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TED, Judson Brewer: A simple way to break a bad habit

Judson Brewer: A simple way to break a bad habit

00:11When I was first learning to meditate, the instruction was to simply pay attention to my breath, and when my mind wandered, to bring it back.

00:19Sounded simple enough. Yet I'd sit on these silent retreats, sweating through T-shirts in the middle of winter. I'd take naps every chance I got because it was really hard work. Actually, it was exhausting. The instruction was simple enough but I was missing something really important.

00:39So why is it so hard to pay attention? Well, studies show that even when we're really trying to pay attention to something -- like maybe this talk -- at some point, about half of us will drift off into a daydream, or have this urge to check our Twitter feed.

00:55So what's going on here? It turns out that we're fighting one of the most evolutionarily-conserved learning processes currently known in science, one that's conserved back to the most basic nervous systems known to man.

01:08This reward-based learning process is called positive and negative reinforcement, and basically goes like this. We see some food that looks good, our brain says, "Calories! ... Survival!" We eat the food, we taste it -- it tastes good. And especially with sugar, our bodies send a signal to our brain that says, "Remember what you're eating and where you found it." We lay down this context-dependent memory and learn to repeat the process next time. See food, eat food, feel good, repeat. Trigger, behavior, reward.

01:42Simple, right? Well, after a while, our creative brains say, "You know what? You can use this for more than just remembering where food is. You know, next time you feel bad, why don't you try eating something good so you'll feel better?" We thank our brains for the great idea, try this and quickly learn that if we eat chocolate or ice cream when we're mad or sad, we feel better.

02:07Same process, just a different trigger. Instead of this hunger signal coming from our stomach, this emotional signal -- feeling sad -- triggers that urge to eat.

02:18Maybe in our teenage years, we were a nerd at school, and we see those rebel kids outside smoking and we think, "Hey, I want to be cool." So we start smoking. The Marlboro Man wasn't a dork, and that was no accident. See cool, smoke to be cool, feel good. Repeat. Trigger, behavior, reward.

And each time we do this, we learn to repeat the process and it becomes a habit. So later, feeling stressed out triggers that urge to smoke a cigarette or to eat something sweet.

02:52Now, with these same brain processes, we've gone from learning to survive to literally killing ourselves with these habits. Obesity and smoking are among the leading preventable causes of morbidity and mortality in the world.

03:06So back to my breath. What if instead of fighting our brains, or trying to force ourselves to pay attention,we instead tapped into this natural, reward-based learning process ... but added a twist? What if instead we just got really curious about what was happening in our momentary experience?

03:24I'll give you an example. In my lab, we studied whether mindfulness training could help people quit smoking. Now, just like trying to force myself to pay attention to my breath, they could try to force themselves to quit smoking. And the majority of them had tried this before and failed -- on average, six times.

03:42Now, with mindfulness training, we dropped the bit about forcing and instead focused on being curious.In fact, we even told them to smoke. What? Yeah, we said, "Go ahead and smoke, just be really curious about what it's like when you do." 03:57And what did they notice? Well here's an example from one of our smokers. She said, "Mindful smoking:smells like stinky cheese and tastes like chemicals, YUCK!" Now, she knew, cognitively that smoking was bad for her, that's why she joined our program. What she discovered just by being curiously aware when she smoked was that smoking tastes like shit.

04:22(Laughter)

04:25Now, she moved from knowledge to wisdom. She moved from knowing in her head that smoking was bad for her to knowing it in her bones, and the spell of smoking was broken. She started to become disenchanted with her behavior.

04:41Now, the prefrontal cortex, that youngest part of our brain from an evolutionary perspective, it understands on an intellectual level that we shouldn't smoke. And it tries it's hardest to help us change our behavior, to help us stop smoking, to help us stop eating that second, that third, that fourth cookie.We call this cognitive control. We're using cognition to control our behavior. Unfortunately, this is also the first part of our brain that goes offline when we get stressed out, which isn't that helpful.

05:13Now, we can all relate to this in our own experience. We're much more likely to do things like yell at our spouse or kids when we're stressed out or tired, even though we know it's not going to be helpful. We just can't help ourselves.

05:26When the prefrontal cortex goes offline, we fall back into our old habits, which is why this disenchantment is so important. Seeing what we get from our habits helps us understand them at a deeper level -- to know it in our bones so we don't have to force ourselves to hold back or restrain ourselves from behavior. We're just less interested in doing it in the first place.

05:45And this is what mindfulness is all about: Seeing really clearly what we get when we get caught up in our behaviors, becoming disenchanted on a visceral level and from this disenchanted stance, naturally letting go.

05:59This isn't to say that, poof, magically we quit smoking. But over time, as we learn to see more and more clearly the results of our actions, we let go of old habits and form new ones.

06:11The paradox here is that mindfulness is just about being really interested in getting close and personal with what's actually happening in our bodies and minds from moment to moment. This willingness to turn toward our experience rather than trying to make unpleasant cravings go away as quickly as possible.And this willingness to turn toward our experience is supported by curiosity, which is naturally rewarding.

06:34What does curiosity feel like? It feels good. And what happens when we get curious? We start to notice that cravings are simply made up of body sensations -- oh, there's tightness, there's tension, there's restlessness -- and that these body sensations come and go. These are bite-size pieces of experiences that we can manage from moment to moment rather than getting clobbered by this huge, scary craving that we choke on.

07:01In other words, when we get curious, we step out of our old, fear-based, reactive habit patterns, and we step into being. We become this inner scientist where we're eagerly awaiting that next data point.

07:17Now, this might sound too simplistic to affect behavior. But in one study, we found that mindfulness training was twice as good as gold standard therapy at helping people quit smoking. So it actually works.

07:30And when we studied the brains of experienced meditators, we found that parts of a neural network of self-referential processing called the default mode network were at play. Now, one current hypothesis is that a region of this network, called the posterior cingulate cortex, is activated not necessarily by craving itself but when we get caught up in it, when we get sucked in, and it takes us for a ride.

07:52In contrast, when we let go -- step out of the process just by being curiously aware of what's happening -- this same brain region quiets down.

08:02Now we're testing app and online-based mindfulness training programs that target these core mechanisms and, ironically, use the same technology that's driving us to distraction to help us step out of our unhealthy habit patterns of smoking, of stress eating and other addictive behaviors.

08:20Now, remember that bit about context-dependent memory? We can deliver these tools to peoples' fingertips in the contexts that matter most. So we can help them tap into their inherent capacity to be curiously aware right when that urge to smoke or stress eat or whatever arises.

08:37So if you don't smoke or stress eat, maybe the next time you feel this urge to check your email when you're bored, or you're trying to distract yourself from work, or maybe to compulsively respond to that text message when you're driving, see if you can tap into this natural capacity, just be curiously aware of what's happening in your body and mind in that moment. It will just be another chance to perpetuate one of our endless and exhaustive habit loops ... or step out of it.

09:05Instead of see text message, compulsively text back, feel a little bit better -- notice the urge, get curious,feel the joy of letting go and repeat.

09:16Thank you.

09:17(Applause)

Judson Brewer: A simple way to break a bad habit Judson Brewer: Ein einfacher Weg, eine schlechte Gewohnheit zu brechen Judson Brewer: Μπρέντερσον: Ένας απλός τρόπος για να σπάσεις μια κακή συνήθεια Judson Brewer: A simple way to break a bad habit Judson Brewer: Una forma sencilla de romper un mal hábito Judson Brewer : Un moyen simple de se débarrasser d'une mauvaise habitude Judson Brewer: Un modo semplice per interrompere una cattiva abitudine ジャドソン・ブリュワー悪い習慣を断ち切るシンプルな方法 Judson Brewer: Prosty sposób na zerwanie ze złym nawykiem Judson Brewer: Uma forma simples de quebrar um mau hábito Джадсон Брюэр: Простой способ избавиться от вредной привычки Judson Brewer: Kötü bir alışkanlığı kırmanın basit bir yolu Judson Brewer:改掉坏习惯的简单方法 賈德森布魯爾:改掉壞習慣的簡單方法

00:11When I was first learning to meditate, the instruction was to simply pay attention to my breath, and when my mind wandered, to bring it back. 00:11Quando stavo imparando a meditare, le istruzioni erano di prestare semplicemente attenzione al respiro e, quando la mia mente vagava, di riportarla indietro. 00:11Kiedy po raz pierwszy uczyłem się medytować, instrukcja polegała na tym, aby po prostu zwracać uwagę na oddech, a kiedy mój umysł błądził, aby go przywrócić. 00:11Когда я только учился медитировать, меня учили просто обращать внимание на дыхание, а когда мысли блуждали, возвращать их обратно.

00:19Sounded simple enough. 00:19Brzmiało to dość prosto. Yet I’d sit on these silent retreats, sweating through T-shirts in the middle of winter. Pourtant, je m'assoyais dans ces retraites silencieuses, transpirant à travers des T-shirts en plein hiver. Eppure mi sedevo in questi ritiri silenziosi, sudando con le magliette in pieno inverno. A jednak siedziałem na tych cichych rekolekcjach, pocąc się w koszulkach w środku zimy. 然而,在隆冬,我會坐在這些安靜的休息處,汗流浹背地穿著T卹。 I’d take naps every chance I got because it was really hard work. Facevo dei sonnellini ogni volta che potevo, perché era un lavoro davvero duro. Drzemałem przy każdej okazji, bo to była naprawdę ciężka praca. Actually, it was exhausting. In realtà, è stato estenuante. The instruction was simple enough but I was missing something really important. Le istruzioni erano abbastanza semplici, ma mi mancava qualcosa di veramente importante.

00:39So why is it so hard to pay attention? Well, studies show that even when we’re really trying to pay attention to something -- like maybe this talk -- at some point, about half of us will drift off into a daydream, or have this urge to check our Twitter feed. Ebbene, gli studi dimostrano che anche quando cerchiamo di prestare attenzione a qualcosa, come magari questo discorso, a un certo punto circa la metà di noi si lascia andare a un sogno a occhi aperti o ha l'impulso di controllare il proprio feed di Twitter. Cóż, badania pokazują, że nawet jeśli naprawdę staramy się zwracać na coś uwagę - jak na przykład ta rozmowa - w pewnym momencie około połowa z nas odpływa w marzenia lub ma ochotę sprawdzić nasz kanał na Twitterze. Исследования показывают, что даже если мы действительно стараемся уделять внимание чему-то - например, этой беседе, - в какой-то момент примерно половина из нас погружается в дневные грезы или испытывает желание проверить свою ленту в Twitter.

00:55So what’s going on here? 00:55Che cosa sta succedendo qui? It turns out that we’re fighting one of the most evolutionarily-conserved learning processes currently known in science, one that’s conserved back to the most basic nervous systems known to man. Il s'avère que nous combattons l'un des processus d'apprentissage les plus conservés sur le plan évolutif actuellement connu en science, celui qui est conservé dans les systèmes nerveux les plus élémentaires connus de l'homme. È emerso che stiamo combattendo uno dei processi di apprendimento più evolutivamente conservati che la scienza conosca, un processo che si è conservato fino ai sistemi nervosi più elementari conosciuti dall'uomo. 事实证明,我们正在与目前科学界已知的进化过程中保存最完好的学习过程之一作斗争,这一过程可以追溯到人类已知的最基本的神经系统。 事實證明,我們正在對抗目前科學界已知的演化上最保守的學習過程之一,而這個學習過程可以追溯到人類已知的最基本的神經系統。

01:08This reward-based learning process is called positive and negative reinforcement, and basically goes like this. We see some food that looks good, our brain says, "Calories! ... Survival!" We eat the food, we taste it -- it tastes good. And especially with sugar, our bodies send a signal to our brain that says, "Remember what you’re eating and where you found it." E soprattutto con gli zuccheri, il nostro corpo invia un segnale al cervello che dice: "Ricorda cosa stai mangiando e dove l'hai trovato". We lay down this context-dependent memory and learn to repeat the process next time. Tworzymy pamięć zależną od kontekstu i uczymy się powtarzać ten proces następnym razem. 我們放下這種與情境相關的記憶,並學習下次重複這個過程。 See food, eat food, feel good, repeat. Trigger, behavior, reward. Déclenchement, comportement, récompense. Wyzwalacz, zachowanie, nagroda.

01:42Simple, right? Well, after a while, our creative brains say, "You know what? Ebbene, dopo un po' i nostri cervelli creativi dicono: "Sai cosa? You can use this for more than just remembering where food is. You know, next time you feel bad, why don’t you try eating something good so you’ll feel better?" We thank our brains for the great idea, try this and quickly learn that if we eat chocolate or ice cream when we’re mad or sad, we feel better.

02:07Same process, just a different trigger. Instead of this hunger signal coming from our stomach, this emotional signal -- feeling sad -- triggers that urge to eat. 這種飢餓訊號不是來自我們的胃,而是這種情緒訊號──感到悲傷──觸發了吃東西的衝動。

02:18Maybe in our teenage years, we were a nerd at school, and we see those rebel kids outside smoking and we think, "Hey, I want to be cool." So we start smoking. The Marlboro Man wasn’t a dork, and that was no accident. Le Marlboro Man n'était pas un con, et ce n'était pas un accident. 萬寶路男人不是個傻瓜,這也不是偶然的。 See cool, smoke to be cool, feel good. Widzieć fajnie, palić fajnie, czuć się dobrze. Repeat. Trigger, behavior, reward.

And each time we do this, we learn to repeat the process and it becomes a habit. So later, feeling stressed out triggers that urge to smoke a cigarette or to eat something sweet.

02:52Now, with these same brain processes, we’ve gone from learning to survive to literally killing ourselves with these habits. Obesity and smoking are among the leading preventable causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Otyłość i palenie tytoniu są jednymi z głównych przyczyn zachorowalności i umieralności na świecie, którym można zapobiec. 肥胖和吸煙是世界上發病率和死亡率的主要可預防原因之一。

03:06So back to my breath. 03:06Wracając do mojego oddechu. What if instead of fighting our brains, or trying to force ourselves to pay attention,we instead tapped into this natural, reward-based learning process ... but added a twist? Co by było, gdybyśmy zamiast walczyć z naszym mózgiem lub próbować zmusić się do uwagi, zamiast tego wykorzystali ten naturalny, oparty na nagrodach proces uczenia się... ale dodali do niego pewien akcent? 如果我們不是與我們的大腦作鬥爭,或者試圖強迫自己集中註意力,而是利用這種自然的、基於獎勵的學習過程......但添加了一些轉折,會怎麼樣? What if instead we just got really curious about what was happening in our momentary experience? A gdybyśmy zamiast tego byli naprawdę ciekawi tego, co dzieje się w naszym chwilowym doświadczeniu? 如果我們只是對我們短暫的經歷中發生的事情感到非常好奇呢?

03:24I’ll give you an example. In my lab, we studied whether mindfulness training could help people quit smoking. W moim laboratorium badaliśmy, czy trening uważności może pomóc ludziom rzucić palenie. 在我的實驗室裡,我們研究了正念訓練是否可以幫助人們戒菸。 Now, just like trying to force myself to pay attention to my breath, they could try to force themselves to quit smoking. And the majority of them had tried this before and failed -- on average, six times.

03:42Now, with mindfulness training, we dropped the bit about forcing and instead focused on being curious.In fact, we even told them to smoke. 03:42Teraz, dzięki treningowi mindfulness, zrezygnowaliśmy z wymuszania i zamiast tego skupiliśmy się na byciu ciekawym, a nawet kazaliśmy im palić. What? Yeah, we said, "Go ahead and smoke, just be really curious about what it’s like when you do." Tak, powiedzieliśmy: "Śmiało, pal, tylko bądź naprawdę ciekawy, jak to jest, kiedy to robisz". 03:57And what did they notice? Well here’s an example from one of our smokers. She said, "Mindful smoking:smells like stinky cheese and tastes like chemicals, YUCK!" Powiedziała: "Uważne palenie: pachnie jak śmierdzący ser i smakuje jak chemikalia, FUCK!". 她說:“正念吸煙:聞起來像臭奶酪,嘗起來像化學品,噁心!” Now, she knew, cognitively that smoking was bad for her, that’s why she joined our program. Wiedziała, że palenie jest dla niej szkodliwe, dlatego dołączyła do naszego programu. What she discovered just by being curiously aware when she smoked was that smoking tastes like shit.

04:22(Laughter)

04:25Now, she moved from knowledge to wisdom. 04:25 Teraz przeszła od wiedzy do mądrości. She moved from knowing in her head that smoking was bad for her to knowing it in her bones, and the spell of smoking was broken. Przeszła od świadomości, że palenie jest dla niej szkodliwe, do świadomości tego w kościach, a zaklęcie palenia zostało złamane. 她從腦海裡知道吸煙對她不好,變成了深入骨髓,吸煙的魔咒被打破了。 She started to become disenchanted with her behavior. Elle a commencé à être désenchantée par son comportement. Ze begon ontgoocheld te raken door haar gedrag. Zaczęła być rozczarowana swoim zachowaniem. 她開始對自己的行為不再抱持幻想。

04:41Now, the prefrontal cortex, that youngest part of our brain from an evolutionary perspective, it understands on an intellectual level that we shouldn’t smoke. 04:41現在,前額葉皮質,從演化的角度來看,我們大腦中最年輕的部分,它在智力層面上理解我們不應該吸煙。 And it tries it’s hardest to help us change our behavior, to help us stop smoking, to help us stop eating that second, that third, that fourth cookie.We call this cognitive control. I stara się jak może, aby pomóc nam zmienić nasze zachowanie, pomóc nam rzucić palenie, pomóc nam przestać jeść to drugie, to trzecie, to czwarte ciastko. Nazywamy to kontrolą poznawczą. We’re using cognition to control our behavior. Unfortunately, this is also the first part of our brain that goes offline when we get stressed out, which isn’t that helpful.

05:13Now, we can all relate to this in our own experience. 05:13現在,我們都可以透過自己的經驗來體會這一點。 We’re much more likely to do things like yell at our spouse or kids when we’re stressed out or tired, even though we know it’s not going to be helpful. Kiedy jesteśmy zestresowani lub zmęczeni, znacznie częściej robimy takie rzeczy, jak krzyczenie na współmałżonka lub dzieci, nawet jeśli wiemy, że nie będzie to pomocne. 當我們感到壓力或疲倦時,我們更有可能做一些事情,例如對配偶或孩子大喊大叫,即使我們知道這不會有幫助。 We just can’t help ourselves. 我們只是無法幫助自己。

05:26When the prefrontal cortex goes offline, we fall back into our old habits, which is why this disenchantment is so important. 05:26Kiedy kora przedczołowa przestaje działać, wracamy do starych nawyków, dlatego rozczarowanie jest tak ważne. 05:26當額葉皮質離線時,我們就會回到原來的習慣,這就是為什麼這種祛魅如此重要。 Seeing what we get from our habits helps us understand them at a deeper level -- to know it in our bones so we don’t have to force ourselves to hold back or restrain ourselves from behavior. 了解我們從習慣中得到什麼有助於我們更深入地理解它們——從骨子裡了解它,這樣我們就不必強迫自己克制自己的行為。 We’re just less interested in doing it in the first place.

05:45And this is what mindfulness is all about: Seeing really clearly what we get when we get caught up in our behaviors, becoming disenchanted on a visceral level and from this disenchanted stance, naturally letting go. 05: 45Et c'est ce qu'est la pleine conscience: voir vraiment clairement ce que nous obtenons lorsque nous sommes pris dans nos comportements, devenir désenchantés au niveau viscéral et de cette position désenchantée, lâcher prise naturellement. 05:45 I o to właśnie chodzi w uważności: Widzeniu naprawdę wyraźnie tego, co otrzymujemy, gdy dajemy się wciągnąć w nasze zachowania, stając się rozczarowani na poziomie trzewnym i z tej rozczarowanej postawy, naturalnie odpuszczając. 05:45這就是正念的意義所在:真正清楚地看到當我們陷入自己的行為時我們會得到什麼,在內心層面上變得不再抱有幻想,並從這種不再抱有幻想的立場中自然地放手。

05:59This isn’t to say that, poof, magically we quit smoking. 05:59這並不是說,噗,我們神奇地戒菸了。 But over time, as we learn to see more and more clearly the results of our actions, we let go of old habits and form new ones. 但隨著時間的推移,當我們越來越清楚地看到我們行為的結果時,我們就會放棄舊習慣並形成新習慣。

06:11The paradox here is that mindfulness is just about being really interested in getting close and personal with what’s actually happening in our bodies and minds from moment to moment. 06:11 Paradoks polega na tym, że uważność polega na byciu naprawdę zainteresowanym tym, co faktycznie dzieje się w naszych ciałach i umysłach z chwili na chwilę. This willingness to turn toward our experience rather than trying to make unpleasant cravings go away as quickly as possible.And this willingness to turn toward our experience is supported by curiosity, which is naturally rewarding. Cette volonté de se tourner vers notre expérience plutôt que d'essayer de faire disparaître au plus vite les envies désagréables, et cette volonté de se tourner vers notre expérience est soutenue par la curiosité, naturellement enrichissante. Ta gotowość do zwrócenia się w kierunku naszego doświadczenia, zamiast próbować sprawić, by nieprzyjemne pragnienia zniknęły tak szybko, jak to możliwe, jest wspierana przez ciekawość, która jest naturalnie satysfakcjonująca.

06:34What does curiosity feel like? 06:34Jak czuje się ciekawość? It feels good. And what happens when we get curious? We start to notice that cravings are simply made up of body sensations -- oh, there’s tightness, there’s tension, there’s restlessness -- and that these body sensations come and go. Zaczynamy zauważać, że pragnienia są po prostu odczuciami ciała - och, jest napięcie, jest niepokój - i że te odczucia ciała przychodzą i odchodzą. These are bite-size pieces of experiences that we can manage from moment to moment rather than getting clobbered by this huge, scary craving that we choke on. Ce sont des expériences de la taille d'une bouchée que nous pouvons gérer d'instant en instant plutôt que de nous faire écraser par cette énorme et effrayante envie de nous étouffer. Są to małe kawałki doświadczeń, którymi możemy zarządzać z chwili na chwilę, zamiast być przytłoczonym przez ogromne, przerażające pragnienie, którym się dławimy. Это кусочки опыта, которыми мы можем управлять от момента к моменту, а не испытывать огромную, страшную тягу, от которой мы задыхаемся. 這些都是我們可以時時刻刻管理的小片段體驗,而不是被我們窒息的巨大而可怕的渴望所破壞。

07:01In other words, when we get curious, we step out of our old, fear-based, reactive habit patterns, and we step into being. We become this inner scientist where we’re eagerly awaiting that next data point. Stajemy się tym wewnętrznym naukowcem, który z niecierpliwością czeka na kolejny punkt danych. 我們成為了一位內心的科學家,熱切地等待下一個數據點。

07:17Now, this might sound too simplistic to affect behavior. But in one study, we found that mindfulness training was twice as good as gold standard therapy at helping people quit smoking. So it actually works.

07:30And when we studied the brains of experienced meditators, we found that parts of a neural network of self-referential processing called the default mode network were at play. 07:30 A kiedy badaliśmy mózgi doświadczonych medytujących, odkryliśmy, że w grę wchodziły części sieci neuronowej przetwarzania autoreferencyjnego zwanej siecią trybu domyślnego. 07:30當我們研究經驗豐富的冥想者的大腦時,我們發現自我參照處理神經網路的一部分(稱為預設模式網路)正在發揮作用。 Now, one current hypothesis is that a region of this network, called the posterior cingulate cortex, is activated not necessarily by craving itself but when we get caught up in it, when we get sucked in, and it takes us for a ride. Maintenant, une hypothèse actuelle est qu'une région de ce réseau, appelée cortex cingulaire postérieur, est activée non pas nécessairement par le désir lui-même, mais lorsque nous y sommes pris, lorsque nous sommes aspirés et que cela nous emmène faire un tour. Jedna z aktualnych hipotez głosi, że region tej sieci, zwany tylną korą zakrętu obręczy, jest aktywowany niekoniecznie przez samo pragnienie, ale kiedy zostajemy w to wciągnięci, kiedy zostajemy wciągnięci i zabiera nas to na przejażdżkę. 現在,目前的一個假設是,這個網路的一個區域,稱為後扣帶皮層,不一定是由渴望本身激活的,而是當我們陷入其中時,當我們被吸進去時,它會帶我們去兜風。

07:52In contrast, when we let go -- step out of the process just by being curiously aware of what’s happening -- this same brain region quiets down. 07:52 W przeciwieństwie do tego, kiedy odpuszczamy - wycofujemy się z procesu, po prostu będąc ciekawie świadomym tego, co się dzieje - ten sam obszar mózgu wycisza się. 07:52相反,當我們放手時——只是透過好奇地意識到正在發生的事情來退出這個過程——同一大腦區域就會安靜下來。

08:02Now we’re testing app and online-based mindfulness training programs that target these core mechanisms and, ironically, use the same technology that’s driving us to distraction to help us step out of our unhealthy habit patterns of smoking, of stress eating and other addictive behaviors.

08:20Now, remember that bit about context-dependent memory? 08:20Pamiętasz ten fragment o pamięci zależnej od kontekstu? We can deliver these tools to peoples' fingertips in the contexts that matter most. Nous pouvons fournir ces outils au bout des doigts des gens dans les contextes qui comptent le plus. Możemy dostarczyć te narzędzia na wyciągnięcie ręki w kontekstach, które mają największe znaczenie. 我們可以在最重要的環境中將這些工具交付給人們。 So we can help them tap into their inherent capacity to be curiously aware right when that urge to smoke or stress eat or whatever arises. 因此,我們可以幫助他們利用其固有的能力,在出現吸煙或壓力飲食或其他任何情況時好奇地意識到這一點。

08:37So if you don’t smoke or stress eat, maybe the next time you feel this urge to check your email when you’re bored, or you’re trying to distract yourself from work, or maybe to compulsively respond to that text message when you’re driving, see if you can tap into this natural capacity, just be curiously aware of what’s happening in your body and mind in that moment. It will just be another chance to perpetuate one of our endless and exhaustive habit loops ... or step out of it. 這只是另一個讓我們無窮無盡、窮盡的習慣循環永久化的機會……或者走出它。

09:05Instead of see text message, compulsively text back, feel a little bit better -- notice the urge, get curious,feel the joy of letting go and repeat.

09:16Thank you.

09:17(Applause)