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Spotlight_podcasts_2, Why Do I Yawn?

Why Do I Yawn?

Voice 1

Welcome to Spotlight. I'm Nick Page.

Voice 2

And I'm Liz Waid. Spotlight uses a special English method of broadcasting. It is easier for people to understand no matter where in the world they live.

Voice 1

Yawning. It is something that people everywhere do. It is a simple motion. Open your mouth extremely wide. Pull air into your mouth. Your lungs expand to fill with fresh air. The muscles near your stomach pull in. Your whole body feels a good stretch. Then you blow the rest of the air out.

Voice 2

As you were listening, did you just yawn? That is another interesting thing about yawning. It is contagious. That is, when a person sees another person yawning, she may yawn too. Yawns seem to move from person to person. In fact, we may only need to HEAR or SEE the word yawn to begin yawning.

Voice 1

But why do we yawn? Is there a reason? Why is yawning contagious? These are some of the questions we aim to answer in today's program. Today's Spotlight is on yawning.

Voice 2

Scientists all over the world have tried to understand why people yawn. Andrew Gallup is a behavioral biologist at Princeton University. He studies how a person's behavior and body are linked. He told Sciencenews.org:

Voice 3

“Every single day, every person on the planet yawns. But we have no idea why we do it.”

Voice 1

A yawn seems like a simple thing. We do not even think about yawning when we do it. It is an involuntary action. People do not choose to yawn. It is a natural reaction of the body. But yawning is really very complex. It involves many parts of a person's body. Yawning has a physical effect on our bodies. Studies have shown that yawning increases a person's heart rate. His heart beats faster. Yawning increases the flow of blood in a person's body.

Voice 2

Scientists do have some theories about why people yawn. Some of the theories are social theories. One social theory about yawning is a very simple one. People yawn when they are tired or bored - that is, when they are not interested in what is going on around them. But many people yawn even if they are not tired. For example, even Olympic athletes may yawn when they are getting ready to compete. People do yawn when they are tired. But this cannot be the only reason why people yawn.

Voice 1

Some scientists believe people yawn because our bodies have changed to do that through history. They say ancient people learned to yawn over many years. People may have begun yawning as a way to quickly communicate with other people around them. For example, imagine you are a person living many thousands of years ago. Imagine you saw a dangerous animal, like a lion or tiger. If you made a sound, the animal might hear you. But, if you open your mouth wide into a yawn, you can communicate your message quietly. However, this theory does not really explain why people yawn. If yawns communicate danger, why do we yawn when we are tired?

Voice 2

Other theories say people yawn for a particular physical purpose. For example, maybe yawning helps a person's body to get more oxygen. Oxygen is one important gas in air. When we breathe, we pull oxygen into our lungs. It is necessary to make our bodies work. Could yawning mean a person is trying to get more oxygen?

Voice 1

Robert Provine is also an expert on yawning. He led an experiment in 1987 to test this theory. He tested the theory on a group of college students. He wanted to discover if students yawned more when there was less oxygen.

Voice 2

Provine observed the students while they breathed different kinds of air. But it did not matter how much oxygen was in the air. Students all yawned at the same rate. He believes that yawning does not have anything to do with breathing. People do not yawn to get more oxygen.

Voice 1

A more recent theory about yawning suggests people yawn to keep their brains cool. Andrew Gallup led a study to test this theory. Gallup studied 80 people in the winter, and 80 in the summer. He found that people were more likely to yawn in the summer than in the winter. He believes this is because it is more difficult for a person's brain to stay cool in the summer. A cooler brain can work better. So, when it is hot, a person's body begins a yawn. The yawn pulls in air to cool the brain.

Voice 2

Is this the real reason people yawn? No one really knows for sure. People have been asking this question for thousands of years!

Voice 1

But there is another mystery about yawning. Why is yawning so contagious? Doctor Catriona Morrison is a psychologist. She studies human behaviour. And she teaches at the University of Leeds. She told the BBC:

Voice 4

“Contagious yawning is a very interesting behaviour. You do not need to see the yawn. You do not even need to hear the yawn. You can just read about it or think about it and it gets you going.”

Voice 2

Doctor Morrison led a team of researchers to investigate contagious yawning. Researchers used students for their experiment. Each student sat in a room with a secret researcher. The secret researcher yawned often. Researchers observed if the students yawned too - and how many times. After ten minutes, each student took a short test. In the test, the student tried to identify the feelings of another person. Doctor Morrison's team discovered that the students who yawned were more likely to also understand another person's feelings. This is the idea of empathy - being able to understand the way another person feels. Doctor Morrison told the BBC:

Voice 4

“We believe that contagious yawning shows empathy. It shows that a person can understand another person's body and mind.”

Voice 2

Yawning is not very contagious for every person. People who have trouble feeling empathy will not yawn contagiously. And children do not experience contagious yawning until about age four. This is about the age when children develop the ability to feel empathy.

Voice 1

The link between yawning and empathy is solid. Scientists have also taken pictures of people's brains. These pictures show areas that are active when a person is reacting to yawning. The same areas are active when a person is thinking about another person's feelings.

Voice 2

Yawning is just one of the amazing and strange things our bodies do. We may never know why people yawn, or why yawning is contagious. But one thing is sure. Many people think of a yawn as something rude. So if you must yawn, make sure you cover your mouth while you do it!

Voice 1

The writer and producer of this program was Liz Waid. The voices you heard were from the United Kingdom and the United States. All quotes were adapted for this program and voiced by Spotlight. You can listen to this program again, and read it, on the internet at www.radioenglish.net. This program is called, ‘Why Do I Yawn?' Voice 2

You can also leave your comments on our website. And find us on Facebook - just search for Spotlight Radio. We hope you can join us again for the next Spotlight program. Goodbye.

Why Do I Yawn? Warum gähne ich? ¿Por qué bostezo? なぜあくびが出るのか? Porque é que eu bocejo? Neden Esnerim? 我为什么打哈欠? 我为什么打哈欠?

Voice 1

Welcome to Spotlight. I’m Nick Page.

Voice 2

And I’m Liz Waid. Spotlight uses a special English method of broadcasting. It is easier for people to understand no matter where in the world they live. Es ist für Menschen einfacher zu verstehen, egal wo auf der Welt sie leben.

Voice 1

Yawning. It is something that people everywhere do. It is a simple motion. Open your mouth extremely wide. Pull air into your mouth. Your lungs expand to fill with fresh air. Vaše plíce se rozšíří, aby se naplnily čerstvým vzduchem. The muscles near your stomach pull in. Svaly poblíž břicha se stahují. Your whole body feels a good stretch. Celé vaše tělo se dobře protáhne. Then you blow the rest of the air out. Poté vyfouknete zbytek vzduchu.

Voice 2

As you were listening, did you just yawn? Když jsi poslouchal, jen jsi zívl? That is another interesting thing about yawning. It is contagious. That is, when a person sees another person yawning, she may yawn too. To znamená, že když člověk vidí jinou osobu zívat, může zívat i ona. Yawns seem to move from person to person. Zdá se, že zívání přechází z člověka na člověka. In fact, we may only need to HEAR or SEE the word yawn to begin yawning. Ve skutečnosti nám může stačit SLYŠET nebo VIDĚT slovo zívat, abychom začali zívat.

Voice 1

But why do we yawn? Ale proč zíváme? Is there a reason? Why is yawning contagious? Proč je zívání nakažlivé? These are some of the questions we aim to answer in today’s program. Today’s Spotlight is on yawning.

Voice 2

Scientists all over the world have tried to understand why people yawn. Andrew Gallup is a behavioral biologist at Princeton University. He studies how a person’s behavior and body are linked. Studuje, jak souvisí chování člověka a tělo. He told Sciencenews.org:

Voice 3

“Every single day, every person on the planet yawns. „Každý den každý člověk na planetě zívá. But we have no idea why we do it.”

Voice 1

A yawn seems like a simple thing. We do not even think about yawning when we do it. Když to děláme, ani nemyslíme na zívání. It is an involuntary action. People do not choose to yawn. Lidé si nevybírají zívání. It is a natural reaction of the body. But yawning is really very complex. Ale zívání je opravdu velmi složité. It involves many parts of a person’s body. Zahrnuje mnoho částí lidského těla. Yawning has a physical effect on our bodies. Zívání má fyzický vliv na naše tělo. Studies have shown that yawning increases a person’s heart rate. Studie prokázaly, že zívání zvyšuje srdeční frekvenci člověka. His heart beats faster. Jeho srdce bije rychleji. Yawning increases the flow of blood in a person’s body. Zívání zvyšuje průtok krve v těle člověka.

Voice 2

Scientists do have some theories about why people yawn. Some of the theories are social theories. One social theory about yawning is a very simple one. People yawn when they are tired or bored - that is, when they are not interested in what is going on around them. Lidé zívají, když jsou unavení nebo znudění – tedy když je nezajímá, co se kolem nich děje. But many people yawn even if they are not tired. Mnoho lidí ale zívá, i když nejsou unavení. For example, even Olympic athletes may yawn when they are getting ready to compete. Například i olympijští sportovci mohou zívat, když se chystají soutěžit. People do yawn when they are tired. But this cannot be the only reason why people yawn.

Voice 1

Some scientists believe people yawn because our bodies have changed to do that through history. Někteří vědci věří, že lidé zívají, protože naše těla se k tomu v průběhu historie měnila. They say ancient people learned to yawn over many years. Říká se, že starověcí lidé se naučili zívat po mnoho let. People may have begun yawning as a way to quickly communicate with other people around them. Lidé možná začali zívat jako způsob, jak rychle komunikovat s ostatními lidmi ve svém okolí. For example, imagine you are a person living many thousands of years ago. Imagine you saw a dangerous animal, like a lion or tiger. If you made a sound, the animal might hear you. Pokud vydáte zvuk, zvíře vás možná uslyší. But, if you open your mouth wide into a yawn, you can communicate your message quietly. Ale pokud otevřete ústa dokořán do zívnutí, můžete své sdělení sdělit tiše. However, this theory does not really explain why people yawn. Tato teorie však ve skutečnosti nevysvětluje, proč lidé zívají. If yawns communicate danger, why do we yawn when we are tired? Jestliže zívání sděluje nebezpečí, proč zíváme, když jsme unavení?

Voice 2

Other theories say people yawn for a particular physical purpose. Jiné teorie říkají, že lidé zívají za určitým fyzickým účelem. For example, maybe yawning helps a person’s body to get more oxygen. Například zívání možná pomáhá tělu člověka získat více kyslíku. Oxygen is one important gas in air. Kyslík je jedním z důležitých plynů ve vzduchu. When we breathe, we pull oxygen into our lungs. It is necessary to make our bodies work. Je nutné, aby naše těla fungovala. Could yawning mean a person is trying to get more oxygen? Mohlo by zívání znamenat, že se člověk snaží získat více kyslíku?

Voice 1

Robert Provine is also an expert on yawning. He led an experiment in 1987 to test this theory. V roce 1987 vedl experiment, aby tuto teorii ověřil. He tested the theory on a group of college students. He wanted to discover if students yawned more when there was less oxygen. Chtěl zjistit, zda studenti zívali více, když bylo méně kyslíku.

Voice 2

Provine observed the students while they breathed different kinds of air. Provine pozoroval studenty, když dýchali různé druhy vzduchu. But it did not matter how much oxygen was in the air. Ale nezáleželo na tom, kolik kyslíku bylo ve vzduchu. Students all yawned at the same rate. Všichni studenti zívali stejným tempem. He believes that yawning does not have anything to do with breathing. Věří, že zívání nemá nic společného s dýcháním. People do not yawn to get more oxygen.

Voice 1

A more recent theory about yawning suggests people yawn to keep their brains cool. Novější teorie o zívání naznačuje, že lidé zívají, aby si udrželi chladnou hlavu. Andrew Gallup led a study to test this theory. Gallup studied 80 people in the winter, and 80 in the summer. He found that people were more likely to yawn in the summer than in the winter. Zjistil, že lidé častěji zívají v létě než v zimě. He believes this is because it is more difficult for a person’s brain to stay cool in the summer. Domnívá se, že je to proto, že pro lidský mozek je obtížnější zůstat v létě v pohodě. A cooler brain can work better. So, when it is hot, a person’s body begins a yawn. The yawn pulls in air to cool the brain.

Voice 2

Is this the real reason people yawn? No one really knows for sure. Nikdo to neví jistě. People have been asking this question for thousands of years!

Voice 1

But there is another mystery about yawning. Why is yawning so contagious? Proč je zívání tak nakažlivé? Doctor Catriona Morrison is a psychologist. She studies human behaviour. And she teaches at the University of Leeds. She told the BBC:

Voice 4

“Contagious yawning is a very interesting behaviour. „Nakažlivé zívání je velmi zajímavé chování. You do not need to see the yawn. Nemusíte vidět zívnutí. You do not even need to hear the yawn. あくびを聞く必要すらありません。 You can just read about it or think about it and it gets you going.” Můžete si o tom jen přečíst nebo o tom přemýšlet a dostanete se do toho.“ あなたはそれについて読むか、それについて考えることができ、それはあなたを動かします。」

Voice 2

Doctor Morrison led a team of researchers to investigate contagious yawning. Researchers used students for their experiment. Each student sat in a room with a secret researcher. Každý student seděl v místnosti s tajným výzkumníkem. The secret researcher yawned often. Researchers observed if the students yawned too - and how many times. After ten minutes, each student took a short test. Po deseti minutách každý žák absolvoval krátký test. 10分後、各生徒は短いテストを受けました。 In the test, the student tried to identify the feelings of another person. V testu se student snažil identifikovat pocity druhého člověka. テストでは、生徒は他の人の気持ちを特定しようとしました。 Doctor Morrison’s team discovered that the students who yawned were more likely to also understand another person’s feelings. Tým doktora Morrisona zjistil, že studenti, kteří zívali, s větší pravděpodobností také chápali pocity jiné osoby. モリソン博士のチームは、あくびをした生徒は他の人の気持ちも理解する可能性が高いことを発見しました。 This is the idea of empathy - being able to understand the way another person feels. Doctor Morrison told the BBC:

Voice 4

“We believe that contagious yawning shows empathy. „Věříme, že nakažlivé zívání ukazuje empatii. It shows that a person can understand another person’s body and mind.” Ukazuje, že člověk může porozumět tělu a mysli jiného člověka.“

Voice 2

Yawning is not very contagious for every person. People who have trouble feeling empathy will not yawn contagiously. Lidé, kteří mají problémy s pocitem empatie, nebudou nakažlivě zívat. And children do not experience contagious yawning until about age four. A děti nezažijí nakažlivé zívání až do věku čtyř let. This is about the age when children develop the ability to feel empathy. To je zhruba ve věku, kdy se u dětí rozvíjí schopnost empatie.

Voice 1

The link between yawning and empathy is solid. Scientists have also taken pictures of people’s brains. Vědci také pořídili snímky mozků lidí. These pictures show areas that are active when a person is reacting to yawning. Tyto obrázky ukazují oblasti, které jsou aktivní, když člověk reaguje na zívání. The same areas are active when a person is thinking about another person’s feelings. Stejné oblasti jsou aktivní, když člověk přemýšlí o pocitech jiného člověka.

Voice 2

Yawning is just one of the amazing and strange things our bodies do. We may never know why people yawn, or why yawning is contagious. But one thing is sure. Many people think of a yawn as something rude. Mnoho lidí považuje zívání za něco neslušného. So if you must yawn, make sure you cover your mouth while you do it! Takže pokud musíte zívat, nezapomeňte si při tom zakrýt ústa!

Voice 1

The writer and producer of this program was Liz Waid. The voices you heard were from the United Kingdom and the United States. All quotes were adapted for this program and voiced by Spotlight. You can listen to this program again, and read it, on the internet at www.radioenglish.net. This program is called, ‘Why Do I Yawn?' Voice 2

You can also leave your comments on our website. Můžete také zanechat své připomínky na našem webu. And find us on Facebook - just search for Spotlight Radio. We hope you can join us again for the next Spotlight program. Goodbye.