Angry: All about feelings (1) Wütend: Alles über Gefühle (1) Enfadado: Todo sobre los sentimientos (1) Arrabbiato: Tutto sui sentimenti (1) 怒っている：感情のすべて (1) Zangado: Tudo sobre sentimentos (1) Сердитый: Все о чувствах (1) Kızgın: Duygular hakkında her şey (1) Злий: Все про почуття (1) 愤怒：关于感情（一） 愤怒关于感受 (1)

**DaCari**: You're listening to Brains ON where we're serious about being curious. DaCari：你正在听 Brains ON，我们认真对待好奇。

**Kid:** Brains On is supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation. Kid: Brains On 得到了美国国家科学基金会的部分资助。

**Announcer**: Previously on Brains On… 播音员：以前在 Brains On...

**Marc**: HARVEY, all my life I wanted to be Alpaca Jack. Marc: HARVEY, all my life I wanted to be Alpaca Jack. Marco: HARVEY, toda a minha vida quis ser o Jack Alpaca. 马克：哈维，我一生都想成为羊驼杰克。

**HARVEY**: Sanden will soon star in Fleece of Mind, the next Alpaca Jack play. HARVEY: Sanden vai em breve ser a estrela de Fleece of Mind, a próxima peça de Alpaca Jack. 哈维：桑登很快将出演下一部《羊驼杰克》（Fleece of Mind）。

**Marc**: Yeah. I tried out for that part too. Também fiz um teste para esse papel. 我也尝试过那部分。 Losing this part feels like I've lost everything. Perder esta parte é como se tivesse perdido tudo. 失去这部分感觉就像我失去了一切。

**Sanden**: Oh Hey Marc — can I have a sip of your water? 桑登：哦，嘿，马克——我可以喝一口你的水吗？

**Marc**: Um. It's actually pickle-ade. It's actually pickle-ade. De facto, é pickle-ade. 其实就是泡菜。

**Sanden**: Even better! This all grass diet I'm on to prep to play alpaca jack is really drying out my mouth. This all grass diet I'm on to prep to play alpaca jack is really drying out my mouth. Esta dieta só de erva que estou a fazer para me preparar para jogar ao jack de alpaca está a secar a minha boca. 我准备玩羊驼杰克的这种全草饮食真的让我口干舌燥。 I want to be sure I can enunciate all my lines. Quero ter a certeza de que consigo enunciar todas as minhas falas. 我想确保我能说出我所有的台词。 You know, can't have a raspy star on stage, can we? You know, can't have a raspy star on stage, can we? Sabes, não podemos ter uma estrela rouca em palco, pois não? 你知道，舞台上不能有一个粗暴的明星，可以吗？

**Marc**: Here.

**Sanden**: Thank you! Nothing like a bit of brine to prep for a top notch performance. Nada como um pouco de salmoura para preparar um desempenho de topo. (gulp gulp gulp gulp) Ah. (jar lid screwing on) And, there's your jar, good sir. (tampa do frasco a enroscar) E aqui está o seu frasco, bom senhor.

**Marc**: Sanden!! I didn't say you could drink it all, Just a sip!!! Eu não disse que se podia beber tudo, só um golo!!! !

**Sanden**: Gotta go.

**Marc**: AND IT'S JUST A REHEARSAL! Marco: E é só um ensaio! !

(Door open, then Slam) (Porta aberta, depois batida)

**Marc**: Arrgghhhh! Marc: Arrgghhhh!

**HARVEY**: Hello Marc! I detect the door was shut with more force than usual. Did you replace it with one that has more mass? Substituiu-o por um que tem mais massa?

**Marc**: Hey Harvey - sorry to rattle your robo-sensors but it is EXACTLY the same door as always.

**HARVEY**: I see. Then I calculate that you closed it with much greater acceleration.

**Marc**: Yeah. I SLAMMED it BECAUSE I'M ABOUT TO BLOW A FUSE! Bati-lhe porque estava prestes a rebentar um fusível!

**HARVEY**: Oh. Fortunately I have spare fuses in the supply closet.

**Marc**: No. Harvey. I mean this situation with Sanden is making me -- IT'S. SO. UNFAIR. THAT SANDEN GETS TO BE ALPACA JACK IN THE PLAY.

**HARVEY**: You seem to be having strong feelings. My data log shows that we processed your emotions about Alpaca Jack the other day, and you are (beep): sad. Is this more sadness

**Marc**: Ugh. I __was__ sad, at first, But now -- no, I'm just mad.

**HARVEY**: Emotion updated. (plink) What is bothering you about this situation?

**Marc**: Well. I'm upset that ALPACA JACK IS ALL SANDEN WILL TALK ABOUT. Estou aborrecido com o facto de o ALPACA JACK ser o único assunto de que a SANDEN fala. He knows I wanted that part too. Ele sabe que eu também queria essa parte. It's like he's rubbing it in my face! É como se ele estivesse a esfregar isso na minha cara!

**HARVEY**: That sounds…. (sound as if scrolling through emotion words) setting up. (som como se estivesse a percorrer palavras de emoção) a configurar. (bing) I mean, upsetting. (Quero dizer, perturbador. This reminds me of when I encounter a software bug. I simply  reboot my system. I have heard that humans can experience something similar to a reboot when they pause and… take deep breaths.

**Marc**: That's. That's probably a good idea. (inhales and exhales) Thanks, Harvey.

**HARVEY**: Don't thank me. Thank my system update. My operating system now features seventeen databases of information on emotions. O meu sistema operativo tem agora dezassete bases de dados de informação sobre as emoções. And I have also added a kitten keyboard. E acrescentei também um teclado de gatinho. Check it out. Verificar.

(A scale of keyboard meows plays) (Uma escala de miados de teclado toca)

**Marc**: Ha! Hey, that IS helping. More kittens STAT! Mais gatinhos STAT!

(THEME music (but with kitten sounds))

**Molly Bloom:** Welcome to __Brains On!__ I'm from American public media. I'm Molly Bloom and back in the studio with me today is DaCari from Baltimore. Hi DaCari.

**DaCari:** Hi there.

**Molly:** Today's episode is the third in our series on feelings.

**DaCari:** The first episode looks at happiness. It's a joy.

**Molly:** And the second gets into sadness.

**DaCari:** Check them out if you haven't already.

**Molly:** Today we're moving on to a new emotion.

**DaCari:** Anger.

**Molly:** And you have lots of questions.

**Bennett:** My question is how do people get angry?

**Marianne:** Why is it that when you're mad, your brain goes crazy and you'll do stuff you know you're not supposed to?

**Kate:** My question is why do I want to smash things when I'm angry?

**Lucas:** Is there a good evolutionary reason for getting angry and how does it help us?

**Molly:** That was Bennett from Richmond, Ontario, Marianne from Atlanta, Kate from Florida, and Lucas from London, England. When we're angry, it's often because our brain sees something it thinks is a threat.

**DaCari:** After all, one of the brain's main jobs is to protect us from danger.

**Molly:** Right. If your brain interprets something as potentially dangerous, it gets ready for action.

[music]

**Brain:** (sniffs) This brain smells danger and (sniffs) Thai food, but mostly danger.

**DaCari:** We call this fight, flight, or freeze.

**Molly:** Because in a threatening situation, our bodies get ready to try to do one of those things.

**DaCari:** You can fight to defend yourself.

**Brain:** Hands get ready for action.

**Left hand:** Yes sir. Brain sir.

**Right hand:** Just as soon as we.. Mão direita: Assim que nós...

**Left hand:** make this last... Mão esquerda: fazer com que isto dure...

**Both hands**: goal! New high score, high five! Nova pontuação máxima, cinco pontos!

**Left hand:** Ow!

**Right hand:** My face.

**Left hand:** Why do we do that?

**Molly:** You can take flight by running away.

**Brain:** Feet, be ready to run.

**Feet:** Yes sir. We're standing by, or as we call it, just standing. Estamos a aguardar, ou como lhe chamamos, apenas a aguardar.

**DaCari:** Or you can freeze. You feel so threatened, you want to hide or you are not sure what to do next.

**Molly:** This fight, flight or freeze reaction involves natural chemicals inside your body that tell it what to do. __Brains On!__ producer Menaka Wilhelm is here to break it down for us. O produtor de Brains On!, Menaka Wilhelm, está aqui para nos explicar tudo.

**Menaka:** Hey Molly. Hey DaCari.

**DaCari:** Hi.

**Menaka:** And here are my notes hot off the printers. Menaka: E aqui estão as minhas notas, acabadas de sair da impressora. The fight, flight or freeze response is like a reflex. It might happen before you even realize what's going on. And there are two main chemicals involved in this fight, flight or freeze response, adrenaline and cortisol. They're both hormones, chemicals that your body makes to send messages.

Like most things in our body, these chemicals do many different things. In terms of our fight, flight, or freeze response these chemicals are how your brain tells your body: get ready for action. When your emotions kick in, that can ramp up your body's response even more. Quando as emoções entram em ação, isso pode aumentar ainda mais a resposta do seu corpo. And anger is often related to the fight part of that fight, flight or freeze. (paper rustling) Ah! A paper cut! (music and yelling) I hate paper cuts so much!! !

**DaCari:** Uh...Menaka?

**Menaka:** Who's Menaka? I'm Super You Person. I'm the size and shape of a regular person but with more adrenaline and cortisol inside.

**DaCari:** That's quite a name.

**Menaka:** Super-you-man would be a good play on, superhuman but not everyone is a man obviously, duh.

**DaCari:** Super You Person, you seem pretty angry. What's going on?

**Menaka:** That paper sliced me. The teeny-tiny hole that invaded my fingertip, puts my life in danger.

**DaCari:** Ok...

**Molly:** Here, we'll help you fill in this explanation. Let me see your notes. Where were you? Oh right. In fight, flight or freeze mode, our body's reactions change just a little. It says here, play a recording of someone named Uraina Clark. Diz aqui, toca uma gravação de alguém chamado Uraina Clark. Oh. Here it is.

**Uraina Clark:** We'll be able to run faster and farther and act quicker and see more and pay attention to things better and remember things better.

**Molly:** Ok. Uraina studies how stress affects our brains at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Uraina estuda a forma como o stress afecta o nosso cérebro na Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.

**Menaka:** That paper threatens my survival!

**DaCari:** A paper cut isn't really a huge threat but I get that it might feel like that. DaCari: Um corte de papel não é realmente uma grande ameaça, mas percebo que possa parecer isso.

**Molly:** When the brain sees a threat, it sends a message to glands right behind the stomach above the kidneys. The brain tells the glands, "Make hormones."

**Brain:** Hey, adrenal glands, why don't you get some adrenaline going, and while you're at it, get me some cortisol.

**Glands:** You got it, boss. Glândulas: É para já, chefe.

**DaCari:** Hormones are chemicals that tell other parts of the body what to do. There are lots of different hormones.

**Molly:** Cortisol and adrenaline each send slightly different messages.

**Uraina:** Adrenaline's like, "Here we go, we're going right now. Go". Whereas cortisol is like, "I will keep you going. You're going to keep going".

**DaCari:** So, Super You Person, those hormones pumping through your body right now changing how your body acts and how you feel.

**Molly:** Yeah. What's it like?

**Menaka:** Hm. Well,

[music]

**Menaka:** Fast heartbeat, deeper breath, more oxygen, more blood to heart, lungs and limbs. Higher blood sugar, more fuel for muscles and brain. I'm ready to battle the paper.

[music ends]

**Menaka:** I will defeat this threat!!!!! (paper crumpling)

**Molly:** Menaka, do you just want a bandage? Molly: Menaka, queres apenas uma ligadura?

**Menaka:** Huh? Wow. Thank you, Molly.

**DaCari:** That cut should be better in no time. DaCari: Esse corte deve ficar melhor num instante.

**Menaka:** You guys, what happened?

**Molly:** You went into fight, flight or freeze mode when you got that paper cut.

**Menaka:** It happened so fast.

**DaCari:** It is truly an amazing, overwhelming response. DaCari: É de facto uma resposta espantosa e avassaladora.

**Menaka:** That's exactly what Uraina says.

**Uraina:** It's so automatic we don't even know it happens. Uraina: É tão automático que nem nos apercebemos que acontece. Before you even realize that there was a threat, you are ready to fight it. Antes mesmo de nos apercebermos de que existe uma ameaça, estamos prontos para a combater. You're ready to flee it. Está pronto para fugir. Your fight or flight response has already begun. A sua resposta de luta ou fuga já começou.

**DaCari:** And once your body reacts, your emotions can also kick up. DaCari: E assim que o corpo reage, as emoções também podem disparar. Sometimes that feeling of anger can come on so quickly you don't realize what's going on.

**Menaka:** Definitely, wow. I think I'll go take a walk to keep calming down. Acho que vou dar um passeio para me acalmar.

**Molly:** Thanks Menaka and Super You Person.

**DaCari:** Bye.

**Menaka:** Protect yourself from the paper. Later.

[music]

**DaCari:** Some feelings like anger can come on really quickly. It can be overwhelming but the feeling of anger isn't a big, bad thing that you have to avoid or ignore.

**Kaz Nelson:** It is healthy to feel anger and healthy to notice that signal.

**Molly:** That's Kaz Nelson. She's a doctor whose specialty is feelings and mental health at the University of Minnesota. She told us the key is noticing those feelings. Ela disse-nos que o segredo é reparar nesses sentimentos.

**Kaz:** What you want to do is catch it and maybe bring down the intensity of that anger. Kaz: O que se quer fazer é apanhá-la e talvez reduzir a intensidade dessa raiva. If it's not going to be an effective tool in meeting your goals or it might hurt somebody, that's when we have to bring down the intensity of anger. Se não for uma ferramenta eficaz para atingir os seus objectivos ou se puder magoar alguém, é nessa altura que temos de reduzir a intensidade da raiva.

**DaCari:** But once you have your anger, it can also be useful in some cases.

**Kaz:** If you see someone else getting hurt, for example, or someone hurting another person, that might make you feel angry on behalf of that person and they might be justified at that point to use that anger to help fix a system or to correct an injustice that might be happening.

Please know that anger is a flag and a signal and you have to use it carefully but it's not necessarily a bad emotion that has no use.

**Molly:** Later on in this episode, Malika Chopra will share a strategy for taking a break to dial back your anger. Molly: Mais à frente neste episódio, Malika Chopra vai partilhar uma estratégia para fazer uma pausa e reduzir a sua raiva. She's a meditation expert who's sharing some strategies in each episode of our feelings series.

[music]

**DaCari:** Meditation helps a lot of people pause when they have a big feeling.

**Molly:** In terms of what meditation exactly does to us, it's actually a tough question to answer. Molly: Em termos do que a meditação nos faz exatamente, é uma pergunta difícil de responder. Does it change our brains? Here's Alea Skwara who studies meditation at the University of California, Davis.

**Alea:** Meditation does change your brain but so does literally anything else you do. Alea: A meditação muda de facto o cérebro, mas também muda literalmente tudo o que se faz. So does going for a walk. So does practicing an instrument. Anything you do in the world changes your brain. Your brain is very plastic. It's a learning machine, especially kids.

**Molly:** Alea and other scientists have a lot of questions about how meditation and mindfulness affect us.

**DaCari:** And it's kind of tricky to measure the answers to those questions. DaCari: E é um pouco complicado medir as respostas a essas perguntas.

**Alea:** If I want to see how tall someone is, I can use a measuring tape. If I want to see how mindful someone is, there's no direct way to measure that. We're measuring things that go on inside someone. Estamos a medir coisas que se passam no interior de uma pessoa.

**Molly:** That doesn't mean it's impossible to understand how meditation works. It just means there are lots of things left to learn about meditating. Significa apenas que ainda há muitas coisas para aprender sobre a meditação.

**DaCari:** Researchers like Alea are hard at work. They're starting to see when you meditate...