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But Why: A Podcast For Curious Kids, How are images chosen for coins? (1)

How are images chosen for coins? (1)

January 28, 2021

Jane 00:21

This is But Why: a Podcast for Curious Kids from Vermont Public Radio. I'm the host of the show, Jane Lindholm. On this program, we take questions from kids all over the world and Melody Bodette and I find interesting people to help give you answers. Here in the United States where we're based, we just got a new quarter. I mean, new quarters are always being produced. But now there's a new picture on some of the quarters being made right now. If you look at an American quarter, it's our 25 cent coin. One side is a portrait of George Washington, this country's first president, flip it over though, and the normal quarter the regular standard quarter has an eagle on it. But you might find a quarter with a picture highlighting one of the U.S. states or territories, or a picture from one of our national parks. These are circulating commemorative coins, they're still used as regular money, but they have special pictures on them that have been approved by an act of Congress. Over the years, there have been few women and few people of color depicted on us money. So a new program is working to get more women onto U.S. currency. Over the next four years 20 Women who have contributed to the United States in various ways we'll get their picture on the quarter. The first one that's just been released is poet Maya Angelou. So if you live in the United States, keep an eye out for this new special quarter. Later in the year, you might start seeing the first US woman in space Sally Ride. The news about these new quarters got us wondering about our coins and Melody and I aren't the only ones asking questions.

Liam 02:00

Hi, my name is Liam. I live in Tacoma, Washington. I'm nine years old. And my question is, how do coins get made? And how do they get their logos?

Jane 02:11

Let's start with how and where coins are made. The process varies by country but in the US the treasury department is in charge of making money. Within the Treasury. The US Mint produces coins, and the Bureau of Engraving and Printing produces all of our paper money. We're mostly going to focus on coins today, which tend to change a little bit more. There are four mint locations where coins are currently being produced: San Francisco, Denver, West Point and Philadelphia, the largest mint in the world. You can usually see where your coin was produced by looking for a tiny letter on it that says S, D, W or P although the penny doesn't usually have any mintmark on it. In 2020, the U.S. Mint produce nearly 15 billion coins. In Australia coins are made at the Royal Australian Mint. Leigh Gordon, who is in charge of the mint says there's a lot going on there.

Leigh 03:11

The Royal Australian Mint is a very special place located in Canberra, Australia. All of Australia's circulating coins are produced in our factory. When you come for a visit to the Royal Australian mint's

gallery, you can get a bird's eye view of the factory and see how all the coins are made. From up on the gallery floor, you might even be able to spot our robot Titan, who helps us move thousands of kilograms of coins every day. The mint is more than a factory behind Australians coins. We're a keeper of stories and creativity. In our gallery exhibition, you can explore the history, art, science and traditions of coin and see precious pieces of history and the diversity of errors that can happen in the minting process.

Jane 04:03

I think that would be my favorite part seeing the errors the mistakes that have been made over the years, like the Australian coin that was made with the front side of a 10 cent coin and the backside of a $1 coin. Oops. In the U.S. some of the quarters made in 2005 actually had a letter missing in the writing. So the phrase on the corner said "In God We Rust" instead of "In God We Trust." And some of the quarters that were made celebrating the state of Delaware said the "first stat" instead of "state." Now people try to find the coins that were made with errors on them to collect them. Lots of people collect coins just for the fun of finding something really cool or unique. Sometimes because they think those coins might be worth a lot of money. And often just because they like learning about history. Do you know what a coin collector is called? A numismatist I'm gonna say that agai: numismatist. Numismatics is the study or collection of coins, paper currency and metals. Rodney Gillis is the education director at the American Numismatic Association.

Rod 05:11

Think of the Numismatic Association as being the largest coin club in the United States, because that's basically what we are.

Jane 05:20

Rod used to be a history teacher. And he says, learning about what was going on when old coins were made is really fun.

Rod 05:27

I think it's a wonderful hobby, because coins are really primary historical documents, they're windows back into our culture, and back into the history. And that's what I enjoy mostly about the collecting.

Jane 05:44

I asked Rod to help answer some of the questions you've sent us about how money is made.

Aven 05:49

Hi, my name is Aven, and I live in Westminster, Colorado, and I'm six years old. And my question is, how are pennies and coins made?

Bennett 05:59

Hello, my name is Bennett. I am six years old. I live in Seattle, Washington. My question is how our dollars and coins made?

Rosie 06:09

I'm Rosie. I'm from Albuquerque, New Mexico. I am four years old. And how are coins made?

Rod 06:19

In its most basic form how coin is made involves taking a piece of softer metal, placing it in between two pieces of harder metal and applying force. That's how the very first coins that were made. And that's how coins are made today. The real difference is in how that force is applied. When coins were first minted, it was someone who had a hammer, and they were using the hammer to apply force. Today in our modern mint it's done with machines. And back then someone who was coiner would would take about a minute or a little bit longer to be able to successfully mint a coin. Today thousands of coins are minted in the scope of a minute. So it really has changed a lot in how coins were made.

Jane 07:16

Round discs are punched out of sheets of metal by machines, kind of like how a cookie or biscuit cutter works on rolled out dough to create cookie shapes. Those discs are called blanks, the blanks are heated up to make the metal a little softer, and then squeezed by another machine to create a rim around the outside of the coin. And then the design is pressed into each coin by a metal die, which is basically like a stamp.

Maddie 07:44

My name is Maddie. I live in Des Moines, Iowa. I am eight years old. And my question is, why are coins in different sizes?

Rod 07:53

That's a wonderful question. And so the answer is that today our money is called a fiat money. And what we mean by that is that the metal that is used to make our coins does not have an intrinsic value. In other words, it's not made of precious metal. But that always wasn't the case. And as a matter of fact, if you look back to the days of the ancients, and you look back to medieval times, what happened is that the size of coins, because they were made with precious metal really was an indicator of their value. And so we get that out of tradition. You know, back in 1964, for example, a half dollar was made primarily of silver, 90 percent of silver. And the idea was that the silver that was used to make that coin was approximately the value of the coin itself, 50 cents, and so quarter was the denomination was smaller, hence the coin was smaller, until you get down to the dime. And so that's the reason we have different sizes out of tradition today, but it got its start, because of the precious amount of precious metal content that was used for coins.

Jane 09:13

Of course, the dime is worth 10 cents, but it's actually smaller than the nickel which is worth five cents, or the penny, which is just one cent. So that rule doesn't always hold true. Rod says there used to be an even smaller coin.

Rod 09:29

The smallest coin that the government actually minted in our history was a three cent piece that was made out of silver, and it was called a trime. And the three cent piece today for collectors is highly prized, basically because it's hard to find one that's not bent. And the reason why is that they were so small and so thin and people carry them around in their pockets, that they would bend very easily. So

that's the reason behind it. You know, a lot of people talk about how coins are different sizes, to help the sight impaired. And that's a really good theory. And there's also the idea that they're, you know, the edges of some coins are plain like cents in nickels. But then there are others that are bumpy at the edge. And we call that reeding, and reeding, for example, are on dimes and on quarters. And so when people think, well, you know, the dime, and the cent are very close in size. The reason that there must be reeding on the dime is so that people who are sight impaired can tell the difference between a dime and a cent. And that's a wonderful theory. But that's not true. The reason that reeding appears on some of our coins is that back during the days, when a long time ago, when coins were made out of precious metal. And before reeding existed, there were people who would shave the edges off of coins. And when they did that, they would be able to save enough shavings and be able to turn them in for something of value. And of course, that was illegal. So reeding was invented to prevent people from being able to shave the edges off of coins. And that's how reeding came about.

Dylan 11:28

Hi, my name is Dylan. I'm 7 years old. And I come from Baden, Switzerland. And my question is, how much does it cost to make money?

Jane 11:38

It used to be that the value of the metal in the coin kind of corresponded to the value of the coin. But now we don't make coins out of precious metal. So how much does it cost to make our coins? And then how do we determine their value?

Rod 11:56

It costs approximately two cents, to make a one cent coin. And nickel, the latest number that I have, it costs almost seven and a half cents to make a nickel. Now as you go up in the value of a coin, the amount goes down. So in other words, it costs less than 25 cents to make a quarter so we don't lose money on that. But yeah, that's basically it. So it does cost more to produce a cent than its actual value and the same for a nickel. So that's a really good question.

Jane 12:32

Since it costs more money to make a penny than the penny is worth some people have suggested we should stop making pennies altogether. Other countries have already done that, like Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Netherlands and Sweden. Over the years, countries sometimes add new coins or bills or get rid of ones they don't think are needed anymore. Canada stopped producing $1 bills in 1989 and $2 bills a few years later, but they did start making one and $2 coins. The $1 coin has a bird called a loon on it. So it's often nicknamed the loonie. And the $2 coin is called the toonie. Loonies and toonies are interesting for other reasons as well. The toonie has two different colors, a gold-colored inner circle and a silver-colored outer ring. Lots of countries have coins with two different colors, including Mexico and Botswana. And lots of countries have coins that aren't a circle. The loonie, which we already talked about has 11 sides. Twenty Pence and 50 Pence pieces in the United Kingdom have seven sides called a heptagon. Aruba has a 50 cent piece that's a square. And in Japan you can find holes in the center of the five and 50 yen coins. Okay, but what about the pictures on money? Coming up? Let's talk about how images are chosen for coins.

How are images chosen for coins? (1) Jak se vybírají obrázky pro mince? (1) Comment les images sont-elles choisies pour les pièces de monnaie ? (1) コインのイメージはどのように選ばれるのか (1) 코인의 이미지는 어떻게 선택되나요? (1) Jak wybierane są obrazy na monety? (1) Como são escolhidas as imagens para as moedas? (1) Как выбираются изображения для монет? (1) Madeni paralar için görseller nasıl seçilir? (1) 硬币的图像是如何选择的? (1)

January 28, 2021

**Jane** 00:21

This is But Why: a Podcast for Curious Kids from Vermont Public Radio. I'm the host of the show, Jane Lindholm. On this program, we take questions from kids all over the world and Melody Bodette and I find interesting people to help give you answers. V tomto programu přijímáme otázky od dětí z celého světa a Melody Bodette a já nacházíme zajímavé lidi, kteří vám pomohou odpovědět. Here in the United States where we're based, we just got a new quarter. Tady ve Spojených státech, kde sídlíme, máme novou čtvrť. I mean, new quarters are always being produced. Chci říct, že se pořád vyrábí nové ubikace. But now there's a new picture on some of the quarters being made right now. Ale teď je tu nový obrázek o některých ubikacích, které se právě dělají. If you look at an American quarter, it's our 25 cent coin. Když se podíváte na americkou čtvrť, je to naše 25 centová mince. One side is a portrait of George Washington, this country's first president, flip it over though, and the normal quarter the regular standard quarter has an eagle on it. Na jedné straně je portrét George Washingtona, prvního prezidenta této země, ale otočte to, a na normální čtvrti, běžné standardní čtvrti, je orel. But you might find a quarter with a picture highlighting one of the U.S. Ale můžete najít čtvrtinu s obrázkem zvýrazňujícím jeden z USA Ancak ABD'den birini vurgulayan bir resim içeren bir çeyreklik bulabilirsiniz. states or territories, or a picture from one of our national parks. států nebo území, nebo obrázek z některého z našich národních parků. These are circulating commemorative coins, they're still used as regular money, but they have special pictures on them that have been approved by an act of Congress. Jsou to oběžné pamětní mince, stále se používají jako běžné peníze, ale jsou na nich speciální obrázky, které byly schváleny aktem Kongresu. Over the years, there have been few women and few people of color depicted on us money. V průběhu let bylo na našich penězích zobrazeno jen málo žen a málo barevných lidí. So a new program is working to get more women onto U.S. Takže nový program pracuje na tom, aby se do USA dostalo více žen currency. Over the next four years 20 Women who have contributed to the United States in various ways we'll get their picture on the quarter. Během příštích čtyř let 20 žen, které přispěly do Spojených států různými způsoby, získáme jejich obrázek o čtvrtletí. The first one that's just been released is poet Maya Angelou. První, která právě vyšla, je básnířka Maya Angelou. So if you live in the United States, keep an eye out for this new special quarter. Takže pokud žijete ve Spojených státech, sledujte tuto novou zvláštní čtvrť. Later in the year, you might start seeing the first US woman in space Sally Ride. Později v roce byste mohli začít vidět první americkou ženu ve vesmíru Sally Ride. The news about these new quarters got us wondering about our coins and Melody and I aren't the only ones asking questions. Zprávy o těchto nových čtvrtích nás přiměly přemýšlet o našich mincích a Melody a nejsme jediní, kdo klade otázky.

**Liam** 02:00

Hi, my name is Liam. I live in Tacoma, Washington. I'm nine years old. And my question is, how do coins get made? A moje otázka zní, jak se vyrábí mince? And how do they get their logos? A jak získávají svá loga?

**Jane** 02:11

Let's start with how and where coins are made. The process varies by country but in the US the treasury department is in charge of making money. Proces se v jednotlivých zemích liší, ale v USA má vydělávání peněz na starosti ministerstvo financí. Within the Treasury. V rámci státní pokladny. The US Mint produces coins, and the Bureau of Engraving and Printing produces all of our paper money. Americká mincovna vyrábí mince a Úřad pro rytí a tisk vyrábí všechny naše papírové peníze. We're mostly going to focus on coins today, which tend to change a little bit more. Nejvíce se dnes zaměříme na coiny, které mají tendenci se trochu více měnit. Bugün çoğunlukla biraz daha değişme eğiliminde olan madeni paralara odaklanacağız. There are four mint locations where coins are currently being produced: San Francisco, Denver, West Point and Philadelphia, the largest mint in the world. V současné době se mince vyrábějí ve čtyřech místech: San Francisco, Denver, West Point a Philadelphia, největší mincovna na světě. You can usually see where your coin was produced by looking for a tiny letter on it that says S, D, W or P although the penny doesn't usually have any mintmark on it. Obvykle můžete zjistit, kde byla vaše mince vyrobena, když na ní najdete malé písmeno, které říká S, D, W nebo P, ačkoli na centu obvykle není žádná značka mincovny. In 2020, the U.S. Mint produce nearly 15 billion coins. In Australia coins are made at the Royal Australian Mint. Leigh Gordon, who is in charge of the mint says there's a lot going on there. Leigh Gordon, který má na starosti mincovnu, říká, že se toho tam hodně děje.

**Leigh** 03:11

The Royal Australian Mint is a very special place located in Canberra, Australia. Královská australská mincovna je velmi zvláštní místo v Canbeře v Austrálii. All of Australia's circulating coins are produced in our factory. Všechny australské obíhající mince jsou vyráběny v naší továrně. When you come for a visit to the Royal Australian mint's Když přijedete na návštěvu do královské australské mincovny

gallery, you can get a bird's eye view of the factory and see how all the coins are made. galerie, můžete si prohlédnout továrnu z ptačí perspektivy a podívat se, jak se vyrábí všechny mince. From up on the gallery floor, you might even be able to spot our robot Titan, who helps us move thousands of kilograms of coins every day. Z podlahy galerie můžete dokonce zahlédnout našeho robota Titana, který nám každý den pomáhá přesouvat tisíce kilogramů mincí. Galeri katından, her gün binlerce kilo parayı taşımamıza yardım eden robotumuz Titan'ı bile görebilirsiniz. The mint is more than a factory behind Australians coins. Mincovna je více než jen továrna za australskými mincemi. We're a keeper of stories and creativity. Jsme strážci příběhů a kreativity. Biz hikayelerin ve yaratıcılığın bekçisiyiz. In our gallery exhibition, you can explore the history, art, science and traditions of coin and see precious pieces of history and the diversity of errors that can happen in the minting process. V naší galerijní expozici můžete prozkoumat historii, umění, vědu a tradice mincí a vidět vzácné kousky historie a rozmanitost chyb, které se mohou při ražbě stát.

**Jane** 04:03

I think that would be my favorite part seeing the errors the mistakes that have been made over the years, like the Australian coin that was made with the front side of a 10 cent coin and the backside of a $1 coin. Myslím, že by to byla moje oblíbená část, kdybych viděl chyby, které byly během let udělány, jako je australská mince, která byla vyrobena s přední stranou 10 centové mince a zadní stranou 1 dolarové mince. Sanırım bu, 10 sentlik bir madeni paranın ön yüzü ve 1 dolarlık bir madeni paranın arka yüzü ile yapılan Avustralya madeni parası gibi yıllar içinde yapılan hataları görmek en sevdiğim kısım olurdu. Oops. Jejda. In the U.S. some of the quarters made in 2005 actually had a letter missing in the writing. u některých čtvrtí vyrobených v roce 2005 ve skutečnosti chyběl dopis. So the phrase on the corner said "In God We Rust" instead of "In God We Trust." Takže fráze na rohu zněla „In God We Rust“ namísto „In God We Trust“. Yani köşedeki ibare "Tanrıya Güveniyoruz" yerine "Tanrıya Güveniyoruz" yazıyordu. And some of the quarters that were made celebrating the state of Delaware said the "first stat" instead of "state." A některé ze čtvrtí, které byly vytvořeny na oslavu státu Delaware, říkaly „první statistika“ místo „stát“. Now people try to find the coins that were made with errors on them to collect them. Nyní se lidé snaží najít mince, které byly vyrobeny s chybami, aby je sbírali. Lots of people collect coins just for the fun of finding something really cool or unique. Spousta lidí sbírá mince jen pro zábavu, aby našli něco opravdu skvělého nebo jedinečného. Sometimes because they think those coins might be worth a lot of money. Někdy proto, že si myslí, že ty mince by mohly stát hodně peněz. And often just because they like learning about history. A často jen proto, že se rádi učí historii. Do you know what a coin collector is called? Víte, jak se nazývá sběratel mincí? A numismatist I'm gonna say that agai: numismatist. Numismatik, řeknu to znovu: numismatik. Numismatics is the study or collection of coins, paper currency and metals. Numismatika je studium nebo sbírání mincí, papírového platidla a kovů. Rodney Gillis is the education director at the American Numismatic Association. Rodney Gillis je ředitel vzdělávání v Americké numismatické asociaci.

**Rod** 05:11

Think of the Numismatic Association as being the largest coin club in the United States, because that's basically what we are. Představte si Numismatic Association jako největší klub mincí ve Spojených státech, protože to v podstatě jsme.

**Jane** 05:20

Rod used to be a history teacher. Rod býval učitelem dějepisu. And he says, learning about what was going on when old coins were made is really fun. A říká, že dozvědět se o tom, co se dělo, když se vyráběly staré mince, je opravdu zábavné.

**Rod** 05:27

I think it's a wonderful hobby, because coins are really primary historical documents, they're windows back into our culture, and back into the history. Myslím, že je to úžasný koníček, protože mince jsou opravdu primární historické dokumenty, jsou to okna zpět do naší kultury a zpět do historie. And that's what I enjoy mostly about the collecting. A to mě na sběratelství baví nejvíc.

**Jane** 05:44

I asked Rod to help answer some of the questions you've sent us about how money is made.

**Aven** 05:49

Hi, my name is Aven, and I live in Westminster, Colorado, and I'm six years old. And my question is, how are pennies and coins made?

**Bennett** 05:59

Hello, my name is Bennett. I am six years old. I live in Seattle, Washington. My question is how our dollars and coins made?

**Rosie** 06:09

I'm Rosie. I'm from Albuquerque, New Mexico. I am four years old. And how are coins made?

**Rod** 06:19

In its most basic form how coin is made involves taking a piece of softer metal, placing it in between two pieces of harder metal and applying force. Ve své nejzákladnější formě, jak se mince vyrábí, zahrnuje odebrání kusu měkčího kovu, umístění mezi dva kusy tvrdšího kovu a použití síly. Na sua forma mais básica, o fabrico de moedas consiste em pegar numa peça de metal mais macio, colocá-la entre duas peças de metal mais duro e aplicar força. Madeni paranın en basit haliyle nasıl yapıldığı, daha yumuşak bir metal parçasının alınmasını, onu iki parça sert metal arasına yerleştirilmesini ve kuvvet uygulanmasını içerir. That's how the very first coins that were made. Tak vznikly úplně první mince. And that's how coins are made today. The real difference is in how that force is applied. Skutečný rozdíl je v tom, jak je tato síla aplikována. When coins were first minted, it was someone who had a hammer, and they were using the hammer to apply force. Když byly mince poprvé raženy, byl to někdo, kdo měl kladivo a používali kladivo k použití síly. Madeni para ilk basıldığında, elinde çekiç olan birisiydi ve çekici kuvvet uygulamak için kullanıyorlardı. Today in our modern mint it's done with machines. Dnes se to v naší moderní mincovně dělá stroji. And back then someone who was coiner would would take about a minute or a little bit longer to be able to successfully mint a coin. A tehdy by někomu, kdo byl mincovníkem, trvalo asi minutu nebo trochu déle, než by byl schopen úspěšně razit minci. Today thousands of coins are minted in the scope of a minute. Dnes se razí tisíce mincí v rozsahu jedné minuty. So it really has changed a lot in how coins were made. Takže ve způsobu výroby mincí se toho opravdu hodně změnilo.

**Jane** 07:16

Round discs are punched out of sheets of metal by machines, kind of like how a cookie or biscuit cutter works on rolled out dough to create cookie shapes. Kulaté kotouče jsou vysekávány z plechů stroji, podobně jako vykrajovátka na sušenky nebo sušenky na vyváleném těstě, aby se vytvořily tvary sušenek. Os discos redondos são perfurados a partir de folhas de metal por máquinas, tal como um cortador de bolachas ou biscoitos trabalha sobre massa enrolada para criar formas de bolachas. Those discs are called blanks, the blanks are heated up to make the metal a little softer, and then squeezed by another machine to create a rim around the outside of the coin. Těmto diskům se říká polotovary, polotovary se zahřejí, aby byl kov trochu měkčí, a poté se stlačí jiným strojem, aby se vytvořil okraj kolem vnější strany mince. And then the design is pressed into each coin by a metal die, which is basically like a stamp. A pak se design vtlačí do každé mince kovovou raznicí, která je v podstatě jako razítko.

**Maddie** 07:44

My name is Maddie. I live in Des Moines, Iowa. I am eight years old. And my question is, why are coins in different sizes?

**Rod** 07:53

That's a wonderful question. And so the answer is that today our money is called a fiat money. A tak odpověď zní, že dnes se našim penězům říká fiat peníze. And what we mean by that is that the metal that is used to make our coins does not have an intrinsic value. A tím myslíme, že kov, který se používá k výrobě našich mincí, nemá vnitřní hodnotu. In other words, it's not made of precious metal. Jinými slovy, není vyrobena z drahého kovu. But that always wasn't the case. Ale vždy tomu tak nebylo. And as a matter of fact, if you look back to the days of the ancients, and you look back to medieval times, what happened is that the size of coins, because they were made with precious metal really was an indicator of their value. A ve skutečnosti, když se podíváte zpět do dob starověku a podíváte se zpět do středověku, stalo se to, že velikost mincí, protože byly vyrobeny z drahých kovů, byla skutečně ukazatelem jejich hodnoty. And so we get that out of tradition. A tak to vycházíme z tradice. You know, back in 1964, for example, a half dollar was made primarily of silver, 90 percent of silver. Víte, například v roce 1964 byl půl dolaru vyroben především ze stříbra, z 90 procent ze stříbra. And the idea was that the silver that was used to make that coin was approximately the value of the coin itself, 50 cents, and so quarter was the denomination was smaller, hence the coin was smaller, until you get down to the dime. A myšlenkou bylo, že stříbro, které bylo použito k výrobě té mince, mělo přibližně hodnotu samotné mince, 50 centů, takže čtvrtina byla nominální hodnota menší, takže mince byla menší, dokud se nedostanete na desetník. And so that's the reason we have different sizes out of tradition today, but it got its start, because of the precious amount of precious metal content that was used for coins. A to je důvod, proč dnes máme různé velikosti mimo tradici, ale začalo to kvůli obsahu drahých kovů, které se používaly na mince.

**Jane** 09:13

Of course, the dime is worth 10 cents, but it's actually smaller than the nickel which is worth five cents, or the penny, which is just one cent. Samozřejmě, desetník má hodnotu 10 centů, ale ve skutečnosti je menší než nikl, který má hodnotu pět centů, nebo cent, což je pouhý jeden cent. So that rule doesn't always hold true. Takže toto pravidlo neplatí vždy. Rod says there used to be an even smaller coin. Rod říká, že bývala ještě menší mince.

**Rod** 09:29

The smallest coin that the government actually minted in our history was a three cent piece that was made out of silver, and it was called a trime. Nejmenší mince, kterou vláda v naší historii skutečně razila, byl třícentový kus, který byl vyroben ze stříbra a nazýval se trim. And the three cent piece today for collectors is highly prized, basically because it's hard to find one that's not bent. A dnešní třícentový kousek pro sběratele je vysoce ceněný, v podstatě proto, že je těžké najít nějaký, který by nebyl ohnutý. Ve bugün koleksiyoncular için üç sentlik parça çok değerli, çünkü temelde bükülmemiş bir tane bulmak zor. And the reason why is that they were so small and so thin and people carry them around in their pockets, that they would bend very easily. A důvodem je, že byly tak malé a tak tenké a lidé je nosí po kapsách, že by se velmi snadno ohýbaly. So

that's the reason behind it. to je důvod za tím. You know, a lot of people talk about how coins are different sizes, to help the sight impaired. Víte, hodně lidí mluví o tom, jak jsou mince různé velikosti, aby pomohly zrakově postiženým. And that's a really good theory. And there's also the idea that they're, you know, the edges of some coins are plain like cents in nickels. A je tu také myšlenka, že jsou, víte, okraje některých mincí hladké jako centy v niklu. But then there are others that are bumpy at the edge. Ale pak jsou tu další, které jsou hrbolaté na okraji. And we call that reeding, and reeding, for example, are on dimes and on quarters. A tomu říkáme rákos a rákos je například na desetníky a na čtvrtky. And so when people think, well, you know, the dime, and the cent are very close in size. A tak když si lidé myslí, no, víte, desetník a cent jsou velikostí velmi blízko. The reason that there must be reeding on the dime is so that people who are sight impaired can tell the difference between a dime and a cent. Důvod, proč na desetníku musí být rákos, je ten, že lidé se zrakovým postižením mohou rozeznat rozdíl mezi desetníkem a centem. And that's a wonderful theory. But that's not true. The reason that reeding appears on some of our coins is that back during the days, when a long time ago, when coins were made out of precious metal. Důvod, proč se na některých našich mincích objevuje plátek, je ten, že kdysi dávno, kdy se mince vyráběly z drahých kovů. And before reeding existed, there were people who would shave the edges off of coins. A než existovalo rákosí, byli lidé, kteří ostříhali okraje mincí. And when they did that, they would be able to save enough shavings and be able to turn them in for something of value. A když to udělají, budou schopni ušetřit dostatek hoblin a budou je moci proměnit za něco cenného. And of course, that was illegal. So reeding was invented to prevent people from being able to shave the edges off of coins. Takže rákos byl vynalezen, aby lidem zabránil v tom, aby mohli oholit okraje mincí. And that's how reeding came about. A tak vzniklo rákosí.

**Dylan** 11:28

Hi, my name is Dylan. I'm 7 years old. And I come from Baden, Switzerland. And my question is, how much does it cost to make money?

**Jane** 11:38

It used to be that the value of the metal in the coin kind of corresponded to the value of the coin. Dříve platilo, že hodnota kovu v minci tak nějak odpovídala hodnotě mince. But now we don't make coins out of precious metal. Ale teď už nevyrábíme mince z drahých kovů. So how much does it cost to make our coins? Kolik tedy stojí výroba našich mincí? And then how do we determine their value? A jak potom určíme jejich hodnotu?

**Rod** 11:56

It costs approximately two cents, to make a one cent coin. Výroba jedné centové mince stojí přibližně dva centy. And nickel, the latest number that I have, it costs almost seven and a half cents to make a nickel. A nikl, nejnovější číslo, které mám, stojí skoro sedm a půl centu vyrobit nikl. Now as you go up in the value of a coin, the amount goes down. Nyní, jak stoupáte v hodnotě mince, částka klesá. Agora, à medida que o valor de uma moeda aumenta, o montante diminui. So in other words, it costs less than 25 cents to make a quarter so we don't lose money on that. Takže jinými slovy, vydělat čtvrtinu stojí méně než 25 centů, abychom na tom neztratili peníze. But yeah, that's basically it. Ale ano, v podstatě to tak je. So it does cost more to produce a cent than its actual value and the same for a nickel. Výroba centu tedy stojí více, než je jeho skutečná hodnota, a totéž platí pro nikl. So that's a really good question. Tak to je opravdu dobrá otázka.

**Jane** 12:32

Since it costs more money to make a penny than the penny is worth some people have suggested we should stop making pennies altogether. Protože vydělat penny stojí více peněz, než kolik stojí penny, někteří lidé navrhli, abychom přestali vydělávat haléře úplně. Other countries have already done that, like Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Netherlands and Sweden. Jiné země to již udělaly, jako Kanada, Austrálie, Nový Zéland, Nizozemsko a Švédsko. Over the years, countries sometimes add new coins or bills or get rid of ones they don't think are needed anymore. V průběhu let země někdy přidávají nové mince nebo bankovky nebo se zbavují těch, o kterých si myslí, že už nejsou potřeba. Canada stopped producing $1 bills in 1989 and $2 bills a few years later, but they did start making one and $2 coins. Kanada přestala produkovat 1 dolarové bankovky v roce 1989 a 2 dolarové bankovky o několik let později, ale začali vyrábět 1 a 2 dolarové mince. The $1 coin has a bird called a loon on it. Na minci 1 dolar je pták zvaný potápka. So it's often nicknamed the loonie. And the $2 coin is called the toonie. A dvoudolarová mince se nazývá toonie. Loonies and toonies are interesting for other reasons as well. Loonies a toonies jsou zajímavé i z jiných důvodů. The toonie has two different colors, a gold-colored inner circle and a silver-colored outer ring. Toonie má dvě různé barvy, zlatý vnitřní kruh a stříbrný vnější kroužek. A toonie tem duas cores diferentes, um círculo interior dourado e um anel exterior prateado. Lots of countries have coins with two different colors, including Mexico and Botswana. Spousta zemí má mince se dvěma různými barvami, včetně Mexika a Botswany. And lots of countries have coins that aren't a circle. A spousta zemí má mince, které nejsou kruhem. The loonie, which we already talked about has 11 sides. Blázen, o kterém jsme již mluvili, má 11 stran. Twenty Pence and 50 Pence pieces in the United Kingdom have seven sides called a heptagon. Dvacet Pence a 50 Pence kusů ve Spojeném království má sedm stran nazývaných sedmiúhelník. Aruba has a 50 cent piece that's a square. And in Japan you can find holes in the center of the five and 50 yen coins. Okay, but what about the pictures on money? Dobře, ale co ty obrázky na penězích? Coming up? Přichází? Let's talk about how images are chosen for coins. Promluvme si o tom, jak se obrázky pro mince vybírají.