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TED, Jane Goodall: What separates us from chimpanzees?

Jane Goodall: What separates us from chimpanzees?

Good morning everyone. First of all, it's been fantastic being here over these past few days. And secondly, I feel it's a great honor to kind of wind up this extraordinary gathering of people, these amazing talks that we've had. I feel that I've fitted in, in many ways, to some of the things that I've heard. I came directly here from the deep, deep tropical rainforest in Ecuador, where I was out -- you could only get there by a plane -- with indigenous people with paint on their faces and parrot feathers on their headdresses, where these people are fighting to try and keep the oil companies, and keep the roads, out of their forests. They're fighting to develop their own way of living within the forest in a world that's clean, a world that isn't contaminated, a world that isn't polluted. And what was so amazing to me, and what fits right in with what we're all talking about here at TED, is that there, right in the middle of this rainforest, was some solar panels -- the first in that part of Ecuador -- and that was mainly to bring water up by pump so that the women wouldn't have to go down. The water was cleaned, but because they got a lot of batteries, they were able to store a lot of electricity. So every house -- and there were, I think, eight houses in this little community -- could have light for, I think it was about half an hour each evening. And there is the Chief, in all his regal finery, with a laptop computer. (Laughter) And this man, he has been outside, but he's gone back, and he was saying, "You know, we have suddenly jumped into a whole new era, and we didn't even know about the white man 50 years ago, and now here we are with laptop computers, and there are some things we want to learn from the modern world. We want to know about health care. We want to know about what other people do -- we're interested in it. And we want to learn other languages. We want to know English and French and perhaps Chinese, and we're good at languages." So there he is with his little laptop computer, but fighting against the might of the pressures -- because of the debt, the foreign debt of Ecuador -- fighting the pressure of World Bank, IMF, and of course the people who want to exploit the forests and take out the oil. And so, coming directly from there to here. But, of course, my real field of expertise lies in an even different kind of civilization -- I can't really call it a civilization. A different way of life, a different being. We've talked earlier -- this wonderful talk by Wade Davis about the different cultures of the humans around the world -- but the world is not composed only of human beings; there are also other animal beings. And I propose to bring into this TED conference, as I always do around the world, the voice of the animal kingdom. Too often we just see a few slides, or a bit of film, but these beings have voices that mean something. And so, I want to give you a greeting, as from a chimpanzee in the forests of Tanzania -- Ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh! (Applause) I've been studying chimpanzees in Tanzania since 1960. During that time, there have been modern technologies that have really transformed the way that field biologists do their work. For example, for the first time, a few years ago, by simply collecting little fecal samples we were able to have them analyzed -- to have DNA profiling done -- so for the first time, we actually know which male chimps are the fathers of each individual infant. Because the chimps have a very promiscuous mating society. So this opens up a whole new avenue of research. And we use GSI -- geographic whatever it is, GSI -- to determine the range of the chimps. And we're using -- you can see that I'm not really into this kind of stuff -- but we're using satellite imagery to look at the deforestation in the area. And of course, there's developments in infrared, so you can watch animals at night, and equipment for recording by video, and tape recording is getting lighter and better. So in many, many ways, we can do things today that we couldn't do when I began in 1960. Especially when chimpanzees, and other animals with large brains, are studied in captivity, modern technology is helping us to search for the upper levels of cognition in some of these non-human animals. So that we know today, they're capable of performances that would have been thought absolutely impossible by science when I began. I think the chimpanzee in captivity who is the most skilled in intellectual performance is one called Ai in Japan -- her name means love -- and she has a wonderfully sensitive partner working with her. She loves her computer -- she'll leave her big group, and her running water, and her trees and everything. And she'll come in to sit at this computer -- it's like a video game for a kid; she's hooked. She's 28, by the way, and she does things with her computer screen and a touch pad that she can do faster than most humans. She does very complex tasks, and I haven't got time to go into them, but the amazing thing about this female is she doesn't like making mistakes. If she has a bad run, and her score isn't good, she'll come and reach up and tap on the glass -- because she can't see the experimenter -- which is asking to have another go. And her concentration -- she's already concentrated hard for 20 minutes or so, and now she wants to do it all over again, just for the satisfaction of having done it better. And the food is not important -- she does get a tiny reward, like one raisin for a correct response -- but she will do it for nothing, if you tell her beforehand. So here we are, a chimpanzee using a computer. Chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans also learn human sign language. But the point is that when I was first in Gombe in 1960 -- I remember so well, so vividly, as though it was yesterday -- the first time, when I was going through the vegetation, the chimpanzees were still running away from me, for the most part, although some were a little bit acclimatized -- and I saw this dark shape, hunched over a termite mound, and I peered with my binoculars. It was, fortunately, one adult male whom I'd named David Greybeard -- and by the way, science at that time was telling me that I shouldn't name the chimps; they should all have numbers; that was more scientific. Anyway, David Greybeard -- and I saw that he was picking little pieces of grass and using them to fish termites from their underground nest. And not only that -- he would sometimes pick a leafy twig and strip the leaves -- modifying an object to make it suitable for a specific purpose -- the beginning of tool-making. The reason this was so exciting and such a breakthrough is at that time, it was thought that humans, and only humans, used and made tools. When I was at school, we were defined as man, the toolmaker. So that when Louis Leakey, my mentor, heard this news, he said, "Ah, we must now redefine 'man,' redefine 'tool,' or accept chimpanzees as humans." (Laughter) We now know that at Gombe alone, there are nine different ways in which chimpanzees use different objects for different purposes. Moreover, we know that in different parts of Africa, wherever chimps have been studied, there are completely different tool-using behaviors. And because it seems that these patterns are passed from one generation to the next, through observation, imitation and practice -- that is a definition of human culture. What we find is that over these 40-odd years that I and others have been studying chimpanzees and the other great apes, and, as I say, other mammals with complex brains and social systems, we have found that after all, there isn't a sharp line dividing humans from the rest of the animal kingdom. It's a very wuzzy line. It's getting wuzzier all the time as we find animals doing things that we, in our arrogance, used to think was just human. The chimps -- there's no time to discuss their fascinating lives -- but they have this long childhood, five years of suckling and sleeping with the mother, and then another three, four or five years of emotional dependence on her, even when the next child is born. The importance of learning in that time, when behavior is flexible -- and there's an awful lot to learn in chimpanzee society. The long-term affectionate supportive bonds that develop throughout this long childhood with the mother, with the brothers and sisters, and which can last through a lifetime, which may be up to 60 years. They can actually live longer than 60 in captivity, so we've only done 40 years in the wild so far. And we find chimps are capable of true compassion and altruism. We find in their non-verbal communication -- this is very rich -- they have a lot of sounds, which they use in different circumstances, but they also use touch, posture, gesture, and what do they do? They kiss; they embrace; they hold hands. They pat one another on the back; they swagger; they shake their fist -- the kind of things that we do, and they do them in the same kind of context. They have very sophisticated cooperation. Sometimes they hunt -- not that often, but when they hunt, they show sophisticated cooperation, and they share the prey. We find that they show emotions, similar to -- maybe sometimes the same -- as those that we describe in ourselves as happiness, sadness, fear, despair. They know mental as well as physical suffering. And I don't have time to go into the information that will prove some of these things to you, save to say that there are very bright students, in the best universities, studying emotions in animals, studying personalities in animals. We know that chimpanzees and some other creatures can recognize themselves in mirrors -- "self" as opposed to "other." They have a sense of humor, and these are the kind of things which traditionally have been thought of as human prerogatives. But this teaches us a new respect -- and it's a new respect not only for the chimpanzees, I suggest, but some of the other amazing animals with whom we share this planet. Once we're prepared to admit that after all, we're not the only beings with personalities, minds and above all feelings, and then we start to think about ways we use and abuse so many other sentient, sapient creatures on this planet, it really gives cause for deep shame, at least for me. So, the sad thing is that these chimpanzees -- who've perhaps taught us, more than any other creature, a little humility -- are in the wild, disappearing very fast. They're disappearing for the reasons that all of you in this room know only too well. The deforestation, the growth of human populations, needing more land. They're disappearing because some timber companies go in with clear-cutting. They're disappearing in the heart of their range in Africa because the big multinational logging companies have come in and made roads -- as they want to do in Ecuador and other parts where the forests remain untouched -- to take out oil or timber. And this has led in Congo basin, and other parts of the world, to what is known as the bush-meat trade. This means that although for hundreds, perhaps thousands of years, people have lived in those forests, or whatever habitat it is, in harmony with their world, just killing the animals they need for themselves and their families -- now, suddenly, because of the roads, the hunters can go in from the towns. They shoot everything, every single thing that moves that's bigger than a small rat; they sun-dry it or smoke it. And now they've got transport; they take it on the logging trucks or the mining trucks into the towns where they sell it. And people will pay more for bush-meat, as it's called, than for domestic meat -- it's culturally preferred. And it's not sustainable, and the huge logging camps in the forest are now demanding meat, so the Pygmy hunters in the Congo basin who've lived there with their wonderful way of living for so many hundreds of years are now corrupted. They're given weapons; they shoot for the logging camps; they get money. Their culture is being destroyed, along with the animals upon whom they depend. So, when the logging camp moves, there's nothing left. We talked already about the loss of human cultural diversity, and I've seen it happening with my own eyes. And the grim picture in Africa -- I love Africa, and what do we see in Africa? We see deforestation; we see the desert spreading; we see massive hunger; we see disease and we see population growth in areas where there are more people living on a certain piece of land than the land can possibly support, and they're too poor to buy food from elsewhere. Were the people that we heard about yesterday, on the Easter Island, who cut down their last tree -- were they stupid? Didn't they know what was happening? Of course, but if you've seen the crippling poverty in some of these parts of the world it isn't a question of "Let's leave the tree for tomorrow." "How am I going to feed my family today? Maybe I can get just a few dollars from this last tree which will keep us going a little bit longer, and then we'll pray that something will happen to save us from the inevitable end." So, this is a pretty grim picture. The one thing we have, which makes us so different from chimpanzees or other living creatures, is this sophisticated spoken language -- a language with which we can tell children about things that aren't here. We can talk about the distant past, plan for the distant future, discuss ideas with each other, so that the ideas can grow from the accumulated wisdom of a group. We can do it by talking to each other; we can do it through video; we can do it through the written word. And we are abusing this great power we have to be wise stewards, and we're destroying the world. In the developed world, in a way, it's worse, because we have so much access to knowledge of the stupidity of what we're doing. Do you know, we're bringing little babies into a world where, in many places, the water is poisoning them? And the air is harming them, and the food that's grown from the contaminated land is poisoning them. And that's not just in the far-away developing world; that's everywhere. Do you know we all have about 50 chemicals in our bodies we didn't have about 50 years ago? And so many of these diseases, like asthma and certain kinds of cancers, are on the increase around places where our filthy toxic waste is dumped. We're harming ourselves around the world, as well as harming the animals, as well as harming nature herself -- Mother Nature, that brought us into being; Mother Nature, where I believe we need to spend time, where there's trees and flowers and birds for our good psychological development. And yet, there are hundreds and hundreds of children in the developed world who never see nature, because they're growing up in concrete and all they know is virtual reality, with no opportunity to go and lie in the sun, or in the forest, with the dappled sun-specks coming down from the canopy above. As I was traveling around the world, you know, I had to leave the forest -- that's where I love to be. I had to leave these fascinating chimpanzees for my students and field staff to continue studying because, finding they dwindled from about two million 100 years ago to about 150,000 now, I knew I had to leave the forest to do what I could to raise awareness around the world. And the more I talked about the chimpanzees' plight, the more I realized the fact that everything's interconnected, and the problems of the developing world so often stem from the greed of the developed world, and everything was joining together, and making -- not sense, hope lies in sense, you said -- it's making a nonsense. How can we do it? Somebody said that yesterday. And as I was traveling around, I kept meeting young people who'd lost hope. They were feeling despair, they were feeling, "Well, it doesn't matter what we do; eat, drink and be merry, for tomorrow we die. Everything is hopeless -- we're always being told so by the media." And then I met some who were angry, and anger that can turn to violence, and we're all familiar with that. And I have three little grandchildren, and when some of these students would say to me at high school or university, they'd say, "We're angry," or "We're filled with despair, because we feel you've compromised our future, and there's nothing we can do about it." And I looked in the eyes of my little grandchildren, and think how much we've harmed this planet since I was their age. I feel this deep shame, and that's why in 1991 in Tanzania, I started a program that's called Roots and Shoots. There's little brochures all around outside, and if any of you have anything to do with children and care about their future, I beg that you pick up that brochure. And Roots and Shoots is a program for hope. Roots make a firm foundation. Shoots seem tiny, but to reach the sun they can break through brick walls. See the brick walls as all the problems that we've inflicted on this planet. Then, you see, it is a message of hope. Hundreds and thousands of young people around the world can break through, and can make this a better world. And the most important message of Roots and Shoots is that every single individual makes a difference. Every individual has a role to play. Every one of us impacts the world around us everyday, and you scientists know that you can't actually -- even if you stay in bed all day, you're breathing oxygen and giving out CO2, and probably going to the loo, and things like that -- you're making a difference in the world. So, the Roots and Shoots program involves youth in three kinds of projects. And these are projects to make the world around them a better place. One project to show care and concern for your own human community. One for animals, including domestic animals -- and I have to say, I learned everything I know about animal behavior even before I got to Gombe and the chimps from my dog, Rusty, who was my childhood companion. And the third kind of project: something for the local environment. So what the kids do depends first of all, how old are they -- and we go now from pre-school right through university. It's going to depend whether they're inner-city or rural. It's going to depend if they're wealthy or impoverished. It's going to depend which part, say, of America they're in. We're in every state now, and the problems in Florida are different from the problems in New York. It's going to depend on which country they're in -- and we're already in 60-plus countries, with about 5,000 active groups -- and there are groups all over the place that I keep hearing about that I've never even heard of, because the kids are taking the program and spreading it themselves. Why? Because they're buying into it, and they're the ones who get to decide what they're going to do. It isn't something that their parents tell them, or their teachers tell them. That's effective, but if they decide themselves, "We want to clean this river and put the fish back that used to be there. We want to clear away the toxic soil from this area and have an organic garden. We want to go and spend time with the old people and hear their stories and record their oral histories. We want to go and work in a dog shelter. We want to learn about animals. We want ... " You know, it goes on and on, and this is very hopeful for me. As I travel around the world 300 days a year, everywhere there's a group of Roots and Shoots of different ages. Everywhere there are children with shining eyes saying, "Look at the difference we've made." And now comes the technology into it, because with this new way of communicating electronically these kids can communicate with each other around the world. And if anyone is interested to help us, we've got so many ideas but we need help -- we need help to create the right kind of system that will help these young people to communicate their excitement. But also -- and this is so important -- to communicate their despair, to say, "We've tried this and it doesn't work, and what shall we do?" And then, lo and behold, there's another group answering these kids who may be in America, or maybe this is a group in Israel, saying, "Yeah, you did it a little bit wrong. This is how you should do it." The philosophy is very simple. We do not believe in violence. No violence, no bombs, no guns. That's not the way to solve problems. Violence leads to violence, at least in my view. So how do we solve? The tools for solving the problems are knowledge and understanding. Know the facts, but see how they fit in the big picture. Hard work and persistence --don't give up -- and love and compassion leading to respect for all life. How many more minutes? Two, one? Chris Anderson: One -- one to two. Jane Goodall: Two, two, I'm going to take two. (Laughter) Are you going to come and drag me off? (Laughter) Anyway -- so basically, Roots and Shoots is beginning to change young people's lives. It's what I'm devoting most of my energy to. And I believe that a group like this can have a very major impact, not just because you can share technology with us, but because so many of you have children. And if you take this program out, and give it to your children, they have such a good opportunity to go out and do good, because they've got parents like you. And it's been so clear how much you all care about trying to make this world a better place. It's very encouraging. But the kids do ask me -- and this won't take more than two minutes, I promise -- the kids say, "Dr. Jane, do you really have hope for the future? You travel, you see all these horrible things happening." Firstly, the human brain -- I don't need to say anything about that. Now that we know what the problems are around the world, human brains like yours are rising to solve those problems. And we've talked a lot about that. Secondly, the resilience of nature. We can destroy a river, and we can bring it back to life. We can see a whole area desolated, and it can be brought back to bloom again, with time or a little help. And thirdly, the last speaker talked about -- or the speaker before last, talked about the indomitable human spirit. We are surrounded by the most amazing people who do things that seem to be absolutely impossible. Nelson Mandela -- I take a little piece of limestone from Robben Island Prison, where he labored for 27 years, and came out with so little bitterness, he could lead his people from the horror of apartheid without a bloodbath. Even after the 11th of September -- and I was in New York and I felt the fear -- nevertheless, there was so much human courage, so much love and so much compassion. And then as I went around the country after that and felt the fear -- the fear that was leading to people feeling they couldn't worry about the environment any more, in case they seemed not to be patriotic -- and I was trying to encourage them, somebody came up with a little quotation from Mahatma Gandhi, "If you look back through human history, you see that every evil regime has been overcome by good." And just after that a woman brought me this little bell, and I want to end on this note. She said, "If you're talking about hope and peace, ring this. This bell is made from metal from a defused landmine, from the killing fields of Pol Pot -- one of the most evil regimes in human history -- where people are now beginning to put their lives back together after the regime has crumbled. So, yes, there is hope, and where is the hope? Is it out there with the politicians? It's in our hands. It's in your hands and my hands and those of our children. It's really up to us. We're the ones who can make a difference. If we lead lives where we consciously leave the lightest possible ecological footprints, if we buy the things that are ethical for us to buy and don't buy the things that are not, we can change the world overnight. Thank you.

Jane Goodall: What separates us from chimpanzees? Jane Goodall: Was trennt uns von Schimpansen? Jane Goodall: ¿Qué nos separa de los chimpancés? Jane Goodall : Qu'est-ce qui nous sépare des chimpanzés ? ジェーン・グドール私たちとチンパンジーを隔てるものは何か？ Jane Goodall: Co odróżnia nas od szympansów? Jane Goodall: O que é que nos separa dos chimpanzés? Jane Goodall: Bizi şempanzelerden ayıran nedir? 珍·古道尔：我们与黑猩猩的区别是什么？

Good morning everyone. First of all, it’s been fantastic being here over these past few days. And secondly, I feel it’s a great honor to kind of wind up this extraordinary gathering of people, these amazing talks that we’ve had. Y en segundo lugar, siento que es un gran honor terminar este extraordinario encuentro de personas, estas increíbles conversaciones que hemos tenido. Et deuxièmement, je pense que c'est un grand honneur de clôturer ce rassemblement extraordinaire de personnes, ces incroyables discussions que nous avons eues. I feel that I’ve fitted in, in many ways, to some of the things that I’ve heard. Siento que me he adaptado, de muchas maneras, a algunas de las cosas que he escuchado. Я чувствую, что во многих отношениях приспособился к некоторым вещам, которые я слышал. I came directly here from the deep, deep tropical rainforest in Ecuador, where I was out -- you could only get there by a plane -- with indigenous people with paint on their faces and parrot feathers on their headdresses, where these people are fighting to try and keep the oil companies, and keep the roads, out of their forests. Vine directamente aquí desde la profunda y profunda selva tropical en Ecuador, donde estaba afuera, solo se podía llegar en un avión, con indígenas con pintura en la cara y plumas de loros en los tocados, donde esta gente lucha. para tratar de mantener a las compañías petroleras y mantener las carreteras fuera de sus bosques. They’re fighting to develop their own way of living within the forest in a world that’s clean, a world that isn’t contaminated, a world that isn’t polluted. Están luchando para desarrollar su propia forma de vivir dentro del bosque en un mundo limpio, un mundo que no está contaminado, un mundo que no está contaminado. And what was so amazing to me, and what fits right in with what we’re all talking about here at TED, is that there, right in the middle of this rainforest, was some solar panels -- the first in that part of Ecuador -- and that was mainly to bring water up by pump so that the women wouldn’t have to go down. Y lo que me sorprendió tanto, y lo que encaja con lo que estamos hablando aquí en TED, es que allí, en medio de esta selva tropical, había algunos paneles solares, el primero en esa parte de Ecuador. - Y eso fue principalmente para subir el agua con la bomba para que las mujeres no tuvieran que bajar. И что меня так поразило, и что соответствует тому, о чем мы все говорим здесь, на TED, так это то, что прямо посреди этого тропического леса были солнечные батареи — первые в этой части Эквадора. -- и это было главным образом для того, чтобы поднять воду насосом, чтобы женщинам не пришлось спускаться. The water was cleaned, but because they got a lot of batteries, they were able to store a lot of electricity. Se limpió el agua, pero como consiguieron muchas baterías, pudieron almacenar mucha electricidad. So every house -- and there were, I think, eight houses in this little community -- could have light for, I think it was about half an hour each evening. Así que cada casa, y creo que había ocho casas en esta pequeña comunidad, podría tener luz, creo que fue alrededor de media hora cada noche. And there is the Chief, in all his regal finery, with a laptop computer. Y allí está el jefe, en todas sus galas reales, con una computadora portátil. Et il y a le chef, dans toute sa parure royale, avec un ordinateur portable. (Laughter) And this man, he has been outside, but he’s gone back, and he was saying, "You know, we have suddenly jumped into a whole new era, and we didn’t even know about the white man 50 years ago, and now here we are with laptop computers, and there are some things we want to learn from the modern world. (Risas) Y este hombre, él ha estado afuera, pero ha regresado y estaba diciendo: "Sabes, de repente hemos entrado en una nueva era, y ni siquiera sabíamos sobre el hombre blanco hace 50 años. , y ahora aquí estamos con computadoras portátiles, y hay algunas cosas que queremos aprender del mundo moderno. We want to know about health care. Queremos saber sobre el cuidado de la salud. We want to know about what other people do -- we’re interested in it. Queremos saber qué hacen otras personas, nos interesa. And we want to learn other languages. Y queremos aprender otros idiomas. We want to know English and French and perhaps Chinese, and we’re good at languages." So there he is with his little laptop computer, but fighting against the might of the pressures -- because of the debt, the foreign debt of Ecuador -- fighting the pressure of World Bank, IMF, and of course the people who want to exploit the forests and take out the oil. Así que ahí está con su pequeña computadora portátil, pero luchando contra el poder de las presiones, debido a la deuda, la deuda externa de Ecuador, luchando contra la presión del Banco Mundial, el FMI y, por supuesto, las personas que quieren explotar. Los bosques y sacar el aceite. Le voilà donc avec son petit ordinateur portable, mais luttant contre la puissance des pressions - à cause de la dette, de la dette extérieure de l'Équateur - luttant contre la pression de la Banque mondiale, du FMI et bien sûr des gens qui veulent exploiter les forêts et sortez l'huile. And so, coming directly from there to here. But, of course, my real field of expertise lies in an even different kind of civilization -- I can’t really call it a civilization. Pero, por supuesto, mi verdadero campo de experiencia se encuentra en un tipo de civilización incluso diferente: realmente no puedo llamarlo civilización. A different way of life, a different being. Una forma de vida diferente, un ser diferente. We’ve talked earlier -- this wonderful talk by Wade Davis about the different cultures of the humans around the world -- but the world is not composed only of human beings; there are also other animal beings. Hemos hablado anteriormente, esta maravillosa charla de Wade Davis sobre las diferentes culturas de los humanos en todo el mundo, pero el mundo no está compuesto solo por seres humanos; También hay otros seres animales. And I propose to bring into this TED conference, as I always do around the world, the voice of the animal kingdom. И я предлагаю привнести в эту конференцию TED, как я всегда делаю по всему миру, голос животного царства. Too often we just see a few slides, or a bit of film, but these beings have voices that mean something. Muy a menudo solo vemos unas diapositivas, o un poco de película, pero estos seres tienen voces que significan algo. And so, I want to give you a greeting, as from a chimpanzee in the forests of Tanzania -- Ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh! Y así, quiero saludarte, como un chimpancé en los bosques de Tanzania - Ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh ¡Oh! (Applause) I’ve been studying chimpanzees in Tanzania since 1960. During that time, there have been modern technologies that have really transformed the way that field biologists do their work. Durante ese tiempo, ha habido tecnologías modernas que realmente han transformado la forma en que los biólogos de campo hacen su trabajo. For example, for the first time, a few years ago, by simply collecting little fecal samples we were able to have them analyzed -- to have DNA profiling done -- so for the first time, we actually know which male chimps are the fathers of each individual infant. Por ejemplo, por primera vez, hace unos años, simplemente recolectando pequeñas muestras fecales pudimos analizarlas, hacer un perfil de ADN, así que por primera vez, realmente sabemos qué chimpancés machos son los padres. de cada infante individual. Because the chimps have a very promiscuous mating society. Parce que les chimpanzés ont une société d'accouplement très promiscuité. Потому что у шимпанзе очень беспорядочное брачное общество. So this opens up a whole new avenue of research. And we use GSI -- geographic whatever it is, GSI -- to determine the range of the chimps. Y utilizamos GSI, geográficamente sea lo que sea, GSI, para determinar el rango de los chimpancés. And we’re using -- you can see that I’m not really into this kind of stuff -- but we’re using satellite imagery to look at the deforestation in the area. Y lo estamos usando, puedes ver que no me gusta mucho este tipo de cosas, pero estamos usando imágenes satelitales para observar la deforestación en el área. And of course, there’s developments in infrared, so you can watch animals at night, and equipment for recording by video, and tape recording is getting lighter and better. Y, por supuesto, hay desarrollos en infrarrojo, por lo que puede ver animales por la noche, y el equipo para grabar por video, y la grabación en cinta es cada vez más ligera y mejor. So in many, many ways, we can do things today that we couldn’t do when I began in 1960. Entonces, de muchas, muchas maneras, podemos hacer cosas hoy que no podíamos hacer cuando comencé en 1960. Especially when chimpanzees, and other animals with large brains, are studied in captivity, modern technology is helping us to search for the upper levels of cognition in some of these non-human animals. Especialmente cuando los chimpancés y otros animales con cerebros grandes se estudian en cautiverio, la tecnología moderna nos está ayudando a buscar los niveles superiores de cognición en algunos de estos animales no humanos. So that we know today, they’re capable of performances that would have been thought absolutely impossible by science when I began. Para que sepamos hoy, son capaces de interpretaciones que la ciencia hubiera creído absolutamente imposibles cuando comencé. Чтобы мы знали сегодня, они способны на действия, которые наука считала абсолютно невозможными, когда я начинал. I think the chimpanzee in captivity who is the most skilled in intellectual performance is one called Ai in Japan -- her name means love -- and she has a wonderfully sensitive partner working with her. Creo que el chimpancé en cautiverio que es el más hábil en el desempeño intelectual es Ai en Japón, su nombre significa amor, y tiene un socio maravillosamente sensible que trabaja con ella. She loves her computer -- she’ll leave her big group, and her running water, and her trees and everything. Le encanta su computadora, dejará su gran grupo, su agua corriente, sus árboles y todo. And she’ll come in to sit at this computer -- it’s like a video game for a kid; she’s hooked. Y ella vendrá a sentarse en esta computadora, es como un videojuego para un niño; ella esta enganchada She’s 28, by the way, and she does things with her computer screen and a touch pad that she can do faster than most humans. She does very complex tasks, and I haven’t got time to go into them, but the amazing thing about this female is she doesn’t like making mistakes. Ella hace tareas muy complejas y no tengo tiempo para hacerlas, pero lo sorprendente de esta mujer es que no le gusta cometer errores. If she has a bad run, and her score isn’t good, she’ll come and reach up and tap on the glass -- because she can’t see the experimenter -- which is asking to have another go. Si tiene una mala racha, y su puntaje no es bueno, vendrá y levantará la mano y tocará el cristal, porque no puede ver al experimentador, que está pidiendo que se haga otra prueba. And her concentration -- she’s already concentrated hard for 20 minutes or so, and now she wants to do it all over again, just for the satisfaction of having done it better. Y su concentración: ya se concentró con fuerza durante 20 minutos más o menos, y ahora quiere volver a hacerlo, solo por la satisfacción de haberlo hecho mejor. And the food is not important -- she does get a tiny reward, like one raisin for a correct response -- but she will do it for nothing, if you tell her beforehand. Y la comida no es importante: ella recibe una pequeña recompensa, como una pasa por una respuesta correcta, pero lo hará por nada, si se lo dices de antemano. Et la nourriture n'est pas importante - elle reçoit une petite récompense, comme un raisin sec pour une réponse correcte - mais elle le fera pour rien, si vous le lui dites à l'avance. И еда не имеет значения — она получает маленькое вознаграждение, вроде одной изюминки за правильный ответ, — но она сделает это даром, если вы скажете ей заранее. So here we are, a chimpanzee using a computer. Así que aquí estamos, un chimpancé usando una computadora. Chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans also learn human sign language. But the point is that when I was first in Gombe in 1960 -- I remember so well, so vividly, as though it was yesterday -- the first time, when I was going through the vegetation, the chimpanzees were still running away from me, for the most part, although some were a little bit acclimatized -- and I saw this dark shape, hunched over a termite mound, and I peered with my binoculars. Pero el punto es que cuando estuve por primera vez en Gombe en 1960, me acuerdo muy bien, tan vívidamente, como si fuera ayer, la primera vez, cuando atravesaba la vegetación, los chimpancés seguían huyendo de mí. En su mayor parte, aunque algunos estaban un poco aclimatados, y vi esta forma oscura, encorvada sobre un montículo de termitas, y miré con mis binoculares. It was, fortunately, one adult male whom I’d named David Greybeard -- and by the way, science at that time was telling me that I shouldn’t name the chimps; they should all have numbers; that was more scientific. Anyway, David Greybeard -- and I saw that he was picking little pieces of grass and using them to fish termites from their underground nest. De todos modos, David Greybeard, y vi que estaba recogiendo pequeños trozos de hierba y los usaba para pescar termitas de su nido subterráneo. And not only that -- he would sometimes pick a leafy twig and strip the leaves -- modifying an object to make it suitable for a specific purpose -- the beginning of tool-making. Y no solo eso: a veces escogía una ramita frondosa y pelaba las hojas, modificando un objeto para que fuera adecuado para un propósito específico: el comienzo de la fabricación de herramientas. The reason this was so exciting and such a breakthrough is at that time, it was thought that humans, and only humans, used and made tools. La razón por la que esto fue tan emocionante y tal avance es en ese momento, se pensaba que los humanos, y solo los humanos, usaban y fabricaban herramientas. When I was at school, we were defined as man, the toolmaker. Quand j'étais à l'école, nous étions définis comme l'homme, le fabricant d'outils. So that when Louis Leakey, my mentor, heard this news, he said, "Ah, we must now redefine 'man,' redefine 'tool,' or accept chimpanzees as humans." De modo que cuando Louis Leakey, mi mentor, escuchó esta noticia, dijo: "Ah, ahora debemos redefinir 'hombre,' redefinir 'herramienta' o aceptar a los chimpancés como seres humanos". (Laughter) We now know that at Gombe alone, there are nine different ways in which chimpanzees use different objects for different purposes. (Risas) Ahora sabemos que solo en Gombe, hay nueve formas diferentes en que los chimpancés usan diferentes objetos para diferentes propósitos. Moreover, we know that in different parts of Africa, wherever chimps have been studied, there are completely different tool-using behaviors. Además, sabemos que en diferentes partes de África, dondequiera que se hayan estudiado los chimpancés, hay comportamientos de uso de herramientas completamente diferentes. And because it seems that these patterns are passed from one generation to the next, through observation, imitation and practice -- that is a definition of human culture. What we find is that over these 40-odd years that I and others have been studying chimpanzees and the other great apes, and, as I say, other mammals with complex brains and social systems, we have found that after all, there isn’t a sharp line dividing humans from the rest of the animal kingdom. Lo que encontramos es que durante estos 40 y tantos años que yo y otros hemos estado estudiando a los chimpancés y los otros grandes simios, y, como digo, a otros mamíferos con cerebros complejos y sistemas sociales, hemos encontrado que, después de todo, no hay Es una línea aguda que divide a los humanos del resto del reino animal. It’s a very wuzzy line. C'est une ligne très wuzzy. É uma linha muito confusa. It’s getting wuzzier all the time as we find animals doing things that we, in our arrogance, used to think was just human. Se está volviendo cada vez más confuso a medida que encontramos animales haciendo cosas que nosotros, en nuestra arrogancia, solíamos pensar que solo éramos humanos. Cela devient de plus en plus bizarre alors que nous trouvons des animaux faire des choses que nous, dans notre arrogance, pensions être juste humaines. Het wordt steeds waziger als we zien dat dieren dingen doen waarvan we, in onze arrogantie, dachten dat het gewoon menselijk was. The chimps -- there’s no time to discuss their fascinating lives -- but they have this long childhood, five years of suckling and sleeping with the mother, and then another three, four or five years of emotional dependence on her, even when the next child is born. Los chimpancés, no hay tiempo para hablar de sus fascinantes vidas, pero tienen esta larga infancia, cinco años de amamantamiento y de dormir con la madre, y luego otros tres, cuatro o cinco años de dependencia emocional de ella, incluso cuando la próxima nace el niño The importance of learning in that time, when behavior is flexible -- and there’s an awful lot to learn in chimpanzee society. The long-term affectionate supportive bonds that develop throughout this long childhood with the mother, with the brothers and sisters, and which can last through a lifetime, which may be up to 60 years. Los vínculos de apoyo afectivos a largo plazo que se desarrollan a lo largo de esta larga infancia con la madre, con los hermanos y las hermanas, y que pueden durar toda la vida, que puede ser de hasta 60 años. They can actually live longer than 60 in captivity, so we’ve only done 40 years in the wild so far. And we find chimps are capable of true compassion and altruism. Y encontramos que los chimpancés son capaces de verdadera compasión y altruismo. We find in their non-verbal communication -- this is very rich -- they have a lot of sounds, which they use in different circumstances, but they also use touch, posture, gesture, and what do they do? Encontramos en su comunicación no verbal, esto es muy rico, tienen muchos sonidos que usan en diferentes circunstancias, pero también usan el tacto, la postura, el gesto y ¿qué hacen? They kiss; they embrace; they hold hands. Se besan; se abrazan se toman de las manos They pat one another on the back; they swagger; they shake their fist -- the kind of things that we do, and they do them in the same kind of context. Se dan palmaditas en la espalda; ellos se jactan Sacuden su puño, el tipo de cosas que hacemos, y las hacen en el mismo tipo de contexto. Ils se tapotent le dos; ils fanfaronnent; ils secouent le poing - le genre de choses que nous faisons, et ils les font dans le même genre de contexte. Ze kloppen elkaar op de rug; zij brullen; ze schudden hun vuist - het soort dingen dat we doen, en ze doen ze in dezelfde soort context. They have very sophisticated cooperation. Sometimes they hunt -- not that often, but when they hunt, they show sophisticated cooperation, and they share the prey. A veces cazan, no muy a menudo, pero cuando cazan, muestran una cooperación sofisticada y comparten la presa. We find that they show emotions, similar to -- maybe sometimes the same -- as those that we describe in ourselves as happiness, sadness, fear, despair. They know mental as well as physical suffering. Conocen tanto el sufrimiento mental como el físico. Они знают как душевные, так и физические страдания. And I don’t have time to go into the information that will prove some of these things to you, save to say that there are very bright students, in the best universities, studying emotions in animals, studying personalities in animals. Y no tengo tiempo para entrar en la información que le demostrará algunas de estas cosas, excepto para decir que hay estudiantes muy brillantes, en las mejores universidades, que estudian las emociones en los animales, que estudian las personalidades en los animales. We know that chimpanzees and some other creatures can recognize themselves in mirrors -- "self" as opposed to "other." Sabemos que los chimpancés y algunas otras criaturas pueden reconocerse a sí mismos en los espejos: "uno mismo" en lugar de "otro". They have a sense of humor, and these are the kind of things which traditionally have been thought of as human prerogatives. Tienen sentido del humor y son el tipo de cosas que tradicionalmente se han pensado como prerrogativas humanas. But this teaches us a new respect -- and it’s a new respect not only for the chimpanzees, I suggest, but some of the other amazing animals with whom we share this planet. Pero esto nos enseña un nuevo respeto, y es un nuevo respeto no solo para los chimpancés, sugiero, sino también para algunos de los otros animales increíbles con los que compartimos este planeta. Once we’re prepared to admit that after all, we’re not the only beings with personalities, minds and above all feelings, and then we start to think about ways we use and abuse so many other sentient, sapient creatures on this planet, it really gives cause for deep shame, at least for me. Una vez que estamos preparados para admitir que, después de todo, no somos los únicos seres con personalidades, mentes y sobre todo sentimientos, y luego comenzamos a pensar en las formas en que usamos y abusamos de tantas otras criaturas sensibles y sapientes en este planeta. Realmente causa una profunda vergüenza, al menos para mí. So, the sad thing is that these chimpanzees -- who’ve perhaps taught us, more than any other creature, a little humility -- are in the wild, disappearing very fast. Entonces, lo triste es que estos chimpancés, quienes tal vez nos han enseñado, más que cualquier otra criatura, un poco de humildad, están en la naturaleza, desapareciendo muy rápido. They’re disappearing for the reasons that all of you in this room know only too well. Están desapareciendo por las razones que todos ustedes en esta sala saben muy bien. The deforestation, the growth of human populations, needing more land. They’re disappearing because some timber companies go in with clear-cutting. Están desapareciendo porque algunas empresas madereras entran con la tala. They’re disappearing in the heart of their range in Africa because the big multinational logging companies have come in and made roads -- as they want to do in Ecuador and other parts where the forests remain untouched -- to take out oil or timber. Están desapareciendo en el corazón de su área de distribución en África porque las grandes multinacionales madereras han entrado y hecho carreteras, como quieren hacer en Ecuador y otras partes donde los bosques permanecen intactos, para sacar petróleo o madera. Ils disparaissent au cœur de leur aire de répartition en Afrique parce que les grandes multinationales forestières sont entrées et ont construit des routes - comme elles veulent le faire en Équateur et dans d'autres régions où les forêts restent intactes - pour extraire le pétrole ou le bois. And this has led in Congo basin, and other parts of the world, to what is known as the bush-meat trade. Y esto ha llevado a la cuenca del Congo, y otras partes del mundo, a lo que se conoce como el comercio de carne silvestre. Et cela a conduit dans le bassin du Congo, et dans d'autres parties du monde, à ce que l'on appelle le commerce de la viande de brousse. И это привело в бассейне Конго и других частях света к тому, что известно как торговля мясом диких животных. This means that although for hundreds, perhaps thousands of years, people have lived in those forests, or whatever habitat it is, in harmony with their world, just killing the animals they need for themselves and their families -- now, suddenly, because of the roads, the hunters can go in from the towns. Esto significa que aunque durante cientos, quizás miles de años, las personas han vivido en esos bosques, o en cualquier hábitat que sea, en armonía con su mundo, simplemente matando a los animales que necesitan para sí mismos y sus familias; ahora, de repente, debido a Los caminos, los cazadores pueden entrar desde los pueblos. They shoot everything, every single thing that moves that’s bigger than a small rat; they sun-dry it or smoke it. Disparan todo, cada cosa que se mueve es más grande que una pequeña rata; Lo secan al sol o lo fuman. And now they’ve got transport; they take it on the logging trucks or the mining trucks into the towns where they sell it. Y ahora tienen transporte; lo llevan en los camiones madereros o en los camiones mineros hacia las ciudades donde lo venden. And people will pay more for bush-meat, as it’s called, than for domestic meat -- it’s culturally preferred. Y la gente pagará más por la carne de monte, como se la llama, que por la carne doméstica, se prefiere culturalmente. And it’s not sustainable, and the huge logging camps in the forest are now demanding meat, so the Pygmy hunters in the Congo basin who’ve lived there with their wonderful way of living for so many hundreds of years are now corrupted. Y no es sostenible, y los enormes campamentos de tala en el bosque ahora demandan carne, por lo que los cazadores pigmeos en la cuenca del Congo que han vivido allí con su maravillosa forma de vida durante tantos cientos de años ahora están corrompidos. They’re given weapons; they shoot for the logging camps; they get money. Les dan armas; disparan a los campamentos madereros; ellos consiguen dinero Им дают оружие; стреляют по лагерям лесозаготовителей; они получают деньги. Their culture is being destroyed, along with the animals upon whom they depend. Su cultura está siendo destruida, junto con los animales de los que dependen. So, when the logging camp moves, there’s nothing left. Entonces, cuando el campamento maderero se mueve, no queda nada. We talked already about the loss of human cultural diversity, and I’ve seen it happening with my own eyes. Ya hablamos sobre la pérdida de la diversidad cultural humana, y lo he visto pasar con mis propios ojos. And the grim picture in Africa -- I love Africa, and what do we see in Africa? Y el panorama sombrío en África: amo a África, ¿y qué vemos en África? We see deforestation; we see the desert spreading; we see massive hunger; we see disease and we see population growth in areas where there are more people living on a certain piece of land than the land can possibly support, and they’re too poor to buy food from elsewhere. Vemos la deforestación; Vemos el desierto extendiéndose; Vemos hambre masiva; vemos enfermedades y vemos un crecimiento de la población en áreas donde hay más personas viviendo en un determinado terreno que lo que la tierra puede soportar, y son demasiado pobres para comprar alimentos de otros lugares. Were the people that we heard about yesterday, on the Easter Island, who cut down their last tree -- were they stupid? ¿Fueron las personas de las que oímos hablar ayer, en la Isla de Pascua, que cortaron su último árbol, eran estúpidas? Didn’t they know what was happening? Of course, but if you’ve seen the crippling poverty in some of these parts of the world it isn’t a question of "Let’s leave the tree for tomorrow." Por supuesto, pero si has visto la pobreza agobiante en algunas de estas partes del mundo, no se trata de "Dejemos el árbol para mañana". Bien sûr, mais si vous avez vu la pauvreté paralysante dans certaines de ces parties du monde, il ne s'agit pas de "Laissons l'arbre pour demain". "How am I going to feed my family today? Maybe I can get just a few dollars from this last tree which will keep us going a little bit longer, and then we’ll pray that something will happen to save us from the inevitable end." Tal vez pueda obtener solo unos pocos dólares de este último árbol, lo que nos mantendrá un poco más largos, y luego oraremos para que algo suceda nos salve del inevitable fin ". So, this is a pretty grim picture. Donc, c'est une image assez sombre. The one thing we have, which makes us so different from chimpanzees or other living creatures, is this sophisticated spoken language -- a language with which we can tell children about things that aren’t here. Lo único que tenemos, que nos hace tan diferentes de los chimpancés u otras criaturas vivientes, es este sofisticado lenguaje hablado, un lenguaje con el que podemos contarles a los niños cosas que no están aquí. We can talk about the distant past, plan for the distant future, discuss ideas with each other, so that the ideas can grow from the accumulated wisdom of a group. Podemos hablar sobre el pasado distante, planificar para el futuro distante, discutir ideas entre nosotros, para que las ideas puedan crecer a partir de la sabiduría acumulada de un grupo. We can do it by talking to each other; we can do it through video; we can do it through the written word. Podemos hacerlo hablando unos con otros; Podemos hacerlo a través del video; Podemos hacerlo a través de la palabra escrita. And we are abusing this great power we have to be wise stewards, and we’re destroying the world. Y estamos abusando de este gran poder, tenemos que ser administradores sabios, y estamos destruyendo el mundo. In the developed world, in a way, it’s worse, because we have so much access to knowledge of the stupidity of what we’re doing. En cierto modo, en el mundo desarrollado es peor, porque tenemos mucho acceso al conocimiento de la estupidez de lo que estamos haciendo. В развитом мире, в некотором роде, хуже, потому что у нас так много доступа к знаниям о глупости того, что мы делаем. Do you know, we’re bringing little babies into a world where, in many places, the water is poisoning them? ¿Sabes que estamos trayendo pequeños bebés a un mundo donde, en muchos lugares, el agua los está envenenando? And the air is harming them, and the food that’s grown from the contaminated land is poisoning them. Y el aire los está dañando, y la comida que se cultiva en la tierra contaminada los está envenenando. And that’s not just in the far-away developing world; that’s everywhere. Y eso no es solo en el lejano mundo en desarrollo; eso está en todas partes Do you know we all have about 50 chemicals in our bodies we didn’t have about 50 years ago? ¿Sabes que todos tenemos alrededor de 50 sustancias químicas en nuestros cuerpos que no teníamos hace unos 50 años? And so many of these diseases, like asthma and certain kinds of cancers, are on the increase around places where our filthy toxic waste is dumped. Y muchas de estas enfermedades, como el asma y ciertos tipos de cáncer, aumentan alrededor de los lugares donde se arrojan nuestros residuos tóxicos. We’re harming ourselves around the world, as well as harming the animals, as well as harming nature herself -- Mother Nature, that brought us into being; Mother Nature, where I believe we need to spend time, where there’s trees and flowers and birds for our good psychological development. Nos estamos dañando a nosotros mismos en todo el mundo, así como a los animales, así como a la naturaleza misma, la Madre Naturaleza, que nos creó; Madre Naturaleza, donde creo que debemos pasar el tiempo, donde hay árboles, flores y pájaros para nuestro buen desarrollo psicológico. And yet, there are hundreds and hundreds of children in the developed world who never see nature, because they’re growing up in concrete and all they know is virtual reality, with no opportunity to go and lie in the sun, or in the forest, with the dappled sun-specks coming down from the canopy above. Y, sin embargo, hay cientos y cientos de niños en el mundo desarrollado que nunca ven la naturaleza, porque están creciendo en concreto y todo lo que saben es la realidad virtual, sin oportunidad de ir a tumbarse al sol o al bosque. , con las motas del sol moteadas bajando desde el dosel de arriba. Et pourtant, il y a des centaines et des centaines d'enfants dans le monde développé qui ne voient jamais la nature, parce qu'ils grandissent dans le béton et tout ce qu'ils savent est la réalité virtuelle, sans possibilité d'aller s'allonger au soleil ou dans la forêt. , avec les taches de soleil tachetées descendant de la canopée au-dessus. As I was traveling around the world, you know, I had to leave the forest -- that’s where I love to be. Mientras viajaba por todo el mundo, ya sabes, tuve que abandonar el bosque, ahí es donde me encanta estar. I had to leave these fascinating chimpanzees for my students and field staff to continue studying because, finding they dwindled from about two million 100 years ago to about 150,000 now, I knew I had to leave the forest to do what I could to raise awareness around the world. Tuve que dejar a estos chimpancés fascinantes para que mis estudiantes y el personal de campo continúen estudiando porque, al descubrir que disminuyeron de unos dos millones hace 100 años a unos 150,000 ahora, sabía que tenía que abandonar el bosque para hacer lo que pudiera para crear conciencia el mundo. And the more I talked about the chimpanzees' plight, the more I realized the fact that everything’s interconnected, and the problems of the developing world so often stem from the greed of the developed world, and everything was joining together, and making -- not sense, hope lies in sense, you said -- it’s making a nonsense. Y cuanto más hablé sobre la difícil situación de los chimpancés, más me di cuenta del hecho de que todo está interconectado y que los problemas del mundo en desarrollo se derivan a menudo de la codicia del mundo desarrollado, y todo se unía, y no sentido, la esperanza reside en el sentido, dijiste, está haciendo un disparate. Et plus je parlais de la situation difficile des chimpanzés, plus je réalisais que tout était interconnecté et que les problèmes du monde en développement découlaient si souvent de la cupidité du monde développé, et tout se réunissait, et faisait - pas le sens, l'espoir réside dans le sens, vous avez dit - cela fait un non-sens. How can we do it? Somebody said that yesterday. And as I was traveling around, I kept meeting young people who’d lost hope. Y mientras viajaba por ahí, seguía encontrando a jóvenes que habían perdido la esperanza. They were feeling despair, they were feeling, "Well, it doesn’t matter what we do; eat, drink and be merry, for tomorrow we die. Se sentían desesperados, sentían: "Bueno, no importa lo que hagamos; comamos, bebamos y estemos contentos, porque mañana morimos". Everything is hopeless -- we’re always being told so by the media." Todo es inútil, siempre nos lo dicen los medios ". And then I met some who were angry, and anger that can turn to violence, and we’re all familiar with that. Y luego conocí a algunos que estaban enojados, y un enojo que puede convertirse en violencia, y todos estamos familiarizados con eso. And I have three little grandchildren, and when some of these students would say to me at high school or university, they’d say, "We’re angry," or "We’re filled with despair, because we feel you’ve compromised our future, and there’s nothing we can do about it." Y tengo tres nietos, y cuando algunos de estos estudiantes me decían en la escuela secundaria o en la universidad, decían: "Estamos enojados" o "Estamos llenos de desesperación, porque sentimos que comprometió nuestro futuro, y no hay nada que podamos hacer al respecto ". And I looked in the eyes of my little grandchildren, and think how much we’ve harmed this planet since I was their age. Y miré a los ojos de mis nietos, y pensé en lo mucho que hemos dañado este planeta desde que tenía su edad. I feel this deep shame, and that’s why in 1991 in Tanzania, I started a program that’s called Roots and Shoots. Siento una profunda vergüenza, y es por eso que en 1991, en Tanzania, comencé un programa que se llama Raíces y Brotes. Je ressens cette profonde honte, et c'est pourquoi en 1991, en Tanzanie, j'ai lancé un programme qui s'appelle Roots and Shoots. There’s little brochures all around outside, and if any of you have anything to do with children and care about their future, I beg that you pick up that brochure. Hay pequeños folletos alrededor, y si alguno de ustedes tiene algo que ver con los niños y se preocupa por su futuro, le ruego que retire ese folleto. And Roots and Shoots is a program for hope. Roots make a firm foundation. Las raíces forman una base firme. Shoots seem tiny, but to reach the sun they can break through brick walls. Los brotes parecen pequeños, pero para alcanzar el sol pueden atravesar las paredes de ladrillo. Les pousses semblent minuscules, mais pour atteindre le soleil, elles peuvent percer les murs de briques. See the brick walls as all the problems that we’ve inflicted on this planet. Vea las paredes de ladrillo como todos los problemas que hemos infligido en este planeta. Then, you see, it is a message of hope. Hundreds and thousands of young people around the world can break through, and can make this a better world. Cientos y miles de jóvenes en todo el mundo pueden abrirse paso y hacer de este un mundo mejor. And the most important message of Roots and Shoots is that every single individual makes a difference. Every individual has a role to play. Every one of us impacts the world around us everyday, and you scientists know that you can’t actually -- even if you stay in bed all day, you’re breathing oxygen and giving out CO2, and probably going to the loo, and things like that -- you’re making a difference in the world. Cada uno de nosotros tiene un impacto en el mundo que nos rodea todos los días, y sus científicos saben que en realidad no pueden hacerlo, incluso si se quedan en la cama todo el día, respiran oxígeno y emiten CO2, y probablemente van al baño. Cosas así, estás haciendo una diferencia en el mundo. So, the Roots and Shoots program involves youth in three kinds of projects. And these are projects to make the world around them a better place. One project to show care and concern for your own human community. Un proyecto para mostrar cuidado y preocupación por su propia comunidad humana. Один проект, чтобы показать заботу и заботу о вашем собственном человеческом сообществе. One for animals, including domestic animals -- and I have to say, I learned everything I know about animal behavior even before I got to Gombe and the chimps from my dog, Rusty, who was my childhood companion. Una para animales, incluidos los animales domésticos, y debo decir que aprendí todo lo que sé sobre el comportamiento de los animales incluso antes de llegar a Gombe y los chimpancés de mi perro, Rusty, que fue mi compañero de la infancia. And the third kind of project: something for the local environment. So what the kids do depends first of all, how old are they -- and we go now from pre-school right through university. Entonces, lo que hacen los niños depende en primer lugar, de qué edad tienen, y ahora pasamos de la educación preescolar hasta la universidad. It’s going to depend whether they’re inner-city or rural. Dependerá de si son ciudades o zonas rurales. It’s going to depend if they’re wealthy or impoverished. Dependerá de si son ricos o están empobrecidos. Cela dépendra s'ils sont riches ou pauvres. It’s going to depend which part, say, of America they’re in. We’re in every state now, and the problems in Florida are different from the problems in New York. It’s going to depend on which country they’re in -- and we’re already in 60-plus countries, with about 5,000 active groups -- and there are groups all over the place that I keep hearing about that I’ve never even heard of, because the kids are taking the program and spreading it themselves. Dependerá del país en el que se encuentren, y ya estamos en más de 60 países, con aproximadamente 5,000 grupos activos, y hay grupos por todos lados que escucho que nunca he visto. Escuché, porque los niños están tomando el programa y lo están difundiendo ellos mismos. Why? Because they’re buying into it, and they’re the ones who get to decide what they’re going to do. Porque están comprando, y son ellos quienes deciden lo que van a hacer. Потому что они покупаются на это, и именно они решают, что им делать. It isn’t something that their parents tell them, or their teachers tell them. No es algo que sus padres les digan, o sus maestros les digan. That’s effective, but if they decide themselves, "We want to clean this river and put the fish back that used to be there. We want to clear away the toxic soil from this area and have an organic garden. Queremos eliminar el suelo tóxico de esta área y tener un jardín orgánico. We want to go and spend time with the old people and hear their stories and record their oral histories. We want to go and work in a dog shelter. Queremos ir a trabajar en un refugio para perros. We want to learn about animals. We want ... " You know, it goes on and on, and this is very hopeful for me. Queremos ... "Ya sabes, sigue y sigue, y esto es muy esperanzador para mí. As I travel around the world 300 days a year, everywhere there’s a group of Roots and Shoots of different ages. Everywhere there are children with shining eyes saying, "Look at the difference we’ve made." And now comes the technology into it, because with this new way of communicating electronically these kids can communicate with each other around the world. Y ahora viene la tecnología, porque con esta nueva forma de comunicación electrónica, estos niños pueden comunicarse entre sí en todo el mundo. And if anyone is interested to help us, we’ve got so many ideas but we need help -- we need help to create the right kind of system that will help these young people to communicate their excitement. Y si alguien está interesado en ayudarnos, tenemos muchas ideas pero necesitamos ayuda; necesitamos ayuda para crear el tipo correcto de sistema que ayudará a estos jóvenes a comunicar su entusiasmo. But also -- and this is so important -- to communicate their despair, to say, "We’ve tried this and it doesn’t work, and what shall we do?" Pero también, y esto es muy importante, para comunicar su desesperación, para decir: "Hemos intentado esto y no funciona, ¿y qué haremos?" And then, lo and behold, there’s another group answering these kids who may be in America, or maybe this is a group in Israel, saying, "Yeah, you did it a little bit wrong. Y luego, he aquí, hay otro grupo que responde a estos niños que pueden estar en Estados Unidos, o tal vez este es un grupo en Israel que dice: "Sí, lo hiciste un poco mal. This is how you should do it." The philosophy is very simple. We do not believe in violence. No violence, no bombs, no guns. That’s not the way to solve problems. Violence leads to violence, at least in my view. So how do we solve? Entonces, ¿cómo resolvemos? The tools for solving the problems are knowledge and understanding. Las herramientas para resolver los problemas son el conocimiento y la comprensión. Know the facts, but see how they fit in the big picture. Conozca los hechos, pero vea cómo encajan en el panorama general. Hard work and persistence --don’t give up -- and love and compassion leading to respect for all life. Trabajo duro y persistencia, no renunciar, y amor y compasión que llevan al respeto por toda la vida. How many more minutes? Two, one? Chris Anderson: One -- one to two. Jane Goodall: Two, two, I’m going to take two. (Laughter) Are you going to come and drag me off? (Risas) ¿Vas a venir y arrastrarme? (Смех) Вы собираетесь прийти и утащить меня? (Laughter) Anyway -- so basically, Roots and Shoots is beginning to change young people’s lives. (Risas) De todos modos, básicamente, Roots and Shoots está empezando a cambiar la vida de los jóvenes. (Смех) Так или иначе, по сути, «Корни и побеги» начинают менять жизни молодых людей. It’s what I’m devoting most of my energy to. Es a lo que estoy dedicando la mayor parte de mi energía. And I believe that a group like this can have a very major impact, not just because you can share technology with us, but because so many of you have children. And if you take this program out, and give it to your children, they have such a good opportunity to go out and do good, because they’ve got parents like you. Y si saca este programa y se lo da a sus hijos, tienen una buena oportunidad para salir y hacer el bien, porque tienen padres como usted. And it’s been so clear how much you all care about trying to make this world a better place. Y ha quedado tan claro cuánto les importa a todos ustedes tratar de hacer de este mundo un lugar mejor. It’s very encouraging. But the kids do ask me -- and this won’t take more than two minutes, I promise -- the kids say, "Dr. Jane, do you really have hope for the future? Pero los niños me preguntan, y esto no demorará más de dos minutos, lo prometo. Los niños dicen: "Dra. Jane, ¿realmente tiene esperanzas para el futuro? You travel, you see all these horrible things happening." Firstly, the human brain -- I don’t need to say anything about that. En primer lugar, el cerebro humano: no necesito decir nada al respecto. Now that we know what the problems are around the world, human brains like yours are rising to solve those problems. Ahora que sabemos cuáles son los problemas en todo el mundo, los cerebros humanos como los suyos se están levantando para resolver esos problemas. And we’ve talked a lot about that. Secondly, the resilience of nature. We can destroy a river, and we can bring it back to life. We can see a whole area desolated, and it can be brought back to bloom again, with time or a little help. Nous pouvons voir toute une zone désolée, et elle peut être ramenée à la floraison, avec du temps ou un peu d'aide. And thirdly, the last speaker talked about -- or the speaker before last, talked about the indomitable human spirit. We are surrounded by the most amazing people who do things that seem to be absolutely impossible. Nelson Mandela -- I take a little piece of limestone from Robben Island Prison, where he labored for 27 years, and came out with so little bitterness, he could lead his people from the horror of apartheid without a bloodbath. Nelson Mandela: Tomo un pedacito de piedra caliza de la prisión de Robben Island, donde trabajó durante 27 años, y salió con tan poca amargura que pudo sacar a su gente del horror del apartheid sin un baño de sangre. Even after the 11th of September -- and I was in New York and I felt the fear -- nevertheless, there was so much human courage, so much love and so much compassion. And then as I went around the country after that and felt the fear -- the fear that was leading to people feeling they couldn’t worry about the environment any more, in case they seemed not to be patriotic -- and I was trying to encourage them, somebody came up with a little quotation from Mahatma Gandhi, "If you look back through human history, you see that every evil regime has been overcome by good." And just after that a woman brought me this little bell, and I want to end on this note. Y justo después de eso, una mujer me trajo esta campanita y quiero terminar con esta nota. She said, "If you’re talking about hope and peace, ring this. Ella dijo: "Si estás hablando de esperanza y paz, llama a esto. This bell is made from metal from a defused landmine, from the killing fields of Pol Pot -- one of the most evil regimes in human history -- where people are now beginning to put their lives back together after the regime has crumbled. Esta campana está hecha de metal de una mina terrestre desactivada, de los campos de exterminio de Pol Pot, uno de los regímenes más malvados de la historia de la humanidad, donde las personas ahora están empezando a reconstruir sus vidas después de que el régimen se haya derrumbado. Cette cloche est fabriquée à partir de métal provenant d'une mine terrestre désamorcée, des champs meurtriers de Pol Pot - l'un des régimes les plus pervers de l'histoire de l'humanité - où les gens commencent maintenant à reconstruire leur vie après que le régime se soit effondré. So, yes, there is hope, and where is the hope? Entonces, sí, hay esperanza, y ¿dónde está la esperanza? Is it out there with the politicians? ¿Está ahí afuera con los políticos? It’s in our hands. It’s in your hands and my hands and those of our children. It’s really up to us. Realmente depende de nosotros. We’re the ones who can make a difference. If we lead lives where we consciously leave the lightest possible ecological footprints, if we buy the things that are ethical for us to buy and don’t buy the things that are not, we can change the world overnight. Si llevamos vidas donde conscientemente dejamos las huellas ecológicas más ligeras posibles, si compramos las cosas que son éticas para que compramos y no compramos las que no lo son, podemos cambiar el mundo de la noche a la mañana. Если мы будем вести образ жизни, сознательно оставляя как можно меньше экологических следов, если мы будем покупать то, что для нас этично, и не покупать то, что не этично, мы сможем изменить мир за одну ночь. Thank you.