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Crash Course: English Literature, Aliens, Time Travel, and Dresden - Slaughterhouse-Five Part 1: Crash Course Literature 212 - YouTube (1)

Aliens, Time Travel, and Dresden - Slaughterhouse-Five Part 1: Crash Course Literature 212 - YouTube (1)

Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course Literature,

and today we're gonna talk about Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse Five.

Mr. Green, Mr. Green! You mean, like the Motown group that sings that song - glad all over!

No singing, Me From the Past! And no, it is not a Motown group! You're thinking of the

Dave Clark Five, and for the record, they were not a Motown group, they were British.

[Theme Song]

So, Slaughterhouse Five, also known by its underappreciated alternate title, The Children's

Crusade, is one of the most widely read antiwar books of the late twentieth century.

It was written by Kurt Vonnegut during the height of the Vietnam War, but this novel

is an attempt to chronicle the violence of the World War II bombing of Dresden and modern

warfare more broadly. But it's important to understand, again, those two historical

contexts. The one in which the book was written and the one the book is about.

And the question at the heart of Slaughterhouse Five is what role can literature, particularly

works of literary fiction, play in addressing large scale acts of violence? What is the

role of literature in examining war? But of course that makes Slaughterhouse Five

sound very sad and serious, which it is, but it's also a surprisingly and very weirdly

funny book. Let's start with an outline of the main events of Slaughterhouse Five.

in the Thought Bubble. So, Vonnegut's protagonist is Billy Pilgrim.

But rather than being on a linear journey toward a holy place, as his name might suggest,

Pilgrim has flashbacks (and fantasies) that he believes are actual time travel. Pilgrim

describes himself as being “unstuck in time.” And rather than describing his life events

in chronological order, he jumps between times and places.

The events that comprise Pilgrim's disjointed narrative actually have quite a logical progression.

Like a rough outline of them looks like this: Pilgrim fought in World War II. He was a prisoner

of war in Germany. He was being held in Dresden when that city was largely destroyed by Allied

bombing toward the end of the war. And Pilgrim survived because he and his fellow prisoners

were held sixty feet underground in a former slaughterhouse. After the firestorm, Pilgrim

and his fellow detainees are put to work cleaning up the charred remains of bodies. And then

after the war, Billy Pilgrim has trouble returning to civilian life, spends some time in a mental

institution, but then eventually marries and becomes an optometrist.

A profession, it rather goes without saying, that involves sight.

Anyway, then Pilgrim has a breakdown while listening to a barbershop quartet, whose expressions

remind him of his guards at Dresden. He becomes convinced that aliens (Tralfamadorians) abducted

him and increasingly unmoored, Pilgrim publicly professes the Tralfamadorian vision of time and space.

Now Pilgrim's narrative sounds a little crazy (especially since it's delivered in such a nonlinear manner),

but Vonnegut makes the logic of his mental breakdown perfectly clear.

As such, Vonnegut creates a novel that demonstrates how war trauma affects the individual psyche.

Thanks, Thought Bubble. So, where did Vonnegut get all of these insights? Well in part, they

came from Vonnegut's own experience in the war, as he acknowledges in the book. It's

very interesting that the first and last chapters of Slaughterhouse Five are written in first

person from the perspective of Kurt Vonnegut. In the very beginning of the novel and at

the very end, he calls attention to the fact that we are reading a novel.

That's an unusual and bold choice because generally as readers we want to forget that

we're reading a story, right? And feel like we're living inside reality. But Vonnegut wants

to unmoor us from our expectations of fiction, just as Billy Pilgrim is unmoored from time.

Kurt Vonnegut was born -- Oh, it's time for the open letter! Hey there, Kurt Vonnegut.

Dear Kurt Vonnegut, I actually met you once at the University of Alabama. My primary memory

of that evening is that someone came up to you and said, “Sir, you can't smoke in

here.” And you replied, “Well, I can smoke or I can leave!”

You were and remain a great inspiration to me as a writer and one thing that I always

think about with you is that even though obviously you had a pretty screwed-up life, I always

felt like you had it figured out. Long story short, I love you Kurt Vonnegut.

Kurt Puppet: I love you too! John: Aw, thank you Kurt! Best wishes, John Green.

Anyway, Vonnegut was born in beautiful Indianapolis in 1922, he spent some time at Cornell University

before entering the United States army at the age of twenty. Like Billy Pilgrim, he

was shipped to Europe, had a very brief combat experience, and then became a prisoner of

war during the Battle of the Bulge, which you'll remember from Crash Course history.

And then like Pilgrim, Vonnegut was sent to Dresden, where he was interred at a former

slaughterhouse. At the time, Dresden was considered a relatively safe place to be. In Slaughterhouse

Five, an English officer envies the American prisoners who are sent to Dresden, he says:

You needn't worry about bombs […] Dresden is an open city. It is undefended, and contains

no war industries or troop concentrations of any importance.

But it turns out, of course, that in World War II, such things were not prerequisites

for getting bombed. Between February 13th and 15th of 1945, British

and American bombers dropped nearly 4,000 tons of bombs and incendiary devices on Dresden.

This created a firestorm that destroyed an enormous part of the city and cost tens of

thousands of lives. And then Dresden was subject to more air raids

of this sort in March and April. Now by all accounts, the suffering on the ground was tremendous.

But writers, artists, and historians have found it difficult to adequately convey the horrors that took place.

Vonnegut approaches the need to testify to these events in Slaughterhouse Five by using

a fictional narrative that seeks to both understand and evade the past.

Like although his narrator was in Dresden during the bombing and firestorm, he learns

what took place by eavesdropping on whispering guards.

And that's a way of diminishing the immediacy of violence to rumor. Like Pilgrim reports

the guards' conversation as follows: There was a fire-storm out there. Dresden

was one big flame. The one flame ate everything organic, everything that would burn.

This conversation of whispers, transmitted in a foreign language, and translated by the

author is remembered many years after the fact. And as readers, we have plenty of reason

to question it. I mean, just look at the vague nature of the

language used. Consider the repetition of “everything” (“…everything organic,

everything that would burn”). Well, “everything” is a pretty broad concept.

And in this context, it allows the narrator not to imagine the specific, horrible details.

Like here, vague language provides a stand-in for detailed testimony.

But there's also something horrific and visceral about that idea generally. The idea

of “everything organic” burning. It implies the loss of not just our lives

but all life. Slaughterhouse Five also uses figures of speech

as a means of evasion. The sun was an angry little pinhead. Dresden

was like the moon now, nothing but minerals. I mean, just as you can't look directly

at the sun, Billy Pilgrim can't look directly at the destruction of Dresden.

He has to tell us what it's like because what it is is unspeakable. And this sort of evasion

is very common in eyewitness reports of violence. In fact, Sebald chronicled how often eyewitness

reports of the bombing of German cities contained “stereotypical phrases.”

These clichés, he explains, “cover up and neutralize experiences beyond our ability to comprehend."

The quote “unreal effect” that they produce is a very real depiction of how the human mind reacts to extreme suffering.

Here's another example of trying to see the horror of war by not looking directly at it. Vonnegut describes the

post-bombing Dresden as a mute reflection in the contorted faces of prison guards, and he creates a

shocking and memorable image: The guards drew together instinctively, rolled

their eyes. They experimented with one expression and then another, said nothing, though their

mouths were often open. They looked like a silent film of a barbershop quartet.

So what does this say about the guards? What are we to make of the silence in this scene?

Why is it that the guards say nothing? Finally, why might Vonnegut use this goofy metaphor

of a barbershop quartet in a silent film at this particular moment? Are we supposed to

laugh at absurd moments like this or the repetition of the phrase “so it goes” whenever someone

dies? And if we do feel that instinct to laugh,

are we then meant to cringe at ourselves for having had that impulse?

Regardless, that image doesn't go where we expect it to and so it's designed to

make us uncomfortable. And that's its power. That's its beauty.

And it's worth remembering that Vonnegut describes himself as often feeling speechless

when thinking about the bombing of Dresden. Like in the first chapter of Slaughterhouse

Five, he writes: I thought it would be easy for me to write

about the destruction of Dresden since all I would have to do would be to report what

I had seen. And I thought too it would be a masterpiece, or at least make me a lot of

money since the subject was so big. But not many words about Dresden came from my mind

then… and not many words come now, either. And it's clear that Vonnegut has a pretty

complicated relationship with the words that eventually do, in fact, come. Like his novel,

famously, opens with the following lines: All this happened, more or less. The war parts,

anyway, are pretty much true. Pretty much true? That's another phrase

that's designed to make us uncomfortable. And as Vonnegut hints at in that passage I

just read, what does it mean for Vonnegut to gain acclaim and wealth for what he has written?

In an introduction to the 1976 edition of Slaughterhouse Five, Vonnegut expresses

some guilt at having benefited from its publication: The Dresden atrocity, tremendously expensive

and meticulously planned, was so meaningless, finally, that only one person on the entire

planet got any benefit from it. I am that person. I wrote this book, which earned a

lot of money for me and made my reputation, such as it is. One way or another, I got two

or three dollars for every person killed. Some business I'm in.

Now that's a classic example of Vonnegut's self-deprecating humor, but the “business”

of providing testimony does remain important work, I would argue — even if it is through

the flawed vehicle of narrative fiction. Precisely because it struggles to look directly

at the firebombing of Dresden, Slaughterhouse Five provides ways of thinking about how we

live and love and fight and heal. And it makes us think about how we frame the

stories that we tell ourselves about the past. And Billy Pilgrim's unstuckness in time

reminds us that, as the great William Faulkner wrote, “The past isn't dead. It's not

even past.” Next week, we'll talk about Billy Pilgrim's

alternate universe filled with toilet-plunger aliens who offer a new perspective on the

violence of mankind. And we'll discuss the philosophy of Tralfamadorians (a philosophy

summed up by the phrase, “and so it goes”). And, finally, we will consider what, if anything,

an “anti-war” can do about war, or really about anything else. Thanks for watching,

I'll see you next week. Crash Course is made with the help of all

of these nice people, and it exists because of your support at Subbable.com, a voluntary

subscription service that allows you to support Crash Course directly so that we can keep

Aliens, Time Travel, and Dresden - Slaughterhouse-Five Part 1: Crash Course Literature 212 - YouTube (1) Extraterrestres, viajes en el tiempo y Dresde - Matadero Cinco Parte 1: Curso intensivo de literatura 212 - YouTube (1) Alienígenas, viagens no tempo e Dresden - Slaughterhouse-Five Parte 1: Curso intensivo de literatura 212 - YouTube (1)

Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course Literature, مرحًبا، أنا جون غرين وهذه سلسلة Crash Course Literature، Hoi, ik ben John Green, dit is Crash Course Literature, en vandaag gaan we het hebben over Olá, eu sou o John Green, este é o Curso Intensivo de Literatura, e hoje vamos falar sobre

and today we're gonna talk about Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse Five. وسنتحدث اليوم عن رواية "المسلخ رقم خمسة" (Slaughterhouse-Five) لكيرت فونيغت.

Mr. Green, Mr. Green! You mean, like the Motown group that sings that song - glad all over! سيد غرين، أتقصد إحدى فرق موتاون التي تغني هذه الأغنية: "أنا سعيد للغاية."

No singing, Me From the Past! And no, it is not a Motown group! You're thinking of the الغناء ممنوع يا أنا من الماضي، وكلا، إنها ليست فرقة موتاون.

Dave Clark Five, and for the record, they were not a Motown group, they were British. أنت تفكر في فرقة دايف كلارك فايف، ولمعلوماتك، هم ليسوا من ديترويت، بل كانوا بريطانيين!

[Theme Song] "موسيقى البداية"

So, Slaughterhouse Five, also known by its underappreciated alternate title, The Children's إذن، المسلخ رقم خمسة، والمعروفة أيًضا بعنوانها البديل غير الُمقّدر، حملة الأطفال،

Crusade, is one of the most widely read antiwar books of the late twentieth century. هو أحد الكتب المضادة للحرب لأواخر القرن العشرين الأكثر قراءة على نطاق واسع. Crusade, is een van de meest gelezen anti-oorlog boeken van de late twintigste eeuw. Crianças", é um dos livros anti-guerra mais lidos do final do século vinte.

It was written by Kurt Vonnegut during the height of the Vietnam War, but this novel كتبه كيرت فونيغت خلال فترة أوج حرب فيتنام، Het is geschreven door Kurt Vonnegut tijdens het hoogtepunt van de Vietnamese Oorlog, maar deze roman Foi escrito por Kurt Vonnegut durante o pico da Guerra do Vietname, mas este romance

is an attempt to chronicle the violence of the World War II bombing of Dresden and modern لكن هذه الرواية هي محاولة لتأريخ عنف قصف درسدن أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية is een poging om het geweld van het Tweede Wereldoorlogse bombardement op Dresden op te schrijven en moderne é uma tentativa de registar a violência do bombardeamento de Dresden na Segunda Guerra Mundial e da guerra

warfare more broadly. But it's important to understand, again, those two historical والحرب الحديثة على نطاق أوسع. لكن سأقول مجدًدا، من المهم أن نفهم هذين السياقين التاريخيين، oorlogsvoering in het algemeen. Maar het is belangrijk om, alweer, de volgende twee historische contexten te begrijpen. moderna mais amplamente. Mas é importante compreender, mais uma vez, estes dois contextos

contexts. The one in which the book was written and the one the book is about. التاريخ الذي ُكتب فيه الكتاب والتاريخ الذي يناقشه الكتاب. De ene is waarin het boek is geschreven en de andere is waar het boek over gaat. históricos. Aquele em que o livro foi escrito ele aquele sobre o qual é o livro.

And the question at the heart of Slaughterhouse Five is what role can literature, particularly De centrale vraag in Slaughterhouse Five is welke rol literatuur, in het bijzonder E a questão no coração de "Matadouro Cinco" é: que papel pode a literatura, particularmente

works of literary fiction, play in addressing large scale acts of violence? What is the werken van literaire fictie, speelt in het benoemen van grootschalige geweldsdaden. Wat is de literatura de ficção, desempenhar ao falar de actos de violência em grande escala? Qual é o

role of literature in examining war? But of course that makes Slaughterhouse Five rol van literatuur in het onderzoeken van oorlog? Maar natuurlijk klinkt Slaughterhouse Five papel da literatura ao examinar a guerra? Mas claro que isso faz "Matadouro Cinco"

sound very sad and serious, which it is, but it's also a surprisingly and very weirdly لكنها أيًضا كتاب مضحك بشكل مفاجئ وغريب جًدا. hierdoor heel droevig en serieus, wat het ook is, maar het is ook een verrassend en heel raar soar muito triste e sério, e é, mas é também surpreendente e estranhamente

funny book. Let's start with an outline of the main events of Slaughterhouse Five. لنبدأ بملخص عن الأحداث الرئيسية في فقاعة التفكير. grappig boek. Laten we beginnen met een overzicht van de belangrijkste gebeurtenissen in Slaughterhouse Five. um livro divertido. Comecemos com o esboço dos principais eventos de "Matadouro Cinco".

in the Thought Bubble. So, Vonnegut's protagonist is Billy Pilgrim. إن بطل رواية فونيغت هو بيلي بيلغرم، We gaan naar de Gedachtenbel. Vonneguts hoofdpersoon is Billy Pilgrim. Vamos para a Bolha de Pensamento. O protagonista de Vonnegut é Billy Pilgrim.

But rather than being on a linear journey toward a holy place, as his name might suggest, لكن بدًلا من أن يكون في رحلة مستقيمة إلى مكان مقّدس، كما يوحي اسمه بالإنجليزية، Maar in plaats van dat hij op een lange reis is naar een heilige plek, wat zijn naam suggereert, Mas em vez de começar numa viagem linear em direcção a um lugar sagrado, como o nome poderia sugerir,

Pilgrim has flashbacks (and fantasies) that he believes are actual time travel. Pilgrim تراود بيلغرم ذكريات وتخيلات يعتقد أنها سفر حقيقي عبر الزمن. heeft Pilgrim flashbacks (en fantasieën) waarvan hij gelooft dat ze werkelijke tijdreizen zijn. Pilgrim tem flashbacks e fantasias que ele acredita serem viagens no tempo. Pilgrim

describes himself as being “unstuck in time.” And rather than describing his life events Pilgrim beschrijft zichzelf alsof hij “los in de tijd” is. En in plaats van zijn levensgebeurtenissen in chronologische descreve-se a si mesmo como estando “volúvel no tempo.” E em vez de descrever os eventos da sua vida

in chronological order, he jumps between times and places. orde te beschrijven, springt hij heen en weer tussen tijden en plaatsen. em ordem cronológica, ele salta entre épocas e lugares.

The events that comprise Pilgrim's disjointed narrative actually have quite a logical progression. De gebeurtenissen die Pilgrims onsamenhangende verhaal beveatten zijn eigenlijk een redelijk logische reeks. Os eventos que compõem a narrativa desconjunta de Pilgrim têm de facto um progressão lógica.

Like a rough outline of them looks like this: Pilgrim fought in World War II. He was a prisoner Een ruwe schets ervan ziet er zo uit: Pilgrim heeft gevochten in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Hij was een Um esboço grosseiro é: Pilgrim lutou na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Foi um prisioneiro

of war in Germany. He was being held in Dresden when that city was largely destroyed by Allied krijgsgevangene in Duitsland. Hij werd vastgehouden in Dresden toen deze stad grotendeels werd verwoest door Geallieerde de guerra na Alemanha. Estava detido em Dresden quando a cidade foi largamente destruída por um

bombing toward the end of the war. And Pilgrim survived because he and his fellow prisoners bombardementen aan het einde van de oorlog. Pilgrim overleefde het omdat hij en zijn medegevangenen bombardeamento Aliado perto do fim da guerra. E Pilgrim sobreviveu porque ele e os outros prisioneiros

were held sixty feet underground in a former slaughterhouse. After the firestorm, Pilgrim 18 meter onder de grond werden vastgehouden in een voormalig slachthuis. Na de vuurstorm worden Pilgrim estavam detidos vinte metros debaixo do chão num antigo matadouro. Depois do fogo, Pilgrim

and his fellow detainees are put to work cleaning up the charred remains of bodies. And then في تنظيف بقايا الجثث المتفحمة. en zijn medegedetineerden aan het werk gezet met het opruimen van de verkoolde lichaamsresten. e os outros detidos foram postos a trabalhar a limpar os restos mortais carbonizados. E

after the war, Billy Pilgrim has trouble returning to civilian life, spends some time in a mental Dan, na de oorlog, heeft Billy Pilgrim moeite om terug te keren naar het burgerlijke leven, besteedt hij wat tijd in een depois da guerra, Billy Pilgrim tem problemas no regresso à vida civil, passa algum tempo num hospital

institution, but then eventually marries and becomes an optometrist. psychiatrische instelling, maar uiteindelijke trouwt hij en wordt een oogarts. psiquiátrico, mas eventualmente casa e torna-se um optometrista.

A profession, it rather goes without saying, that involves sight. وهي مهنة تتضمن الرؤية كما هو واضح. Een beroep, dat spreekt voor zich, waarvoor je zicht nodig hebt. Uma profissão que, nem é preciso dizer, envolve a visão.

Anyway, then Pilgrim has a breakdown while listening to a barbershop quartet, whose expressions على كل حال، يعاني بيلغرم من انهيار عصبي وهو يستمع إلى فرقة غنائية رباعية Hoe dan ook, Pilgrim stort ineen terwijl hij luistert naar een kappers kwartet, wiens gezichtsuitdrukkingen Em todo o caso, quando Pilgrim tem um colapso enquanto ouve quarteto masculino, cujas expressões

remind him of his guards at Dresden. He becomes convinced that aliens (Tralfamadorians) abducted تذّكره تعابيرهم بحراسه في درسدن. يصبح مقتنًعا أن المخلوقات الفضائية، وهم الترافامادوريانيون، قد خطفوه، hem doen denken aan zijn bewakers in Dresden. Hij raakt ervan overtuigd dat aliens (Tralfamadorians) hem hebben lhe lembravam os seus guardas em Dresden. Fica convencido de que extraterrestres (Tralfamadorianos) o

him and increasingly unmoored, Pilgrim publicly professes the Tralfamadorian vision of time and space. وبازدياد انفصاله عن الواقع، يعترف بيلغرم علانية برؤيا الترافامادوريانيين للوقت والمكان. ontvoerd en volledig losgeslagen verkondigt Pilgrim openlijk de Tralfamadoriaanse visie op tijd raptaram e cada vez mais afastado da realidade, Pilgrim afirma publicamente a visão do tempo e do espaço dos

Now Pilgrim's narrative sounds a little crazy (especially since it's delivered in such a nonlinear manner), تبدو حكاية بيلغرم جنونية قليًلا، وخاصة أنها ُعرضت بطريقة غير خطّية، en ruimte. Nu klinkt Pilgrims verhaal een beetje gek (vooral omdat het wordt verteld op zo'n niet chronologische manier), maar Vonnegut maakt Tralfamadorianos. Então a narrativa de Pilgrim soa um pouco louca (especialmente por se encontrar de uma forma não-linear), mas Vonnegut torna

but Vonnegut makes the logic of his mental breakdown perfectly clear. لكن يوضح فونيغت المنطق وراء انهياره العصبي تماًما. de logica van zijn mentale ineenstorting volledig duidelijk. Op deze manier creëert Vonnegut een roman die a lógica do seu colapso mental perfeitamente clara. Assim, Vonnegut cria um romance que

As such, Vonnegut creates a novel that demonstrates how war trauma affects the individual psyche. وهكذا يؤلف فونيغت رواية تبّين كيف تؤثر صدمة الحرب على عقل الأفراد. laat zien wat voor invloed oorlogstrauma heeft op de individuele ziel. demonstra o quanto o trauma de guerra afecta a mente do indivíduo.

Thanks, Thought Bubble. So, where did Vonnegut get all of these insights? Well in part, they Bedankt, Gedachtebel. Dus, hoe kwam Vonnegut aan al deze inzichten? Voor een deel kwamen Obrigado, Bolha de Pensamento. Então, onde é que Vonnegut encontrou todos estes conhecimentos? Bem, em parte,

came from Vonnegut's own experience in the war, as he acknowledges in the book. It's ze uit Vonneguts eigen ervaring van de oorlog, wat hij ook toegeeft in het boek. Het is vieram da experiência do próprio Vonnegut na guerra, como ele reconhece no livro.

very interesting that the first and last chapters of Slaughterhouse Five are written in first heel interessant dat de eerste en laatste hoofdstukken van Slaughterhouse Five zijn geschreven in de eerste É muito interessante que o primeiro e o último capítulo de "Matadouro Cinco" são escritos na primeira

person from the perspective of Kurt Vonnegut. In the very beginning of the novel and at persoon vanuit het perspectief van Kurt Vonnegut. Helemaal aan het begin van de roman en helemaal aan pessoa da perspectiva de Kurt Vonnegut. No princípio do romance e no

the very end, he calls attention to the fact that we are reading a novel. het einde legt hij de nadruk op het feit dat we een roman aan het lezen zijn. final, ele chama a atenção para o facto de que estamos a ler um romance.

That's an unusual and bold choice because generally as readers we want to forget that Dat is een ongebruikelijke en gedurfde keuze, omdat wij als lezers over het algemeen willen vergeten dat Esta é uma escolha invulgar e ousada porque geralmente, enquanto leitores, queremos esquecer

we're reading a story, right? And feel like we're living inside reality. But Vonnegut wants وأن نشعر بأننا نعيش داخل واقع. we een verhaal aan het lezen zijn, toch? En ons willen voelen alsof we in de realiteit leven. Vonnegut wil que estamos a ler uma história, certo? E sentir como se estivéssemos a viver dentro da realidade. Vonnegut quer

to unmoor us from our expectations of fiction, just as Billy Pilgrim is unmoored from time. لكن يريد فونيغت أن يفصلنا عن توقعاتنا من الخيال تماًما كما انفصل بيلي بيلغرم عن الوقت. ons losmaken van onze verwachtingen van fictie, net zoals Billy Pilgrim is losgemaakt van tijd. libertar-nos das nossas expectativas para ficção, tal como Billy Pilgrim é livre do tempo.

Kurt Vonnegut was born -- Oh, it's time for the open letter! Hey there, Kurt Vonnegut. إذن، ُولد كيرت فونيغت... حان وقت الرسالة المفتوحة. مرحًبا يا كيرت فونيغت. Kurt Vonnegut is geboren -- Oh, het is tijd voor de open brief! Hallo, Kurt Vonnegut. Kurt Vonnegut nasceu -- Oh, é altura para a carta aberta! Olá, Kurt Vonnegut.

Dear Kurt Vonnegut, I actually met you once at the University of Alabama. My primary memory عزيزي كيرت فونيغت، لقد التقيت بك مرة في الحقيقة في جامعة ألاباما. Beste Kurt Vonnegut, ik heb u eigenlijk één keer ontmoet op de Universiteit van Alabama. Mijn voornaamste herinnering "Caro Kurt Vonnegut, eu conheci-o uma vez na Universidade do Alabama. A minha principal memória

of that evening is that someone came up to you and said, “Sir, you can't smoke in أكثر ما أتذكره من تلك الأمسية هو أن أحًدا أتى إليك وقال: "سيدي، لا يمكنك التدخين هنا." van die avond is dat iemand naar u toekwam en zei, “Heer, u mag hier niet roken." dessa noite é de que alguém se aproximou de si e disse, “Senhor, não pode fumar aqui."

here.” And you replied, “Well, I can smoke or I can leave!” وأجبته أنت: "حسًنا، يمكنني أن أدخن أو يمكنني أن أغادر." En u antwoordde, “Nou, ik kan roken of ik kan vertrekken!" E o senhor respondeu, “Bem, eu posso fumar ou eu posso ir embora!”

You were and remain a great inspiration to me as a writer and one thing that I always U was en blijft een grote inspiratie voor mij als een schrijver en één ding waar ik altijd O senhor foi e continua a ser uma grande inspiração para mim enquanto escrito e algo que eu sempre

think about with you is that even though obviously you had a pretty screwed-up life, I always aan denk over u is dat ook al had u duidelijk een behoorlijke lastig leven, ik me altijd pensei sobre si é que apesar de obviamente o senhor ter tido uma vida bastante lixada, eu sempre

felt like you had it figured out. Long story short, I love you Kurt Vonnegut. باختصار، أحبك يا كيرت فونيغت. voelde zoals u en wij samen alles zouden hebben opgelost. Om een lang verhaal kort te maken, ik hou van je Kurt Vonnegut. achei que tinha tudo resolvido. Resumindo, eu adoro-o, Kurt Vonnegut.

Kurt Puppet: I love you too! John: Aw, thank you Kurt! Best wishes, John Green. أحبك أيًضا. شكًرا يا كيرت. مع أطيب تمنياتي، جون غرين. Ik hou ook van jou! Aw, dank je Kurt! Met de beste wensen, John Green. Também te adoro! Aw, obrigado, Kurt! Muitas felicidades, John Green."

Anyway, Vonnegut was born in beautiful Indianapolis in 1922, he spent some time at Cornell University Maargoed, Vonnegut is geboren in het mooie Indianapolis in 1922, hij bracht wat tijd door op de Cornell Universiteit De qualquer forma, Vonnegut nasceu na bela Indianapolis em 1922, passou algum tempo na Universidade Cornell

before entering the United States army at the age of twenty. Like Billy Pilgrim, he voordat hij toetrad tot het leger van de Verenigde Staten op de leeftijd van twintig jaar. Net zoals Billy Pilgrim werd antes de entrar no exércio dos Estados Unidos aos vinte anos. Tal como Billy Pilgrim,

was shipped to Europe, had a very brief combat experience, and then became a prisoner of hij uitgezonden naar Europa, had hij een korte gevechtservaring en werd toen een oorlogsgevangene foi enviado para a Europa, teve uma experiência de combate muito breve, e depois tornou-se prisioneiro

war during the Battle of the Bulge, which you'll remember from Crash Course history. والتي ستذكرونها من سلسلة Crash Course history. tijdens de Slag om de Ardennen, wat je je zal herinneren van Crash Course history. de guerra durante a Batalha das Ardenas, que vocês se lembram do Curso Intensivo de História.

And then like Pilgrim, Vonnegut was sent to Dresden, where he was interred at a former ثم مثل بيلغرم، أرِسل فونيغت إلى درسدن حيث ُوضع داخل مذبح سابق. Toen werd hij, net zoals Pilgrim, naar Dresden gezonden, waar hij onder de grond kwam in een voormalig E então, tal como Pilgrim, Vonnegut foi enviado para Dresden, onde este detido num antigo

slaughterhouse. At the time, Dresden was considered a relatively safe place to be. In Slaughterhouse في ذلك الوقت، كانت ُتعد درسدن مكاًنا آمًنا نسبًيا. slachthuis. In die tijd werd Dresden beschouwd als een relatief veilige plaats om te zijn. In Slaughterhouse matadouro. Na altura, Dresden era considerada um local relativamento seguro. Em "Matadouro

Five, an English officer envies the American prisoners who are sent to Dresden, he says: في المذبح رقم خمسة، يحسد ضابط إنجليزي الأسرى الأمريكيين الذين أرِسلوا إلى درسدن، Five is een Engelse officier jaloers op de Amerikaanse gevangen die naar Dresden worden gezonden. Hij zegt: Cinco", um oficial inglês inveja os prisioneiros americanos que foram enviados para Dresden, ele diz:

You needn't worry about bombs […] Dresden is an open city. It is undefended, and contains Je hoeft je geen zorgen te maken om bommen […] Dresden is een open stad. Het is niet verdedigd, en bevat "Não precisam de se preocupar com as bombas […] Dresden é uma cidade aberta. Não está defendida, e não possui

no war industries or troop concentrations of any importance. geen oorlogsindustrieën of troepenconcentraties van enig belang. quaisquer indústrias bélicas ou concentrações de tropas de relevância."

But it turns out, of course, that in World War II, such things were not prerequisites لكن اتضح أنه في الحرب العالمية الثانية، لم تكن هذه الأشياء شروًطا أساسية للتعرض للقصف. Maar natuurlijk blijkt het dat in de Tweede Wereldoorlog dit soort dingen geen voorwaarde waren Mas como se viu, claro, na Segunda Guerra Mundial, estes não eram pré-requisitos

for getting bombed. Between February 13th and 15th of 1945, British بين 13 و15 شباط (فبراير) 1945، om gebombardeerd te worden. Tussen 13 en 15 februari in 1945 lieten para ser bombardeado. Entre 13 e 15 de Fevereiro de 1945, bombardeiros

and American bombers dropped nearly 4,000 tons of bombs and incendiary devices on Dresden. أسقطت قاذفات قنابل بريطانية وأمريكية 4000 طن من القنابل والعبوات الحارقة على درسدن تقريًبا. Britse en Amerikaanse bommenwerpers bijna 4,000 ton aan bommen en brandbommen vallen op Dresden. britânicos e americanos deixaram cair quase 4,000 toneladas de bombas e engenhos incendiários em Dresden.

This created a firestorm that destroyed an enormous part of the city and cost tens of أنتج هذا عاصفة نارية دمرت جزًءا كبيًرا من المدينة وأزهقت عشرات آلاف الأرواح. Dit veroorzaakte een vuurstorm die een enorm deel van de stad verwoestte en tienduizenden levens Isto criou um fogo que destruiu uma enorme parte da cidade e custou dezenas

thousands of lives. And then Dresden was subject to more air raids kostten. En hierna was Dresden het onderwerp van meer van dit de milhares de vidas. E então Dresden foi objecto de mais ataques aéreos

of this sort in March and April. Now by all accounts, the suffering on the ground was tremendous. كانت المعاناة على الأرض هائلة بكل المقاييس، soort luchtaanvallen in maart en april. In alle verslagen was het lijden op de grond verschrikkelijk. deste género em Março e Abril. Segundo todos os testemunhos, o sofrimento era

But writers, artists, and historians have found it difficult to adequately convey the horrors that took place. لكن صُعَب على الكتاب والفنانين والمؤرخين أن ينقلوا الأهوال التي وقعت كما ينبغي. Maar schrijvers, artiesten en historici hebben het moeilijk gevonden om adequaat de horrors die plaatsvonden over te brengen. Zo is hier wat de Duitse schrijver W. G. Sebald tremendo. Mas escritores, artistas, e historiadores têm tido dificuldade em transmitir adequadamente os horrores que lá tiveram lugar.

Vonnegut approaches the need to testify to these events in Slaughterhouse Five by using يتعامل فونيغت مع الحاجة إلى الإدلاء بشهادة على هذه الأحداث في المسلخ رقم خمسة Vonnegut benadert de behoefte om te getuigen voor deze gebeurtenissen in Slaughterhouse Five door gebruik te maken Vonnegut aborda a necessidade de testemunhar estes eventos em "Matadouro Cinco" ao usar

a fictional narrative that seeks to both understand and evade the past. من خلال استخدام قصة خيالية تسعى إلى فهم وتجنب الماضي مًعا. van een fictief verhaal dat zowel het verleden probeert te begrijpen als te ontwijken. uma narrativa ficcional que procura ao mesmo tempo compreender e evadir o passado.

Like although his narrator was in Dresden during the bombing and firestorm, he learns فمثًلا، مع أن راوي القصة كان في درسدن أثناء القصف والعاصفة النارية، Ook al was zijn verteller in Dresden tijdens de bombardementen en de vuurstorm, hij komt te weten Por exemplo, embora o seu narrador estivesse em Dresden durante o bombardeamento, ele descobre

what took place by eavesdropping on whispering guards. إلا أنه يعرف ماذا حدث عن طريق التنصت إلى الحراس المتهامسين. wat er gebeurd is door het gefluister van de bewakers af te luisteren. o que aconteceu ao ouvir os murmúrios dos guardas.

And that's a way of diminishing the immediacy of violence to rumor. Like Pilgrim reports Dat is een manier om direct geweld te verminderen tot een gerucht. Zo geeft Pilgrim E essa é uma forma de reduzir o contacto directo com a violência a um rumor. Pilgrim relata

the guards' conversation as follows: There was a fire-storm out there. Dresden het gesprek van de bewakers weer: "Er was een vuurstorm buiten. Dresden a conversa dos guardas assim: "Havia uma tempestade de fogo lá fora. Dresden

was one big flame. The one flame ate everything organic, everything that would burn. وقضت تلك الشعلة على كل شيء عضوي، على كل شيء يمكن أن يحترق." was één groot vuur. Dat ene vuur at al het organische op, alles dat maar zou branden." era uma grande labareda. Essa labareda consumiu tudo aquilo que era orgânico, tudo aquilo que ardesse."

This conversation of whispers, transmitted in a foreign language, and translated by the هذه المحادثة من الهمسات التي قيلت بلغة أجنبية وترجمها المؤلف Het gesprek van gefluister, overgebracht in een vreemde taal en vertaald door de Esta conversa de sussurros, transmitida numa língua estrangeira, e traduzida pelo

author is remembered many years after the fact. And as readers, we have plenty of reason تم تذكرها بعد عدة سنوات من الحادثة، وكقّراء، لدينا العديد من الأسباب للتشكيك فيها. auteur wordt nog vele jaren na het gebeuren onthouden. En als lezers hebben we genoeg redenen autor é lembrada muitos anos depois do facto. E como leitores, temos muitas razões

to question it. I mean, just look at the vague nature of the أعني، انظروا إلى الطبيعة المبهمة للغة الُمستخدمة فحسب. om eraan te twijfelen. Ik bedoel, kijk nou naar het vage gebruik van de taal die para a questionar. Quer dizer, olhem a natureza vaga da

language used. Consider the repetition of “everything” (“…everything organic, فكروا في تكرار "كل شيء"، "كل شيء عضوي، كل شيء يمكن أن يحترق." wordt gebruikt. Ga de herhaling van "al / alles" na (“…al het organische, linguagem usada. Considerem a repetição “tudo” (“…tudo aquilo orgânico,

everything that would burn”). Well, “everything” is a pretty broad concept. إن "كل شيء" مفهوم واسع جًدا. alles dat maar zou branden”). Nou, “alles” is best wel een breed begrip. tudo aquilo que ardesse”). Bem, “tudo” é um conceito muito amplo.

And in this context, it allows the narrator not to imagine the specific, horrible details. وفي هذا السياق، إنها تسمح للراوي بألا يتخيل التفاصيل الدقيقة الفظيعة، En in deze context staat het de auteur toe om zich niet te specifieke, vreselijke details voor te stellen. E neste contexto permite que o narrador não imagine os detalhes específicos e horríveis.

Like here, vague language provides a stand-in for detailed testimony. أي أنه في هذه الحالة، اللغة المبهمة توفر بديًلا لشهادة ُمفصلة. Hier bijvoorbeeld biedt vage taal een vervanging voor een gedetailleerd verslag. Como aqui, liguagem vaga proporciona um substituto para um testemunho detalhado.

But there's also something horrific and visceral about that idea generally. The idea لكن هناك شيء رهيب وعميق بشأن تلك الفكرة بشكل عام أيًضا، فكرة أن "كل شيء عضوي" يحترق. Maar er is ook iets gruwelijks en beklemmends aan dat idee in het algemeen. Het idee Mas há também algo de horrível e visceral sobre essa ideia de forma geral. A ideia

of “everything organic” burning. It implies the loss of not just our lives van “al het organische” dat aan het branden is. Het impliceert niet alleen het verlies van slechts onze levens, de “tudo aquilo orgânico” a arder. Implica a perda de não apenas vidas

but all life. Slaughterhouse Five also uses figures of speech maar van al het leven. Slaughterhouse Five gebruikt ook stijlfiguren mas toda a vida. "Matadouro Cinco" também usa figuras de estilo

as a means of evasion. The sun was an angry little pinhead. Dresden "كانت الشمس مثل رأس دبوس صغير غاضب. als een middel om te ontwijken: "De zon was een boze kleine speldenkop. Dresden como uma forma de evasão. "O sol era uma irada cabecinha de alfinete. Dresden

was like the moon now, nothing but minerals. I mean, just as you can't look directly "وكانت درسدن مثل القمر الآن، لا شيء سوى المعادن عليها." أعني، تماًما مثل أننا لا نستطيع النظر إلى الشمس مباشرة، was nu zoals de maan, niets dan mineralen." Ik bedoel, net zoals je niet direct in de zon kan kijken, parecia a Lua, só havia minerais." Quer dizer, tal não se pode olhar directamente

at the sun, Billy Pilgrim can't look directly at the destruction of Dresden. لا يستطيع بيلي بيلغرم النظر إلى الدمار الذي حل بدرسدن مباشرة. kan Billy Pilgrim niet direct naar de verwoesting van Dresden kijken. para o sol, Billy Pilgrim não pode olhar directamente para a destruição de Dresden.

He has to tell us what it's like because what it is is unspeakable. And this sort of evasion Hij moet ons vertellen waar het op leek, omdat hoe het was onuitsprekelijk is. Deze vorm van ontwijken Ele tem de nos contar como parecia porque o que é é indizível. E este tipo de evasão

is very common in eyewitness reports of violence. In fact, Sebald chronicled how often eyewitness is gebruikelijk in ooggetuigenissen van geweld. In feite heeft Sebald bijgehouden hoe vaak ooggetuigenissen é muito comum nos relatos de violência de testemunhas oculares. O escritor alemão W. G. Sebald registou quantas vezes relatos de testemunhas

reports of the bombing of German cities contained “stereotypical phrases.” تحتوي على "عبارات نمطية." over de bombardementen van de Duitse steden “stereotiepe zinnen” bevatten. Deze clichés, relatavam o bombardeamento de cidades alemãs “frases estereotipadas”. Estes clichés,

These clichés, he explains, “cover up and neutralize experiences beyond our ability to comprehend." ويشرح أن هذه العبارات المبتذلة "تستر وتحبط تجارًبا تفوق استيعابنا."

The quote “unreal effect” that they produce is a very real depiction of how the human mind reacts to extreme suffering. "التأثير غير الواقعي" التي ينتج منها هو تمثيل واقعي جًدا لكيفية استجابة العقل البشري للمعاناة الشديدة.

Here's another example of trying to see the horror of war by not looking directly at it. Vonnegut describes the van oorlog te zien door er niet direct naar te kijken. Vonnegut beschrijft het moment na het bombardement o horror da guerra ao não olhá-lo directamente. Vonnegut descreve o pós-bombardeamento

post-bombing Dresden as a mute reflection in the contorted faces of prison guards, and he creates a van Dresden als een gedempte afspiegeling in de verwrongen gezichten van de gevangenis bewakers, en hij creëert de Dresden como uma reflexão silenciosa nos rostos contorcidos dos guardas prisionais, e cria uma imagem

shocking and memorable image: The guards drew together instinctively, rolled een schokkende en gedenkwaardig beeld: "De bewakers trekken instinctief samen, ze rollen chocante e memorável: "Os guardas aproximaram-se instintivamente uns dos outros e reviraram

their eyes. They experimented with one expression and then another, said nothing, though their met hun ogen. Ze experimenteerden met de ene expressie en dan met een andere, zeiden niets, ook al waren os olhos. Experimentavam uma expressão seguida de outra, nada diziam, embora muitas

mouths were often open. They looked like a silent film of a barbershop quartet. كانوا يبدون مثل فيلم صامت لفرقة غنائية رباعية." hun monden vaak open. Ze leken op een stomme film van een kapperskwartet." vezes estivessem de boca aberta. Eles pareciam um filme mudo de um quarteto masculino."

So what does this say about the guards? What are we to make of the silence in this scene? ماذا يعلمنا هذا عن الحراس؟ ماذا يجب أن نفهم من الصمت في المشهد؟ Wat zegt hij dus over de bewakers? Wat moeten we maken van de stilte in deze scène? Então o quê que isto nos diz sobre os guardas? O que devemos depreender do silêncio desta cena?

Why is it that the guards say nothing? Finally, why might Vonnegut use this goofy metaphor لماذا لا يقول الحراس شيًئا؟ وأخيًرا، لَم قد يستخدم فونيغت هذه الاستعارة الخرقاء Waarom zeggen de bewakers niets? Als laatste, waarom zou Vonnegut dit dommige metafoor Porquê que os guardas não dizem nada? Finalmente, porquê que poderia Vonnegut usar esta metáfora pateta

of a barbershop quartet in a silent film at this particular moment? Are we supposed to لفرقة غنائية رباعية في فيلم صامت في هذه اللحظة بالذات؟ van een kappers kwartet in een stomme film gebruiken op dit specifieke moment? Zouden we moeten lachen de um quarteto masculino num filme mudo neste momento em particular? Devemos

laugh at absurd moments like this or the repetition of the phrase “so it goes” whenever someone هل ُيفترض بنا الضحك على لحظات سخيفة كهذه أو تكرار عبارة "وهكذا تجري الأمور" كلما يموت أحد؟ om absurde momenten zoals deze of de herhaling van de zin “zo gaat het” wanneer iemand overlijdt? rir em momentos absurtos como este ou a repetição da expressão “e é assim” sempre que alguém

dies? And if we do feel that instinct to laugh, وإن شعرنا بالدافع للضحك، En als we het instinct voelen om te lachen, morre? E se sentimos esse instinto para rir,

are we then meant to cringe at ourselves for having had that impulse? هل ُيفترض بنا حينئذ أن نحتقر أنفسنا لأن ذلك الدافع خالجنا؟ zouden we dan ineen moeten kruipen voor onszelf omdat we dat impuls hadden? devemos assustar-nos com nós próprios por termos tido esse impulso?

Regardless, that image doesn't go where we expect it to and so it's designed to بغض النظر عن ذلك، لا تتماشى تلك الصورة مع توقعاتنا ولذا إنها ُمصممة لتشعرنا بعدم الراحة، Hoe dan ook, dat beeld gaat niet waar we verwachten dat het heen gaat en is zo ontworpen Seja como for, essa imagem não vai onde estamos à espera e assim é pensada

make us uncomfortable. And that's its power. That's its beauty. وهذه هي قوتها، هذا هو جمالها. om ons ongemakkelijk te maken. En dat is zijn kracht. Dat is zijn schoonheid. para nos deixar desconfortáveis. E é esse o seu poder. É a sua beleza.

And it's worth remembering that Vonnegut describes himself as often feeling speechless ومن الجدير بالذكر أن فونيغت يصف نفسه بأنه عاجز عن الكلام عادة حين يفكر في قصف درسدن، En het is de moeite waard om te onthouden dat Vonnegut zichzelf omschrijft alsof hij zich vaak sprakeloos voelt E vale a pena lembrar que Vonnegut desceve-se a si mesmo como sentido-se frequentemente sem palavras

when thinking about the bombing of Dresden. Like in the first chapter of Slaughterhouse كما يكتب في الفصل الأول من المذبح رقم خمسة: wanneer hij denkt aan het bombardement op Dresden. Zoals in het eerste hoofdstuk van Slaughterhouse quando a pensar sobre o bombardeamento de Dresden. Como no primeiro capítulo de "Matadouro

Five, he writes: I thought it would be easy for me to write "ظننت أن الكتابة عن دمار درسدن ستكون سهلة علي بما أن كل ما علي فعله هو الإبلاغ عما رأيته. Five, schrijft hij: "Ik dacht het makkelijk voor me zou zijn om Cinco", ele escreve: "Julguei que me seria fácil escrever

about the destruction of Dresden since all I would have to do would be to report what over de verwoesting van Dresden te schrijven, aangezien alles wat ik zou moeten doen is te melden wat sobre a destruição de Dresden, uma vez que a única coisa que tinha de fazer era relatar o que

I had seen. And I thought too it would be a masterpiece, or at least make me a lot of واعتقدت أيًضا أنها ستكون تحفة، أو ستجني لي ماًلا كثيًرا على الأقل بما أن الموضوع كبير جًدا. ik had gezien. En ik dacht ook dat het een meesterwerk zou zijn, of mij tenminste veel geld zou laten verdienen, vira. E pensei também que haveria de ser uma obra-prima ou, pelo menos, que me haveria de proporcionar

money since the subject was so big. But not many words about Dresden came from my mind لكن لم تخطر على بالي كلمات كثيرة عن درسدن حينها... omdat het onderwerp zo groot was. Maar niet veel woorden over Dresden kwamen toen uit mijn gedachten... uma data de dinheiro, dada a grandeza do tema. Contudo, não me saíram muitas palavras sobre Dresden

then… and not many words come now, either. And it's clear that Vonnegut has a pretty ... en ook nu komen niet veel woorden." Het is duidelijk dat Vonnegut een behoorlijk na altura… e também não me saem agora." E é claro que Vonnegut tem uma relação

complicated relationship with the words that eventually do, in fact, come. Like his novel, ingewikkelde relatie heeft met de woorden die op een gegeven moment werkelijk komen. Zo opent zijn roman, muito complicada com palavras que enventualmente saem de facto. Este romance

famously, opens with the following lines: All this happened, more or less. The war parts, zoalsbekend, met de volgende zinnen: "Dit is allemaal gebeurd, min of meer. De oorlog gedeelten, abre famosamente com as frases seguintes: "Tudo isto aconteceu, mais ou menos. As partes da guerra

anyway, are pretty much true. Pretty much true? That's another phrase hoe dan ook, zijn zo'n beetje allemaal waar." Zo'n beetje allemaal waar? Dat is nog een zin são, em grande medida, verdadeiras." Em grande medida verdadeiras? Essa é outra frase

that's designed to make us uncomfortable. And as Vonnegut hints at in that passage I وكما يلمح فونيغت في تلك الفقرة التي قرأتها، die is ontworpen om ons ongemakkelijk te maken. Zoals Vonnegut in die passage die ik zojuist las zinspeelt, que está pensada para nos deixar desconfortáveis. E tal como Vonnegut dá a entender nesta passagem que

just read, what does it mean for Vonnegut to gain acclaim and wealth for what he has written? ماذا يعني اكتساب فونيغت للإشادة والثروة مقابل ما أّلفه؟ wat betekent het voor Vonnegut om roem en rijkdom te krijgen voor wat hij heeft geschreven? acabei de ler, o que quer dizer para Vonnegut ganhar reconhecimento e riqueza por aquilo que

In an introduction to the 1976 edition of Slaughterhouse Five, Vonnegut expresses في مقدمة لإحدى نسخ عام 1976 من المسلخ رقم خمسة، In een introductie voor de 1976 editie van Slaughterhouse Five, laat Vonnegut weten dat hij escreveu? Numa introdução da edição de 1976 de "Matadouro Cinco", Vonnegut expressa

some guilt at having benefited from its publication: The Dresden atrocity, tremendously expensive enig schuldgevoel heeft door te hebben geprofiteerd van zijn publicatie: "De gruweldaad van Dresden, enorm duur alguma culpa por beneficiar da sua publicação: "A atrocidade de Dresden, tremendamente cara

and meticulously planned, was so meaningless, finally, that only one person on the entire en minutieus gepland, was zo zonder betekenis, uiteindelijk, dat slechts één persoon op de gehele aarde e meticulosamente planeada, foi tão sem sentido, finalmente, que só uma pessoa no planeta

planet got any benefit from it. I am that person. I wrote this book, which earned a enig voordeel eruit heeft gehaald. Ik ben die persoon. Ik schreef dit boek, waardoor ik veel geld inteiro beneficiou dela. Eu sou essa pessoa. Eu escrevi este livro, que ganhou

lot of money for me and made my reputation, such as it is. One way or another, I got two heb gekregen en een reputatie, zo is het. Hoe dan ook, ik heb twee muito dinheiro para mim e me deu reputação, tal como é. De uma maneira ou outra, eu ganhei dois

or three dollars for every person killed. Some business I'm in. يا لها من تجارة هذه التي أمارسها!" of drie dollars gekregen voor elke vermoorde persoon. Wat een beroep heb ik toch." ou três dólares por cada pessoa morte. Belo negócio em que estou."

Now that's a classic example of Vonnegut's self-deprecating humor, but the “business” Dit is een klassiek voorbeeld van Vonneguts zelfspottende humor, maar het “beroep” Então, este é um exemplo clássicp do humor auto-depreciativo de Vonnegut, mas o “negócio”

of providing testimony does remain important work, I would argue — even if it is through van het bieden van getuigenis blijft belangrijk werk, zou ik beargumenteren—ook al is het door middel van de providenciar testumenho continua a ser trabalho importante, diria eu—mesmo que através

the flawed vehicle of narrative fiction. Precisely because it struggles to look directly het gebrekkige voertuig van verhalende fictie. Juist omdat het zo worstelt om direct te kijken do veículo defeituoso da narrativa ficcional. Precisamente porque luta para olhar directamente

at the firebombing of Dresden, Slaughterhouse Five provides ways of thinking about how we naar het bombardement op Dresden, biedt Slaughterhouse Five ons manieren om na te denken over hoe we para o bombardeamento de Dresden, "Matadouro Cinco" fornece formas de pensar sobre como

live and love and fight and heal. And it makes us think about how we frame the leven en liefhebben en vechten en genezen. Het laat ons denken over hoe we de verhalen vivemos e amamos e lutamos e recuperamos. E faz-nos pensar em como enquadramos as

stories that we tell ourselves about the past. And Billy Pilgrim's unstuckness in time die we onszelf over het verleden vertellen framen. En Billy Pilgrims losheid in de tijd histórias que contamos a nós próprios sobre o passado. E a volubilidade no tempo Billy Pilgrim

reminds us that, as the great William Faulkner wrote, “The past isn't dead. It's not "لم يمت الماضي، بل لم يمِض حتى." herinnert ons eraan dat, zoals de grote dichter William Faulkner schreef, “Het verleden is niet dood. lembra-nos que, como o grande William Faulkner escreveu, “O passado não está morto. Nem sequer

even past.” Next week, we'll talk about Billy Pilgrim's سنتحدث الأسبوع القادم عن الكون البديل لبيلي بيلغرم Het is niet eens voorbij.” Volgende week zullen we het hebben over Billy Pilgrims é passado.” Na próxima semana, vamos falar sobre o universo

alternate universe filled with toilet-plunger aliens who offer a new perspective on the المليء بمخلوقات فضائية يشبهون مكابس المراحيض الغطاسة ويقدمون منظوًرا جديًدا عن عنف البشر. alternatieve universum, gevuld met toilet-ontstoppende aliens die een nieuw perspectief bieden op het alternativo de Billy Pilgrim cheio de extraterrestres em forma de desentupidares de sanitas que oferecem uma nova perspectiva

violence of mankind. And we'll discuss the philosophy of Tralfamadorians (a philosophy menselijk geweld. En we zullen de filosofie van de Tralfamadorians bespreken (een filosofie die sobre a violência da humanidade. E vamos discutir a filosofia dos of Tralfamadorianos (uma filosofia

summed up by the phrase, “and so it goes”). And, finally, we will consider what, if anything, samengevat kan worden door de zin “en zo gaat het”). En, uiteindelijk, zullen we overwegen wat, als het al iets is, resumida na frase “e é assim”). E, por fim, vamos considerar o que, se alguma coisa,

an “anti-war” can do about war, or really about anything else. Thanks for watching, بشأن الحرب أو بشأن أي شيء آخر. een “anti-oorlog” kan doen aan oorlog, of echt aan iets anders dan ook. Bedankt voor het kijken, um romance “anti-guerra” pode fazer sobre a guerra, ou realmente sobre qualquer outra coisa. Obrigado por assistirem,

I'll see you next week. Crash Course is made with the help of all شكًرا على المشاهدة، سأراكم الأسبوع المقبل. يتم إعداد Crash Course بمساعدة جميع هؤلاء الناس اللطفاء، ik zie je volgende week. Crash Course wordt gemaakt met hulp van al deze vejo-vos para a semana. O Curso Intensivo é feito com a ajuda de todas

of these nice people, and it exists because of your support at Subbable.com, a voluntary وهو موجود بفضل دعمكم على موقع Subbable.com،

subscription service that allows you to support Crash Course directly so that we can keep وهو خدمة اشتراك اختياري تسمح لكم بدعم Crash Course مباشرة،