงสูง หรือการชนจากความเร็วที่มีความเร็วเหนือเสียง vỡ tan tại độ cao lớn hay đâm xuống với tốc độ siêu thanh. 發射台上爆炸,或最嚴重的:在高空中解體或以超高音速墜落

Each failure would be at least equivalent  to a mini-Chernobyl – but instead of being Ogni fallimento equivarrebbe quantomeno ad una piccola Chernobyl, 사고 하나하나가 체르노빌의 축소판인 셈인데, ความล้มเหลวแต่ละครั้งอย่างน้อย จะเทียบเท่ากับเชอร์โนบิลขนาดย่อมๆ Mỗi vụ thất bại sẽ ít nhất tương đương với một vụ Chernobyl nhỏ, 每一次失敗會至少相當於一起迷你的車諾比事件

contained under a slab of concrete,  spread throughout the atmosphere. ma che invece di essere contenuta in un sarcofago di cemento finirebbe col diffondersi nell'atmosfera. 방사능이 콘크리트 밑에 묻혀 있던 체르노빌 사고와는 달리, 대기를 타고 멀리 퍼질 겁니다. แต่แทนที่จะอยู่ใต้แผ่นคอนกรีต มันจะกระจายไปทั่วชั้นบรรยากาศ nhưng thay vì được khống chế dưới một lớp bê tông, lại lan ra khắp bầu khí quyển. 但不是被混凝土板屏蔽著,而是散播在整個大氣之中

Radioactive particles could make their way  to far away places by riding on the winds. Le particelle radioattive possono fare molta strada sfruttando i venti. 放射性粒子は風に乗ってどこまでも飛んでいく 방사성 입자가 바람을 타고 멀리 퍼질 수도 있습니다. อนุภาคกัมมันตภาพรังสีสามารถเคลื่อนตัว ไปยังพื้นที่ที่ห่างไกลได้ ด้วยการไปพร้อมกับลม Những nguyên tố phóng xạ có thể xuôi theo chiều gió lan đến những nơi xa xôi. 放射性分子能乘風飄揚到遙遠的地方

Most would fall in the ocean but some would  land on the inhabited parts of the world. La maggior parte finirebbe nell'oceano, ma altre cadrebbero nelle zone abitate del mondo. 多くは海に落ちるだろうが一部は人の住む地域にも降り注ぐ 대부분 바다에 떨어지겠지만 일부는 사람 사는 곳에 떨어지겠죠. ส่วนใหญ่มันจะตกลงมหาสมุทร แต่บางส่วนจะตกในที่ที่มีคนอาศัยอยู่บนโลก Phần lớn sẽ rơi xuống đại dương, nhưng một số sẽ rơi xuống những nơi có người sinh sống. 大部分的分子會墜入海中,但有的會在有人居住的地區著陸

They could cover farmlands and get concentrated  into our food, or enter our water supply. Which Potrebbero ricoprire i terreni agricoli ed accumularsi nel nostro cibo o contaminare le riserve idriche. 農地を覆って食べ物に濃縮されたり水源に入り込んだりするだろう 밭을 뒤덮어 우리가 먹는 음식에 농축될 수도 있고, 지하수를 오염시킬수도 있습니다. พวกมันอาจไปถึงพื้นที่เพาะปลูกและปนเปื้อน ในอาหารของเรา หรือในแหล่งน้ำของเรา Chúng có thể bao phủ đất trồng trọt, tích tụ vào trong thức ăn hay là nguồn nước. 它們能覆蓋農田並集中在我們的食物中,或滲入我們的供水系統

is, well, bad. Imagine regular large scale nuclear  disasters happening. People would not be happy. Non una gran cosa. Immaginate di subire periodici disastri nucleari su larga scala. La gente non ne sarebbe felice. それは、まあ悪いことだ定期的な核災害は幸せとは言えないだろう 참 심각한 일입니다. 대규모 핵참사가 정기적으로 일어난다고 생각해보세요. 사람들이 안 좋아하겠죠? ซึ่งมันแย่ ลองนึกภาพภัยพิบัติทางนิวเคลียร์ขนาดใหญ่ ที่เกิดขึ้นเป็นประจำ คนก็คงจะไม่มีความสุข Tức là rất tệ. Thử tưởng tượng thảm hoạ hạt nhân xảy ra như cơm bữa xem. Mọi người sẽ không vui đâu. 這不是件好事。試想如果大規模的核災難常規的發生,人們勢必不會太高興

Conclusion and Opinion Part [Conclusioni ed opinioni] 結論と意見 결론 및 주관적 견해 บทสรุปและความคิดเห็น KẾT LUẬN VÀ Ý KIẾN 結論與感想

Nuclear waste is scary. But the fear  of it and horrible ideas like shooting Le scorie nucleari fanno paura ma questo timore e pessime idee come spararle nello spazio 방사성 폐기물은 참 무섭습니다. 하지만 이에 대한 두려움과 폐기물을 우주로 보내는 것 같은 나쁜 대책은 กากนิวเคลียร์นั้นน่ากลัว แต่ความกลัว และไอเดียที่แย่อย่างเช่นการยิงมันไปในอวกาศ Chất thải hạt nhân rất đáng sợ. Nhưng nỗi sợ nó và những ý tưởng tồi tệ như là bắn nó ra ngoài không gian 核廢料很可怕。但對它的恐懼以及由此滋生如將它們丟到太空的

it into space reveals how bad we are at  understanding risk. Because the largest dimostrano lo scarso talento che abbiamo nel valutare i rischi. 恐怖想法表明我們在理解風險方面有多糟糕。因為其實

amounts of radioactive elements like uranium  and radon are actually released by coal. Burning Perché la maggior parte degli elementi radioattivi come l'uranio e il radon sono in realtà rilasciati dal carbone. 絕大部分如鈾和氡的放射性元素是從煤炭中釋放出來的

millions of tonnes of coal each year leaves  ash as a waste product, that includes about Bruciare ogni anno milioni di tonnellate di carbone produce cenere come prodotto di scarto, 每年燃燒上百萬噸煤所產生的灰燼廢物,其中含有約

36,000 tonnes of radioactive materials. Less  radioactive than high level nuclear waste, Sono meno radioattivi delle scorie nucleari di alto livello 고준위 폐기물보다는 방사성이 덜하지만, 三萬六千噸的放射性物質。雖然它們的放射性不如高放射性廢料

but there is also a lot more of it  and it is handled way less carefully. ma la quantità è decisamente maggiore e sono gestiti con molta meno cautela. 양이 훨씬 많고 제대로 처리되지도 않습니다. và chúng ta xử lý nó bất cẩn hơn rất nhiều. 但它們在數量上更加龐大且受處理的方式相對輕率

Some of this ash is caught by filters, but most  is simply pushed back into leaky mines, shoved Parte di questa cenere è catturata dai filtri, ma in genere viene semplicemente riportata nelle miniere, 一部はフィルターで除去されるが殆どは鉱山に戻され 이런 재의 일부는 필터에 걸러지지만, 대부분은 다시 광산으로 들어가서 땅 속으로 스며들거나, เถ้านี้บางส่วนถูกกรองโดยตัวกรอง แต่ส่วนใหญ่จะถูกผลักเข้าไปอยู่ในเหมืองที่รั่ว Một phần được giữ lại bởi các màng lọc, nhưng phần lớn thì chỉ được đổ vào trong các hầm mỏ rò rỉ, 小部分灰燼會被過濾器捕獲,但絕大多數要麼被排放回易泄漏的礦洞裡

into piles exposed to the wind or poured into  ponds that regularly spill into rivers and lakes. gettata in depositi esposti ai venti o in stagni che regolarmente si riversano in fiumi e laghi. 雨水に流されたりして川や湖に流出することが常態化している 무더기로 쌓여서 바람에 실려가거나, 물에 버려져서 강이나 호수로 흘러갑니다. ถูกกองทิ้งไว้ให้ลมพาไป หรือเทลงในบ่อน้ำ ที่ไหลลงสู่แม่น้ำและทะเลสาบเป็นประจำ chất thành đống để lộ trước gió hay đổ vào trong các hồ nước, thường xuyên tràn ra ao hồ sông suối gần đó. 要麼成堆暴露在風中,亦或是被倒入經常流入河流和湖泊的池塘內

Living within 1.6 km of an ash pile  increases your cancer risk up to Vivere nel raggio di 1,6 chilometri da un deposito di cenere aumenta il rischio di cancro fino a 2000 volte 灰の山から1.6km圏内に住むと発がんリスクが許容値の2000倍を超える การอยู่ห่างจากกองขี้เถ้าไม่เกิน 1.6 กม. จะเพิ่ม ความเสี่ยงโรคมะเร็งถึง 2,000 เท่าจากขีดจำกัดที่ยอมรับได้ 住在離煤炭灰堆一點六公里內的地區會使你的罹癌風險

2000 times over the acceptable limit. And this is  on top of other toxic chemicals like heavy metals, oltre i livelli accettabili. E a questo si aggiungono altre sostanze tossiche come i metalli pesanti 석탄재에 포함된 중금속같은 여타 독극물이나 Và chúng còn chứa các hoá chất độc hại khác như kim loại nặng, 比可接受的限制高出兩千倍。煤炭灰還含有其他有毒化學物如重金屬

and of course their massive CO2 emissions. And  yet, while nuclear energy is flawed and its oltre, ovviamente, alle enormi emissioni di CO2. Tuttavia, sebbene l'energia nucleare sia imperfetta và tất nhiên là cả lượng phát thải khí CO2 khổng lồ của nó. Thế nhưng dù năng lượng hạt nhân còn chưa hoàn thiện 以及龐大的二氧化碳排放量。然而,雖然核能有缺陷

current form may only be a transitory technology,  nuclear power plants are a harder sell than coal. e la sua forma attuale sia forse solo una tecnologia transitoria, gli impianti nucleari non convincono quanto il carbone. 原子力発電は石炭より売れ行きが悪い 원자력은 석탄의 심각성에도 불구하고 화력 발전소보다 더 거센 반대에 부딪칩니다. แต่โรงไฟฟ้านิวเคลียร์ก็ขายได้ยากกว่าถ่านหิน và hiện nay mới chỉ là một dạng công nghệ chuyển tiếp, năng lượng hạt nhân vẫn tốt hơn rất nhiều so với than. 并且其目前的形式可能只是一種過渡技術,核電廠比煤礦更難被人們接受

Nuclear waste and the lack of willingness to deal  with it are a real issue. It's not insurmountable Le scorie nucleari e la poca disponibilità ad occuparsene sono un problema reale. Ma non è irrisolvibile. 방사성 폐기물 및 방사성 폐기물의 처리 기피 현상은 문제가 맞습니다. 하지만 해결할 수 없는 것은 아닙니다. Chất thải hạt nhân và sự thiếu khả năng để xử lý nó là một vấn đề hiện hữu. Dù vậy, nó không phải là không thể giải quyết được. 核廢料以及缺乏處理它們的意願都是實際存在的問題,但並非不可逾越

though. There are good methods to handle it, like  burying it deep underground or reprocessing some 我們有良好的處理方式,例如掩埋至地下深處,或是將部分

of it into new fuel. But however we ultimately  deal with this issue we hope one thing is clear: Ma al di là dell'approccio da usare, speriamo che sia chiara una cosa: だがどう対処するにせよ一つだけはっきりさせたい 이 문제를 어떻게 해결하든 한 가지는 분명했으면 좋겠습니다. Nhưng dù cho ta có chọn cách xử lý nào, chúng tôi mong rằng điều này là rõ ràng: 再加工成新的燃料等。但無論我們最後決定怎麼處理這個問題,我們希望有一點是明確的

shooting nuclear waste into space  is one of the worst ideas ever. sparare scorie nucleari nello spazio è una delle peggiori idee di sempre. 核廃棄物の宇宙への投棄は史上最悪のアイディアの一つだということだ 방사성 폐기물을 우주로 쏘는 것은 진짜 나쁜 생각입니다. Bắn chất thải hạt nhân ra không gian là một ý tưởng tồi không gì bằng. 把核廢料射到外太空是有史以來最糟糕的點子之一

Researching this crazy thing, conducting  all of these important tests and of course, Fare ricerche su questa pazzia, eseguire tutti questi test fondamentali การค้นคว้าเรื่องบ้าๆ นี้ การทดสอบที่สำคัญทั้งหมด Để nghiên cứu ý tưởng điên rồ này, thực hiện những thử nghiệm quan trọng 研究這個瘋狂點子、進行所有重要的測試以及製作這個視頻

creating this video, took us around 2,000  hours – which is insane for a YouTube video. e, ovviamente, creare questo video ci ha richiesto circa 2000 ore, che è pazzesco per un video di YouTube. 我々は2000時間を費やしましたYouTube の動画としては異例のことでしょう 유튜브 영상 하나 만드는 데는 엄청난 시간이죠. และแน่นอนว่าการสร้างวิดีโอนี้ เราใช้เวลาประมาณ 2,000 ชั่วโมง ซึ่งเป็นเรื่องที่บ้ามากสำหรับวิดีโอยูทูป và tất nhiên là làm ra video này, chúng tôi đã phải mất đến 2,000 giờ, quá nhiều cho một video trên YouTube. 總共花費了我們約兩千個小時。這對YouTube視頻來說是非常瘋狂的

And we couldn't do it without you! E non ce l'avremmo fatta senza di voi! それもこれも皆さんのおかげです 여러분이 아니었다면 하지 못했을 겁니다! และเราทำไม่ได้หากไม่มีคุณ! Và chúng tôi không thể làm được mà không nhờ có... bạn. 沒有你我們絕對做不到!

If you like what you just saw you  can continue your science journey もし動画が気に入ったのなら我々の製品で科学の旅を続けられます หากคุณชอบสิ่งที่คุณเพิ่งเห็น คุณสามารถร่วมทางไป ในสายวิทยาศาสตร์ด้วยผลิตภัณฑ์ชิ้นใดชิ้นหนึ่งของเรา 如果你喜歡本期視頻,你可以帶著我們繼續

with one of our products. They  are true pieces of kurzgesagt you 你的科學旅程。這些是能讓你帶回家的

can take home and touch. And they are  the best way to support this channel. E sono il modo migliore per supportare questo canale. このチャンネルを支援する最適の方法なのです 이 채널을 후원하는 제일 좋은 방법이기도 합니다. และเป็นวิธีที่ดีที่สุดในการสนับสนุนช่องนี้ Và chúng là cách tốt nhất để ủng hộ kênh. Kurzgesagt的一部分,並且是支持這個頻道的最佳方式

Like our limited edition Human Era Calendar  that will bring you a whole year of joy. Come il nostro Calendario dell'Era Umana in edizione limitata che vi porterà un anno pieno di gioie. 限定版の人類紀元カレンダーは1年分の幸せを与えてくれるでしょう 한 해 동안 행복을 가져다줄 한정판 달력이 있습니다. เช่นเดียวกับปฏิทินยุคมนุษย์รุ่นจำกัดของเรา ที่จะทำให้คุณมีความสุขตลอดทั้งปี Như là Bộ lịch Kỷ nguyên Loài người phiên bản giới hạn này, nó sẽ mạng lại cho bạn một năm tràn đầy vui vẻ. 例如這份能帶給你一整年喜悅的限定版人類紀年曆

Learn more about the world with our  carefully researched infographic posters, Scoprite nuove cose sul mondo con i nostri accurati poster infografici, 入念に調査されたポスターで世界のことをよく知り 저희가 열심히 공부해서 만든 인포그래픽 포스터로 세상에 대한 지식을 쌓으세요. เรียนรู้เพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับโลกด้วย โปสเตอร์อินโฟกราฟิกที่ได้รับการค้นคว้ามาอย่างดี Tìm hiểu thêm về thế giới qua những tấm áp phích trực quan được nghiên cứu chi tiết, 透過我們精心研究的信息海報來更了解世界

get our Habit & Gratitude Journals to  improve your life with science – or usate gli Habit e Gratitude Journal per perfezionarvi grazie alla scienza 感謝と習慣の日記を得て科学で人生を向上させましょう 습관 공책과 감사함 공책을 통해 과학적인 방법으로 삶을 바꾸세요. รับบันทึกนิสัยและความรู้สึกขอบคุณ เพื่อปรับปรุงชีวิตของคุณด้วยวิทยาศาสตร์ mua cuốn Nhật ký Thói quen và Lòng biết ơn để cải thiện cuộc sống khoa học của bạn, 利用我們的習慣與感激日記透過科學改善你的人生

update your wardrobe with our new hoodie editions. o rinnovate il guardaroba con le nostre nuove felpe. または新しいパーカーであなたのクローゼットを更新するのはどう? 아니면 새로 나온 후드티로 옷장을 화사하게 바꿔보세요. หรืออัปเดตตู้เสื้อผ้าของคุณด้วยเสื้อฮู้ดรุ่นใหม่ของเรา hay làm mới tủ đồ của bạn với những mẫu áo hoodie mới. 或讓我們的新款連帽衫為你的服飾做個改變

If your room is in need of a literal glow up – get  one of these posters. We've also got notebooks, 如果你的房間需要煥然一新,拿張海報吧。我們還有筆記本

plushies, mugs & more – all designed with love  and produced with care by us at kurzgesagt. tutti progettati con amore e prodotti con cura da noi di Kurzgesagt. 모두 이곳 쿠르츠게작트에서 정성을 다해 디자인하고 꼼꼼히 챙겨 만든 것들입니다. ซึ่งทั้งหมดได้รับการออกแบบด้วยความรัก และผลิตด้วยความเอาใจใส่จากเราที่ Kurzgesagt và sản xuất bằng tình thương của chúng tôi tại Kurzgesagt. 布偶、馬克杯等等,全是在Kurzgesagt的我們用愛設計細心製作的

And if you sign up to our newsletter we'll E se vi registrerete alla nostra newsletter, ニュースレターに登録いただければKurzgesagt の最新情報をお届けします 저희 이메일 뉴스레터를 구독하시면 และหากคุณสมัครรับจดหมายข่าว เราจะแจ้ง ให้คุณทราบถึงทุกสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้นในจักรวาล Kurzgesagt Và nếu bạn đăng ký theo dõi bản tin của chúng tôi, 此外,如果你訂閱我們的時事通訊

keep you up to date on everything  happening in the kurzgesagt Universe. vi terremo aggiornati su tutto quello che succede nell'universo di Kurzgesagt. 쿠르츠게작트 세상에서 무엇이 일어나고 있는지 알려드리겠습니다. chúng tôi sẽ cập nhật mọi thứ đang diễn ra trong vũ trụ Kurzgesagt. 我們會把在Kurzgesagt宇宙的最新消息第一時間通知你

Thank you so, so much for your support! Grazie mille per il vostro supporto! 皆様からの支援に感謝申し上げます 도와주셔서 너무너무 감사합니다! ขอบคุณมากสำหรับการสนับสนุนของคุณ! Cảm ơn các bạn rất, rất nhiều vì đã ủng hộ chúng tôi. 非常、非常感謝你的支持!