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TED, GREG GAGE Electrical experiments with plants that count and communicate

GREG GAGE Electrical experiments with plants that count and communicate

00:27 I'm a neuroscientist, and I'm the co-founder of Backyard Brains, and our mission is to train the next generation of neuroscientists by taking graduate-level neuroscience research equipment and making it available for kids in middle schools and high schools. 00:27 And so when we go into the classroom, one way to get them thinking about the brain, which is very complex, is to ask them a very simple question about neuroscience, and that is, "What has a brain? " When we ask that, students will instantly tell you that their cat or dog has a brain, and most will say that a mouse or even a small insect has a brain, but almost nobody says that a plant or a tree or a shrub has a brain. And so when you push -- because this could actually help describe a little bit how the brain actually functions -- so you push and say,"Well, what is it that makes living things have brains versus not? " And often they'll come back with the classification that things that move tend to have brains. And that's absolutely correct. Our nervous system evolved because it is electrical. It's fast, so we can quickly respond to stimuli in the world and move if we need to. But you can go back and push back on a student, and say, "Well, you know, you say that plants don't have brains, but plants do move. " Anyone who has grown a plant has noticed that the plant will move and face the sun. But they'll say, "But that's a slow movement. You know, that doesn't count. That could be a chemical process. " But what about fast-moving plants? 01:42 Now, in 1760, Arthur Dobbs, the Royal Governor of North Carolina, made a pretty fascinating discovery. In the swamps behind his house, he found a plant that would spring shut every time a bug would fall in between it. He called this plant the flytrap, and within a decade, it made its way over to Europe, where eventually the great Charles Darwin got to study this plant, and this plant absolutely blew him away. He called it the most wonderful plant in the world.This is a plant that was an evolutionary wonder. This is a plant that moves quickly, which is rare, and it's carnivorous, which is also rare. And this is in the same plant. But I'm here today to tell you that's not even the coolest thing about this plant. The coolest thing is that the plant can count.

02:30 So in order to show that, we have to get some vocabulary out of the way. So I'm going to do what we do in the classroom with students. We're going to do an experiment on electrophysiology, which is the recording of the body's electrical signal, either coming from neurons or from muscles. And I'm putting some electrodes here on my wrists. As I hook them up, we're going to be able to see a signal on the screen here. And this signal may be familiar to you. It's called the EKG, or the electrocardiogram. And this is coming from neurons in my heart that are firing what's called action potentials, potential meaning voltage and action meaning it moves quickly up and down, which causes my heart to fire, which then causes the signal that you see here. And so I want you to remember the shape of what we'll be looking at right here, because this is going to be important. This is a way that the brain encodes information in the form of an action potential.

03:21 So now let's turn to some plants. So I'm going to first introduce you to the mimosa, not the drink, but the Mimosa pudica, and this is a plant that's found in Central America and South America, and it has behaviors. And the first behavior I'm going to show you is if I touch the leaves here, you get to see that the leaves tend to curl up. And then the second behavior is, if I tap the leaf, the entire branch seems to fall down. So why does it do that? It's not really known to science. One of the reasons why could be that it scares away insects or it looks less appealing to herbivores. But how does it do that? Now, that's interesting.We can do an experiment to find out. 04:04 So what we're going to do now, just like I recorded the electrical potential from my body, we're going to record the electrical potential from this plant, this mimosa. And so what we're going to do is I've got a wire wrapped around the stem, and I've got the ground electrode where? In the ground. It's an electrical engineering joke. Alright.

04:25 (Laughter)

04:26 Alright. So I'm going to go ahead and tap the leaf here, and I want you to look at the electrical recording that we're going to see inside the plant. Whoa. It is so big, I've got to scale it down. Alright.

So what is that? That is an action potential that is happening inside the plant. Why was it happening? Because it wanted to move. Right? And so when I hit the touch receptors, it sent a voltage all the way down to the end of the stem, which caused it to move. And now, in our arms, we would move our muscles, but the plant doesn't have muscles. What it has is water inside the cells and when the voltage hits it, it opens up, releases the water, changes the shape of the cells, and the leaf falls.

05:04 OK. So here we see an action potential encoding information to move. Alright? But can it do more? So let's go to find out. We're going to go to our good friend, the Venus flytrap here, and we're going to take a look at what happens inside the leaf when a fly lands on here. So I'm going to pretend to be a fly right now. And now here's my Venus flytrap, and inside the leaf, you're going to notice that there are three little hairs here, and those are trigger hairs. And so when a fly lands --I'm going to touch one of the hairs right now. Ready? One, two, three. What do we get? We get a beautiful action potential. However, the flytrap doesn't close.And to understand why that is, we need to know a little bit more about the behavior of the flytrap. Number one is that it takes a long time to open the traps back up -- you know, about 24 to 48 hours if there's no fly inside of it. And so it takes a lot of energy. And two, it doesn't need to eat that many flies throughout the year. Only a handful. It gets most of its energy from the sun. It's just trying to replace some nutrients in the ground with flies. And the third thing is, it only opens then closes the traps a handful of times until that trap dies. So therefore, it wants to make really darn sure that there's a meal inside of it before the flytrap snaps shut. So how does it do that? It counts the number of seconds between successive touching of those hairs. And so the idea is that there's a high probability, if there's a fly inside of there, that it's going to be clicked together, and so when it gets the first action potential, it starts counting, one, two, and if it gets to 20 and it doesn't fire again, then it's not going to close, but if it does it within there, then the flytrap will close. 06:45 So we're going to go back now. I'm going to touch the Venus flytrap again. I've been talking for more than 20 seconds. So we can see what happens when I touch the hair a second time. So what do we get? We get a second action potential, but again, the leaf doesn't close. So now if I go back in there and if I'm a fly moving around, I'm going to be touching the leaf a few times. I'm going to go and brush it a few times. And immediately, the flytrap closes. So here we are seeing the flytrap actually doing a computation. It's determining if there's a fly inside the trap, and then it closes. 07:20 So let's go back to our original question. Do plants have brains? Well, the answer is no. There's no brains in here. There's no axons, no neurons. It doesn't get depressed. It doesn't want to know what the Tigers' score is. It doesn't have self-actualization problems. But what it does have is something that's very similar to us, which is the ability to communicate using electricity. It just uses slightly different ions than we do, but it's actually doing the same thing. So just to show you the ubiquitous nature of these action potentials, we saw it in the Venus flytrap, we've seen an action potential in the mimosa. We've even seen an action potential in a human. 08:01 Now, this is the euro of the brain. It's the way that all information is passed. And so what we can do is we can use those action potentials to pass information between species of plants. And so this is our interspecies plant-to-plant communicator, and what we've done is we've created a brand new experiment where we're going to record the action potential from a Venus flytrap, and we're going to send it into the sensitive mimosa. 08:27 So I want you to recall what happens when we touch the leaves of the mimosa.It has touch receptors that are sending that information back down in the form of an action potential. And so what would happen if we took the action potential from the Venus flytrap and sent it into all the stems of the mimosa? We should be able to create the behavior of the mimosas without actually touching it ourselves.

08:49 And so if you'll allow me, I'm going to go ahead and trigger this mimosa right now by touching on the hairs of the Venus flytrap. So we're going to send information about touch from one plant to another. 09:06 So there you see it. So --

09:09 (Applause)

09:15 So I hope you learned a little bit, something about plants today, and not only that. You learned that plants could be used to help teach neuroscience and bring along the neurorevolution.

09:24 Thank you.

09:26 (Applause)


GREG GAGE Electrical experiments with plants that count and communicate GREG GAGE التجارب الكهربائية مع النباتات التي تعد وتتواصل GREG GAGE Elektrische Experimente mit Pflanzen, die zählen und kommunizieren GREG GAGE Electrical experiments with plants that count and communicate GREG GAGE Experimentos eléctricos con plantas que cuentan y se comunican GREG GAGE Des expériences électriques avec des plantes qui comptent et communiquent GREG GAGE Esperimenti elettrici con piante che contano e comunicano GREG GAGE 数を数え、コミュニケーションする植物の電気実験 GREG GAGE Eksperymenty elektryczne z roślinami, które liczą i komunikują się GREG GAGE Experiências eléctricas com plantas que contam e comunicam GREG GAGE Электрические эксперименты с растениями, которые считают и общаются GREG GAGE Sayan ve iletişim kuran bitkilerle elektrik deneyleri GREG GAGE 用能够计数和交流的植物进行电学实验 GREG GAGE 以能夠計數和交流的植物進行電學實驗

00:27 I'm a neuroscientist, and I'm the co-founder of Backyard Brains, and our mission is to train the next generation of neuroscientists by taking graduate-level neuroscience research equipment and making it available for kids in middle schools and high schools. 00:27 And so when we go into the classroom, one way to get them thinking about the brain, which is very complex, is to ask them a very simple question about neuroscience, and that is, "What has a brain? " When we ask that, students will instantly tell you that their cat or dog has a brain, and most will say that a mouse or even a small insect has a brain, but almost nobody says that a plant or a tree or a shrub has a brain. Когда мы спрашиваем об этом, ученики тут же скажут вам, что у их кошки или собаки есть мозг, и большинство скажет, что у мыши или даже у маленького насекомого есть мозг, но почти никто не скажет, что у растения, дерева или куста есть мозг. мозг. And so when you push -- because this could actually help describe a little bit how the brain actually functions -- so you push and say,"Well, what is it that makes living things have brains versus not? " And often they'll come back with the classification that things that move tend to have brains. "И часто они возвращаются с классификацией, согласно которой движущиеся существа имеют мозг. And that's absolutely correct. Our nervous system evolved because it is electrical. Наша нервная система эволюционировала, потому что она электрическая. It's fast, so we can quickly respond to stimuli in the world and move if we need to. But you can go back and push back on a student, and say, "Well, you know, you say that plants don't have brains, but plants do move. Mas podemos voltar atrás e insistir com um aluno e dizer: "Bem, sabes, dizes que as plantas não têm cérebro, mas as plantas movem-se. " Anyone who has grown a plant has noticed that the plant will move and face the sun. " Qualquer pessoa que tenha cultivado uma planta já reparou que a planta se move e fica virada para o sol. But they'll say, "But that's a slow movement. You know, that doesn't count. That could be a chemical process. " But what about fast-moving plants? 01:42 Now, in 1760, Arthur Dobbs, the Royal Governor of North Carolina, made a pretty fascinating discovery. 01:42 Итак, в 1760 году Артур Доббс, королевский губернатор Северной Каролины, сделал довольно увлекательное открытие. In the swamps behind his house, he found a plant that would spring shut every time a bug would fall in between it. В болотах за своим домом он нашел растение, которое закрывалось каждый раз, когда между ним попадала насекомое. He called this plant the flytrap, and within a decade, it made its way over to Europe, where eventually the great Charles Darwin got to study this plant, and this plant absolutely blew him away. Он назвал это растение мухоловкой, и в течение десяти лет оно попало в Европу, где, в конце концов, великий Чарльз Дарвин начал изучать это растение, и это растение поразило его. He called it the most wonderful plant in the world.This is a plant that was an evolutionary wonder. This is a plant that moves quickly, which is rare, and it's carnivorous, which is also rare. Это быстро передвигающееся растение, что редкость, и плотоядное, что тоже редкость. And this is in the same plant. But I'm here today to tell you that's not even the coolest thing about this plant. The coolest thing is that the plant can count.

02:30 So in order to show that, we have to get some vocabulary out of the way. So I'm going to do what we do in the classroom with students. We're going to do an experiment on electrophysiology, which is the recording of the body's electrical signal, either coming from neurons or from muscles. And I'm putting some electrodes here on my wrists. И я надену несколько электродов на свои запястья. As I hook them up, we're going to be able to see a signal on the screen here. And this signal may be familiar to you. It's called the EKG, or the electrocardiogram. And this is coming from neurons in my heart that are firing what's called action potentials, potential meaning voltage and action meaning it moves quickly up and down, which causes my heart to fire, which then causes the signal that you see here. And so I want you to remember the shape of what we'll be looking at right here, because this is going to be important. This is a way that the brain encodes information in the form of an action potential.

03:21 So now let's turn to some plants. So I'm going to first introduce you to the mimosa, not the drink, but the Mimosa pudica, and this is a plant that's found in Central America and South America, and it has behaviors. And the first behavior I'm going to show you is if I touch the leaves here, you get to see that the leaves tend to curl up. И первое поведение, которое я собираюсь показать вам, это если я коснусь листьев здесь, вы увидите, что листья имеют тенденцию скручиваться. And then the second behavior is, if I tap the leaf, the entire branch seems to fall down. So why does it do that? It's not really known to science. One of the reasons why could be that it scares away insects or it looks less appealing to herbivores. Одной из причин может быть то, что он отпугивает насекомых или выглядит менее привлекательным для травоядных. But how does it do that? Now, that's interesting.We can do an experiment to find out. 04:04 So what we're going to do now, just like I recorded the electrical potential from my body, we're going to record the electrical potential from this plant, this mimosa. And so what we're going to do is I've got a wire wrapped around the stem, and I've got the ground electrode where? Итак, что мы собираемся сделать: я намотал проволоку на стержень, и где у меня есть заземляющий электрод? In the ground. В земле. It's an electrical engineering joke. Alright.

04:25 (Laughter)

04:26 Alright. So I'm going to go ahead and tap the leaf here, and I want you to look at the electrical recording that we're going to see inside the plant. Whoa. It is so big, I've got to scale it down. Alright.

So what is that? That is an action potential that is happening inside the plant. Why was it happening? Because it wanted to move. Right? And so when I hit the touch receptors, it sent a voltage all the way down to the end of the stem, which caused it to move. Поэтому, когда я нажимал на сенсорные рецепторы, напряжение посылалось вплоть до конца стержня, что заставляло его двигаться. And now, in our arms, we would move our muscles, but the plant doesn't have muscles. What it has is water inside the cells and when the voltage hits it, it opens up, releases the water, changes the shape of the cells, and the leaf falls. У него есть вода внутри клеток, и когда на него попадает напряжение, он открывается, высвобождает воду, меняет форму клеток, и лист падает.

05:04 OK. So here we see an action potential encoding information to move. Alright? But can it do more? So let's go to find out. We're going to go to our good friend, the Venus flytrap here, and we're going to take a look at what happens inside the leaf when a fly lands on here. Мы собираемся пойти к нашему хорошему другу, венериной мухоловке, и посмотрим, что происходит внутри листа, когда сюда приземляется муха. So I'm going to pretend to be a fly right now. And now here's my Venus flytrap, and inside the leaf, you're going to notice that there are three little hairs here, and those are trigger hairs. А теперь вот моя Венерина мухоловка, и внутри листа вы заметите, что здесь есть три маленьких волоска, и это триггерные волоски. And so when a fly lands --I'm going to touch one of the hairs right now. Ready? One, two, three. What do we get? We get a beautiful action potential. However, the flytrap doesn't close.And to understand why that is, we need to know a little bit more about the behavior of the flytrap. Однако мухоловка не закрывается. И чтобы понять, почему это так, нам нужно немного больше узнать о поведении мухоловки. Number one is that it takes a long time to open the traps back up -- you know, about 24 to 48 hours if there's no fly inside of it. Во-первых, требуется много времени, чтобы снова открыть ловушки — вы знаете, от 24 до 48 часов, если в них нет мух. And so it takes a lot of energy. And two, it doesn't need to eat that many flies throughout the year. Only a handful. Только горстка. It gets most of its energy from the sun. It's just trying to replace some nutrients in the ground with flies. Он просто пытается заменить некоторые питательные вещества в земле мухами. And the third thing is, it only opens then closes the traps a handful of times until that trap dies. И в-третьих, он только открывает, а затем закрывает ловушки несколько раз, пока эта ловушка не умрет. So therefore, it wants to make really darn sure that there's a meal inside of it before the flytrap snaps shut. Поэтому он хочет убедиться, что внутри есть еда, прежде чем мухоловка захлопнется. So how does it do that? It counts the number of seconds between successive touching of those hairs. Он подсчитывает количество секунд между последовательными прикосновениями к этим волоскам. And so the idea is that there's a high probability, if there's a fly inside of there, that it's going to be clicked together, and so when it gets the first action potential, it starts counting, one, two, and if it gets to 20 and it doesn't fire again, then it's not going to close, but if it does it within there, then the flytrap will close. Итак, идея состоит в том, что существует высокая вероятность того, что если внутри есть муха, она щелкнет вместе, и поэтому, когда она получит первый потенциал действия, она начнет считать раз, два, и если она доберется до 20 и не выстрелит снова, то и не закроется, а если внутри там выстрелит, то мухоловка закроется. 06:45 So we're going to go back now. I'm going to touch the Venus flytrap again. Я снова прикоснусь к венериной мухоловке. I've been talking for more than 20 seconds. So we can see what happens when I touch the hair a second time. So what do we get? We get a second action potential, but again, the leaf doesn't close. So now if I go back in there and if I'm a fly moving around, I'm going to be touching the leaf a few times. I'm going to go and brush it a few times. And immediately, the flytrap closes. И тут же мухоловка закрывается. So here we are seeing the flytrap actually doing a computation. Итак, здесь мы видим, как мухоловка действительно выполняет вычисления. It's determining if there's a fly inside the trap, and then it closes. Он определяет, есть ли муха внутри ловушки, и затем она закрывается. 07:20 So let's go back to our original question. Do plants have brains? Well, the answer is no. There's no brains in here. There's no axons, no neurons. It doesn't get depressed. It doesn't want to know what the Tigers' score is. It doesn't have self-actualization problems. But what it does have is something that's very similar to us, which is the ability to communicate using electricity. It just uses slightly different ions than we do, but it's actually doing the same thing. So just to show you the ubiquitous nature of these action potentials, we saw it in the Venus flytrap, we've seen an action potential in the mimosa. Итак, просто чтобы показать вам вездесущую природу этих потенциалов действия, мы видели это в венериной мухоловке, мы видели потенциал действия в мимозе. We've even seen an action potential in a human. 08:01 Now, this is the euro of the brain. It's the way that all information is passed. And so what we can do is we can use those action potentials to pass information between species of plants. And so this is our interspecies plant-to-plant communicator, and what we've done is we've created a brand new experiment where we're going to record the action potential from a Venus flytrap, and we're going to send it into the sensitive mimosa. Et donc c'est notre communicateur inter-espèces plante à plante, et ce que nous avons fait, c'est que nous avons créé une toute nouvelle expérience où nous allons enregistrer le potentiel d'action d'un piège à mouches Vénus, et nous allons envoyer dans le mimosa sensible. Итак, это наш межвидовой коммуникатор между растениями, и мы создали совершенно новый эксперимент, в котором мы собираемся записать потенциал действия венериной мухоловки, и мы собираемся отправить в чувствительную мимозу. 08:27 So I want you to recall what happens when we touch the leaves of the mimosa.It has touch receptors that are sending that information back down in the form of an action potential. 08:27 Итак, я хочу, чтобы вы вспомнили, что происходит, когда мы прикасаемся к листьям мимозы. У нее есть тактильные рецепторы, которые посылают эту информацию обратно в виде потенциала действия. And so what would happen if we took the action potential from the Venus flytrap and sent it into all the stems of the mimosa? Итак, что произойдет, если мы возьмем потенциал действия венериной мухоловки и направим его на все стебли мимозы? We should be able to create the behavior of the mimosas without actually touching it ourselves.

08:49 And so if you'll allow me, I'm going to go ahead and trigger this mimosa right now by touching on the hairs of the Venus flytrap. 08:49 Итак, если вы позволите мне, я собираюсь пойти дальше и вызвать эту мимозу прямо сейчас, прикоснувшись к волоскам венериной мухоловки. So we're going to send information about touch from one plant to another. 09:06 So there you see it. So --

09:09 (Applause)

09:15 So I hope you learned a little bit, something about plants today, and not only that. You learned that plants could be used to help teach neuroscience and bring along the neurorevolution.

09:24 Thank you.

09:26 (Applause)