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E-Books (english-e-reader), Amazing Women by Helen Parker (1)

Amazing Women by Helen Parker (1)

Chapter one

Harriet Tubman

c. 1820 - 1913

The slave who escaped and helped hundreds of other slaves to escape

I escaped from slavery in the south of the USA. I then helped hundreds of other slaves to escape to the north of the USA and Canada. I also freed hundreds of slaves who wanted to fight in the Civil War.

My parents were slaves for the Brodess family in Maryland, USA. I was the fifth of nine children. At the age of 6, I started work as a nursemaid for another family. After that I had to work in the woods and fields. Our owners did not think of us as people. For them, we were like animals or machines. If we did something wrong, they hit us or punished us in horrible ways.

In 1831, at the age of 11, I started to do the same work as the adult slaves. Every day we had to work for many hours in the fields. Around this time, I received an injury, which I never forgot. I refused to stop a slave who was escaping. The slave's owner threw a metal weight at the slave, but it hit me on the head. It hurt a lot and this injury gave me headaches for the rest of my life.

*

In 1849, I was brave and tried to escape. I was married by then, but my marriage was very unhappy and I hated the thought of another year of slavery. Two of my brothers agreed to come with me. We wanted to reach the north of the USA, where slavery was illegal. I could live there as a free woman.

We made good progress towards the north, but then we heard some bad news. Our owner was offering $300 to anyone who caught us. My brothers became frightened and we decided to return to Maryland. We were punished when we returned, but I still wanted to escape.

A short time later, I escaped again. This time I went alone. I travelled at night along quiet roads and paths. Some kind people helped me on the way. They gave me food and a place to sleep. Finally, I arrived in the city of Philadelphia in the north. The journey was long and difficult, but it felt wonderful to be free at last.

*

In Philadelphia, I got a job and began to earn money. I missed my parents and my brothers and sisters. I was free and I wanted my family to be free, too. Maybe I could help them to escape?

In 1850, I received some bad news. My niece and her daughters were in danger. Their owner wanted to sell them and they didn't want to go to different families. I decided to return to Maryland to free them. I had to help them to escape. We travelled at night and used the stars to find our way to the north.

After helping my niece and her daughters, I helped many other slaves to escape. I offered to help my husband, John Tubman, too, but he didn't want to leave the south. He didn't want to be with me any more, so our marriage ended.

Soon, a new law made things a lot more difficult for me. It became illegal to help a slave to escape in the USA. I had to find a new route - to Canada, where slavery was illegal.

*

In 1857, I went on a very special journey to help my parents. They weren't slaves any more, but their life in the south was very difficult. They were very happy to see me again and wanted to go with me to Canada. Our journey was very slow and difficult because my parents were old. We had a big celebration when we finally arrived in Ontario, Canada.

In 1861, the American Civil War started. The Confederates from the south wanted slavery to continue. The Unionists from the north wanted slavery to become illegal. I joined the Union Army, which fought for the north. An army captain, James Montgomery, heard about me. He discovered that I helped slaves to escape before the war. And he wanted my help. He wanted slaves to fight for freedom in the Union Army. I took a team of spies to the south and found slaves who wanted to join us. It was dangerous work, but we were very successful. On one trip, 700 slaves agreed to escape and they became soldiers.

On 9th April 1865, the war ended. What could I do with my life now? I decided to fight for equal rights for black people and for women. I spoke at public meetings and I tried to help black people who were poor and old.

*

In 1896, I bought some land and, in 1903, I gave the land to my church. I wanted the church to start a home for black people who were poor and elderly. In 1908, the home opened for the first time.

As I looked back at my life, I was very proud. I was happy that I helped so many people to find freedom.

Chapter two

Emmeline Pankhurst

1858-1928

The woman who wanted women to be able to vote

I campaigned all my life for equal rights for women.

I started a political group which fought for the vote for women in Britain. After many years of protests, we finally won the right for British women to vote.

When I was born in 1858, women in Britain didn't have the same rights as men. Most women couldn't go to school or university. They were only allowed to work in certain jobs. And they didn't have the right to vote.

I grew up in Manchester in the north of England and I saw many problems every day. Mothers had to bring up children in small, dirty houses. Disease was everywhere because of the terrible conditions. And most women only lived until they were around 50 years old. I knew from a young age that I wanted to improve women's lives.

My parents believed in human rights. They believed that education was a right for women as well as men. In 1873, my parents sent me to school in Paris. They wanted me to get a wider view of the world.

*

In Paris, I was disappointed to discover that women were still not equal with men after the French Revolution. Action was needed and I returned to England to begin the fight.

In Britain, the political situation was quite unusual. Our ruler was a woman, Queen Victoria. She was a powerful leader, but she wasn't interested in women's rights. Our politicians were all men and they definitely weren't interested in political equality for women.

In 1879, I was surprised to discover a man who was campaigning for women's rights. His name was Richard Pankhurst and he was a lawyer. We shared many of the same beliefs and ideas. We got married and started a family.

*

For almost 20 years, Richard and I fought for political rights for women. Then, sadly, my dear husband died. My daughters and I were very sad, but we decided to continue our campaign. The two oldest daughters, Christabel and Sylvia, became activists. In 1903, we started the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). It was a group that fought for the right for women to vote. Christabel became one of our bravest leaders. Sylvia was an artist and she designed our posters and signs.

The WSPU organized many public meetings and protests. Sometimes the police arrested our members. Christabel was one of the first to go to prison. When our members were in prison, we protested. And when our members came out of prison, we celebrated in the streets. It was very important to get public attention.

Unfortunately, the government didn't agree with our campaign. We had to take more powerful action. Some of our members began to break the law. They lit fires in buildings and broke windows. Our campaign was a war for these women. For me, it was always a fight for equal rights.

Every time I was arrested, I told the judge. 'We don't want to break laws, we want to make new laws.' But the lawyers and politicians didn't want to listen.

In 1910, Prime Minister Asquith, the government leader, stopped a new law that gave women the vote. We were shocked and angry. On Friday, 18th November, I led a group of women to meet the Prime Minister, but he refused to see us. We started to protest in the street and 100 women were arrested. It was a terrible day. We called it 'Black Friday'.

*

In 1914 the First World War began and we agreed to stop our campaign. Women were now needed as nurses in hospitals and to work in factories and on farms. In 1917, we started a new group with a new name, The Women's Party. In 1918, the First World War ended. The government realized that women were an important part of the victory in the war.

At last, women were given the right to vote - but only women over 30 years old who owned a home could vote. Any man over 21 could vote. We still didn't have full equality!

After the war, I went to live in the USA, Canada and also Bermuda. In 1926, I returned to England. I wanted to become a politician, but my health wasn't good enough. In 1928, only three weeks before I died, a new law gave women the same right to vote as men. It took much longer than we hoped. But in the end our campaign was successful and at last we won political equality for women.

Chapter three

Maria Montessori

1870 - 1952

The doctor who discovered a new way to teach children

I was the first woman to get a medical degree in Italy.

I helped children with mental problems to learn. I then created a special method to teach all children. Many schools around the world still use my method.

When I was a little girl, my mother always told me, 'Be kind to others.' Every day, she asked me to make clothes for poor people. We lived in Chiaravalle in Italy and a lot of poor families lived near our home.

Fortunately, my parents had enough money to send me to school. My father had traditional ideas about women. He wanted me to get married and stay at home. So he didn't want me to continue my education after primary school. But my mother was very different and she encouraged me to study.

In 1883, I started at secondary school and after that I went to a technical college. I did well in maths and physics, but later I became very interested in biology. I decided to become a doctor. It wasn't an easy decision to make. Only men studied for medical degrees at that time. Would a medical school accept me?

*

In 1890, I began a course in science at the University of Rome. I did very well in this degree and at last the university's medical school accepted me. Some of the teachers and students didn't want me to study there. But I worked hard and in 1896, I was the first woman in Italy to become a doctor.

The university had a special hospital for children with mental problems. I wanted to help the children to communicate and to learn. I wanted to improve their lives. But how could I do this? I began to study and give talks about this question.

In 1898, I became a director of a school in Rome for children with mental problems. At that time, people called these children horrible things, such as 'crazy' or 'idiots'. But these children were just different. And they needed to learn in a different way. My teachers and I showed the children what to do. Slowly, we made progress with this practical method. We showed the children simple actions, such as how to eat or wash or play games. The children copied these actions and then we repeated them again and again.

*

In 1906, the government asked me to work in a different school for very young children from poor families. I changed the classrooms and took away the rows of desks. We used small tables and encouraged the children to play. We created educational toys that the children could touch and feel. They learned by playing.

Amazing Women by Helen Parker (1) نساء مذهلات بقلم هيلين باركر (1) Úžasné ženy od Helen Parker (1) Mujeres asombrosas de Helen Parker (1) ヘレン・パーカーの「アメージング・ウィメン」 (1) 헬렌 파커의 놀라운 여성들 (1) "Дивовижні жінки" Гелен Паркер (1) 海伦·帕克的《了不起的女人》 (1)

Chapter one

Harriet Tubman هارييت توبمان

c. 1820 - 1913

The slave who escaped and helped hundreds of other slaves to escape العبد الذي هرب وساعد مئات العبيد الآخرين على الهروب Otrok, který uprchl a pomohl stovkám dalších otroků k útěku. 逃げ出し、他の何百人もの奴隷が逃げるのを助けた奴隷 Раб, совершивший побег и помогший бежать сотням других рабов

I escaped from slavery in the south of the USA. لقد هربت من العبودية في جنوب الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. 私はアメリカ南部の奴隷制から脱出した。 I then helped hundreds of other slaves to escape to the north of the USA and Canada. ثم ساعدت مئات العبيد الآخرين على الهروب إلى شمال الولايات المتحدة وكندا. それから私は他の何百人もの奴隷がアメリカとカナダの北に逃げるのを手伝いました。 그 후 저는 수백 명의 다른 노예들이 미국과 캐나다 북부로 탈출할 수 있도록 도왔습니다. I also freed hundreds of slaves who wanted to fight in the Civil War. كما قمت بتحرير مئات العبيد الذين أرادوا القتال في الحرب الأهلية. 私はまた、南北戦争で戦いたいと思っていた何百人もの奴隷を解放しました。 또한 남북전쟁에 참전하고자 했던 수백 명의 노예를 해방시켰습니다.

My parents were slaves for the Brodess family in Maryland, USA. كان والداي عبيدًا لعائلة بروديس في ولاية ماريلاند بالولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. 私の両親は、米国メリーランド州のブロデス家の奴隷でした。 Мои родители были рабами у семьи Броудесс в штате Мэриленд, США. I was the fifth of nine children. 私は9人の子供の5番目でした。 At the age of 6, I started work as a nursemaid for another family. عندما كنت في السادسة من عمري، بدأت العمل كمربية أطفال لدى عائلة أخرى. 6歳の時、私は別の家族のナースメイドとして働き始めました。 After that I had to work in the woods and fields. بعد ذلك اضطررت للعمل في الغابات والحقول. その後、私は森と野原で働かなければなりませんでした。 После этого мне пришлось работать в лесу и на полях. Our owners did not think of us as people. لم يفكر أصحابنا فينا كأشخاص. 私たちの所有者は私たちを人とは考えていませんでした。 For them, we were like animals or machines. بالنسبة لهم، كنا مثل الحيوانات أو الآلات. 彼らにとって、私たちは動物や機械のようでした。 If we did something wrong, they hit us or punished us in horrible ways. إذا فعلنا شيئًا خاطئًا، كانوا يضربوننا أو يعاقبوننا بطرق فظيعة. 私たちが何か間違ったことをした場合、彼らは私たちを殴ったり、恐ろしい方法で私たちを罰したりしました。

In 1831, at the age of 11, I started to do the same work as the adult slaves. في عام 1831، عندما كنت في الحادية عشرة من عمري، بدأت في القيام بنفس العمل الذي كان يقوم به العبيد البالغون. 1831年、11歳の時、私は大人の奴隷と同じ仕事をし始めました。 Every day we had to work for many hours in the fields. كان علينا أن نعمل كل يوم لساعات طويلة في الحقول. Around this time, I received an injury, which I never forgot. في هذا الوقت تقريبًا، تعرضت لإصابة لم أنساها أبدًا. この頃、忘れられない怪我をしました。 이 무렵 저는 평생 잊지 못할 부상을 입었습니다. I refused to stop a slave who was escaping. لقد رفضت إيقاف العبد الذي كان يهرب. 私は逃げていた奴隷を止めることを拒否した。 도망치는 노예를 막지 않았어요. The slave's owner threw a metal weight at the slave, but it hit me on the head. ألقى صاحب العبد على العبد ثقلًا معدنيًا، فضربني على رأسي. 奴隷の所有者は奴隷に金属の重りを投げましたが、それは私を頭にぶつけました。 It hurt a lot and this injury gave me headaches for the rest of my life. لقد آلمني ذلك كثيرًا وسببت لي هذه الإصابة صداعًا طوال حياتي. それはとても痛く、この怪我は私の人生の残りの間私に頭痛を与えました。

***

In 1849, I was brave and tried to escape. في عام 1849، كنت شجاعًا وحاولت الهرب. 1849年、私は勇敢で逃げようとしました。 I was married by then, but my marriage was very unhappy and I hated the thought of another year of slavery. كنت متزوجة في ذلك الوقت، لكن زواجي لم يكن سعيدًا للغاية، وكرهت فكرة قضاء عام آخر في العبودية. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt war ich bereits verheiratet, aber meine Ehe war sehr unglücklich und ich hasste den Gedanken an ein weiteres Jahr der Sklaverei. 私はそれまでに結婚していましたが、結婚はとても不幸で、もう1年の奴隷制の考えが嫌いでした。 그 무렵 저는 결혼했지만 결혼 생활이 매우 불행했고 또다시 노예 생활을 해야 한다는 생각이 싫었습니다. Two of my brothers agreed to come with me. وافق اثنان من إخوتي على القدوم معي. 私の兄弟のうちの2人は私と一緒に来ることに同意しました。 We wanted to reach the north of the USA, where slavery was illegal. أردنا الوصول إلى شمال الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، حيث كانت العبودية غير قانونية. 私たちは奴隷制が違法であったアメリカの北部に行きたかったのです。 I could live there as a free woman. أستطيع أن أعيش هناك كامرأة حرة. 私は自由な女性としてそこに住むことができました。

We made good progress towards the north, but then we heard some bad news. 北に向かって順調に進んでいましたが、悪い知らせがありました。 Our owner was offering $300 to anyone who caught us. كان مالكنا يعرض 300 دولار على أي شخص يقبض علينا. 私たちの所有者は私たちを捕まえた人に300ドルを提供していました。 주인은 우리를 잡는 사람에게 300달러를 주겠다고 했습니다. My brothers became frightened and we decided to return to Maryland. أصبح إخوتي خائفين وقررنا العودة إلى ماريلاند. 私の兄弟はおびえたので、私たちはメリーランドに戻ることにしました。 We were punished when we returned, but I still wanted to escape. لقد عوقبنا عندما عدنا، لكنني مازلت أرغب في الهروب. 戻ったときは罰せられましたが、それでも逃げたかったのです。

A short time later, I escaped again. وبعد وقت قصير، هربت مرة أخرى. しばらくして、私は再び逃げました。 This time I went alone. هذه المرة ذهبت وحدي. 今回は一人で行きました。 I travelled at night along quiet roads and paths. سافرت ليلاً على طول الطرق والمسارات الهادئة. 私は夜、静かな道や小道を旅しました。 Some kind people helped me on the way. ساعدني بعض الأشخاص الطيبين في الطريق. They gave me food and a place to sleep. أعطوني طعامًا ومكانًا للنوم. Finally, I arrived in the city of Philadelphia in the north. وأخيراً وصلت إلى مدينة فيلادلفيا في الشمال. The journey was long and difficult, but it felt wonderful to be free at last. كانت الرحلة طويلة وصعبة، ولكن كان من الرائع أن تكون حراً في النهاية. 旅は長くて大変でしたが、ようやく自由になれたのは素晴らしい気分でした。 길고 힘든 여정이었지만 마침내 자유를 되찾은 기분은 정말 좋았습니다.

***

In Philadelphia, I got a job and began to earn money. وفي فيلادلفيا، حصلت على وظيفة وبدأت في كسب المال. I missed my parents and my brothers and sisters. اشتقت لوالديّ وإخوتي وأخواتي. 부모님과 형제자매들이 보고 싶었어요. I was free and I wanted my family to be free, too. لقد كنت حراً وأردت أن تكون عائلتي حرة أيضاً. Maybe I could help them to escape? ربما يمكنني مساعدتهم على الهروب؟ 多分私は彼らが逃げるのを手伝うことができますか?

In 1850, I received some bad news. في عام 1850، تلقيت بعض الأخبار السيئة. My niece and her daughters were in danger. وكانت ابنة أخي وبناتها في خطر. Their owner wanted to sell them and they didn't want to go to different families. أراد مالكها بيعها ولم يرغبوا في الذهاب إلى عائلات مختلفة. I decided to return to Maryland to free them. قررت العودة إلى ماريلاند لتحريرهم. I had to help them to escape. كان علي أن أساعدهم على الهروب. We travelled at night and used the stars to find our way to the north. سافرنا ليلاً واستخدمنا النجوم لنجد طريقنا إلى الشمال. 私たちは夜に旅行し、星を使って北への道を見つけました。

After helping my niece and her daughters, I helped many other slaves to escape. وبعد مساعدة ابنة أخي وبناتها، ساعدت العديد من العبيد الآخرين على الهروب. I offered to help my husband, John Tubman, too, but he didn't want to leave the south. عرضت مساعدة زوجي، جون توبمان، أيضًا، لكنه لم يرغب في مغادرة الجنوب. 私は夫のジョン・タブマンも助けることを申し出ましたが、彼は南部を離れたくありませんでした。 남편인 존 터브먼도 돕겠다고 제안했지만 그는 남부를 떠나고 싶어 하지 않았습니다. He didn't want to be with me any more, so our marriage ended. لم يعد يريد أن يكون معي بعد الآن، لذلك انتهى زواجنا.

Soon, a new law made things a lot more difficult for me. وسرعان ما صدر قانون جديد جعل الأمور أكثر صعوبة بالنسبة لي. すぐに、新しい法律は私にとって物事をはるかに難しくしました。 곧 새로운 법으로 인해 상황이 훨씬 더 어려워졌습니다. It became illegal to help a slave to escape in the USA. أصبح من غير القانوني مساعدة العبد على الهروب في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. アメリカで奴隷が逃げるのを手伝うことは違法になりました。 ABD'de bir kölenin kaçmasına yardım etmek yasadışı hale geldi. I had to find a new route - to Canada, where slavery was illegal. كان عليّ أن أجد طريقًا جديدًا إلى كندا، حيث كانت العبودية غير قانونية. 奴隷制が違法だったカナダへの新しいルートを見つけなければなりませんでした。 Yeni bir rota bulmak zorundaydım - köleliğin yasadışı olduğu Kanada'ya.

*** *

In 1857, I went on a very special journey to help my parents. في عام 1857، ذهبت في رحلة خاصة جدًا لمساعدة والدي. 1857 年、私は両親を助けるために非常に特別な旅に出ました。 They weren't slaves any more, but their life in the south was very difficult. لم يعودوا عبيدًا بعد الآن، لكن حياتهم في الجنوب كانت صعبة للغاية. They were very happy to see me again and wanted to go with me to Canada. لقد كانوا سعداء جدًا برؤيتي مرة أخرى وأرادوا الذهاب معي إلى كندا. Our journey was very slow and difficult because my parents were old. كانت رحلتنا بطيئة وصعبة للغاية لأن والدي كانا كبيرين في السن. We had a big celebration when we finally arrived in Ontario, Canada.

In 1861, the American Civil War started. The Confederates from the south wanted slavery to continue. أراد الكونفدراليون من الجنوب أن تستمر العبودية. 南軍は奴隷制の継続を望んでいた。 The Unionists from the north wanted slavery to become illegal. أراد الوحدويون من الشمال أن تصبح العبودية غير قانونية. 北のユニオニストは奴隷制が違法になることを望んでいた。 I joined the Union Army, which fought for the north. انضممت إلى جيش الاتحاد الذي قاتل من أجل الشمال. 北軍と戦った北軍に加わった。 저는 북쪽을 위해 싸웠던 연합군에 입대했습니다. An army captain, James Montgomery, heard about me. سمع عني النقيب بالجيش، جيمس مونتغمري. He discovered that I helped slaves to escape before the war. اكتشف أنني ساعدت العبيد على الهروب قبل الحرب. And he wanted my help. وكان يريد مساعدتي. He wanted slaves to fight for freedom in the Union Army. أراد أن يقاتل العبيد من أجل الحرية في جيش الاتحاد. I took a team of spies to the south and found slaves who wanted to join us. 私はスパイのチームを南に連れて行き、私たちに加わりたい奴隷を見つけました。 It was dangerous work, but we were very successful. On one trip, 700 slaves agreed to escape and they became soldiers. وفي إحدى الرحلات، وافق 700 من العبيد على الهروب وأصبحوا جنودًا. ある旅行で、700人の奴隷が逃げることに同意し、彼らは兵士になりました。

On 9th April 1865, the war ended. What could I do with my life now? ماذا يمكنني أن أفعل بحياتي الآن؟ 私は今私の人生で何ができるでしょうか? I decided to fight for equal rights for black people and for women. قررت النضال من أجل المساواة في الحقوق بين السود والنساء. 私は黒人と女性の平等な権利のために戦うことにしました。 I spoke at public meetings and I tried to help black people who were poor and old.

***

In 1896, I bought some land and, in 1903, I gave the land to my church. في عام 1896، اشتريت بعض الأراضي، وفي عام 1903، أعطيت الأرض لكنيستي. 1896年に土地を購入し、1903年にその土地を教会に譲渡しました。 I wanted the church to start a home for black people who were poor and elderly. In 1908, the home opened for the first time. وفي عام 1908، افتتح المنزل لأول مرة. 1908년, 이 집이 처음으로 문을 열었습니다.

As I looked back at my life, I was very proud. عندما نظرت إلى حياتي، كنت فخورًا جدًا. I was happy that I helped so many people to find freedom. كنت سعيدًا لأنني ساعدت الكثير من الناس في العثور على الحرية. 많은 사람들이 자유를 찾는 데 도움을 주었다는 사실에 기뻤습니다.

Chapter two

Emmeline Pankhurst إميلين بانكهرست 에밀린 팽크허스트

1858-1928 1858-1928

The woman who wanted women to be able to vote المرأة التي أرادت أن تتمكن المرأة من التصويت 女性が投票できるようにしたかった女性 여성이 투표할 수 있기를 바랐던 여성

I campaigned all my life for equal rights for women. لقد قمت بحملة طوال حياتي من أجل المساواة في الحقوق للمرأة. 私は一生、女性の平等な権利のためにキャンペーンを行いました。 저는 평생 여성의 평등한 권리를 위해 캠페인을 벌였습니다.

I started a political group which fought for the vote for women in Britain. لقد أنشأت مجموعة سياسية ناضلت من أجل حق المرأة في التصويت في بريطانيا. 私はイギリスで女性の投票のために戦った政治グループを始めました。 After many years of protests, we finally won the right for British women to vote. وبعد سنوات عديدة من الاحتجاجات، حصلنا أخيرًا على حق المرأة البريطانية في التصويت. 長年の抗議の末、私たちはついに英国の女性が投票する権利を獲得しました。

When I was born in 1858, women in Britain didn't have the same rights as men. عندما ولدت عام 1858، لم تكن النساء في بريطانيا يتمتعن بنفس الحقوق التي يتمتع بها الرجال. 私が1858年に生まれたとき、英国の女性は男性と同じ権利を持っていませんでした。 Most women couldn't go to school or university. ولم تتمكن معظم النساء من الذهاب إلى المدرسة أو الجامعة. ほとんどの女性は学校や大学に行くことができませんでした。 They were only allowed to work in certain jobs. ولم يُسمح لهم بالعمل إلا في وظائف معينة. 彼らは特定の仕事でのみ働くことを許可されました。 And they didn't have the right to vote. ولم يكن لهم حق التصويت. そして彼らには投票する権利がありませんでした。

I grew up in Manchester in the north of England and I saw many problems every day. لقد نشأت في مانشستر في شمال إنجلترا وأرى العديد من المشاكل كل يوم. Mothers had to bring up children in small, dirty houses. كان على الأمهات تربية أطفالهن في منازل صغيرة وقذرة. 母親は小さな汚れた家で子供を育てなければなりませんでした。 Anneler çocuklarını küçük, kirli evlerde büyütmek zorundaydı. Disease was everywhere because of the terrible conditions. كان المرض في كل مكان بسبب الظروف الرهيبة. ひどい状態のために病気はいたるところにありました。 끔찍한 환경 탓에 질병은 도처에 퍼져 있었습니다. And most women only lived until they were around 50 years old. وعاشت معظم النساء حتى سن الخمسين تقريبًا. そして、ほとんどの女性は、50歳くらいになるまでしか生きていませんでした。 그리고 대부분의 여성은 50세 전후까지만 살았습니다. I knew from a young age that I wanted to improve women's lives. عرفت منذ صغري أنني أريد تحسين حياة النساء. 私は若い頃から女性の生活を向上させたいと思っていました。 저는 어릴 때부터 여성의 삶을 개선하고 싶다는 생각을 가지고 있었습니다. Genç yaşlardan beri kadınların hayatlarını iyileştirmek istediğimi biliyordum.

My parents believed in human rights. كان والداي يؤمنان بحقوق الإنسان. 부모님은 인권을 믿으셨어요. They believed that education was a right for women as well as men. لقد اعتقدوا أن التعليم حق للنساء وكذلك الرجال. 彼らは、教育は男性だけでなく女性にとっても正しいと信じていました。 그들은 교육은 남성뿐만 아니라 여성에게도 권리가 있다고 믿었습니다. In 1873, my parents sent me to school in Paris. في عام 1873، أرسلني والداي إلى المدرسة في باريس. 1873年、両親は私をパリの学校に送りました。 They wanted me to get a wider view of the world. 彼らは私に世界のより広い視野を得ることを望んでいました。

***

In Paris, I was disappointed to discover that women were still not equal with men after the French Revolution. وفي باريس، شعرت بخيبة أمل عندما اكتشفت أن النساء ما زلن غير متساويات مع الرجال بعد الثورة الفرنسية. パリでは、フランス革命後も女性が男性と同等ではないことに気づき、がっかりしました。 파리에서 프랑스 혁명 이후에도 여성은 여전히 남성과 동등하지 않다는 사실에 실망했습니다. Paris'te, Fransız Devrimi'nden sonra kadınların hala erkeklerle eşit olmadığını keşfettiğimde hayal kırıklığına uğradım. Action was needed and I returned to England to begin the fight. كان الإجراء ضروريًا وعدت إلى إنجلترا لبدء القتال. 行動が必要でした、そして私は戦いを始めるためにイギリスに戻りました。

In Britain, the political situation was quite unusual. في بريطانيا، كان الوضع السياسي غير عادي إلى حد ما. 英国では、政治情勢は非常に珍しいものでした。 영국의 정치적 상황은 매우 이례적이었습니다. Britanya'da siyasi durum oldukça sıra dışıydı. Our ruler was a woman, Queen Victoria. وكانت حاكمتنا امرأة، الملكة فيكتوريا. 우리의 통치자는 여성인 빅토리아 여왕이었습니다. Hükümdarımız bir kadındı, Kraliçe Victoria. She was a powerful leader, but she wasn't interested in women's rights. لقد كانت قائدة قوية، لكنها لم تكن مهتمة بحقوق المرأة. Güçlü bir liderdi ama kadın haklarıyla ilgilenmiyordu. Our politicians were all men and they definitely weren't interested in political equality for women. كان جميع السياسيين لدينا من الرجال، ولم يكونوا بالتأكيد مهتمين بالمساواة السياسية للمرأة. 私たちの政治家はすべて男性であり、女性の政治的平等には絶対に興味がありませんでした。 우리 정치인들은 모두 남성이었고 여성의 정치적 평등에는 전혀 관심이 없었습니다. Politikacılarımızın hepsi erkekti ve kadınlar için siyasi eşitlikle kesinlikle ilgilenmiyorlardı.

In 1879, I was surprised to discover a man who was campaigning for women's rights. في عام 1879، فوجئت باكتشاف رجل كان يناضل من أجل حقوق المرأة. 1879年、私は女性の権利のために運動している男性を発見して驚いた。 His name was Richard Pankhurst and he was a lawyer. كان اسمه ريتشارد بانكهرست وكان محامياً. We shared many of the same beliefs and ideas. لقد شاركنا العديد من نفس المعتقدات والأفكار. 私たちは同じ信念やアイデアの多くを共有しました。 We got married and started a family. لقد تزوجنا وكوّنا عائلة.

***

For almost 20 years, Richard and I fought for political rights for women. لقد ناضلنا أنا وريتشارد لمدة عشرين عامًا تقريبًا من أجل الحقوق السياسية للمرأة. Then, sadly, my dear husband died. Sonra, ne yazık ki, sevgili kocam öldü. My daughters and I were very sad, but we decided to continue our campaign. شعرت أنا وبناتي بالحزن الشديد، لكننا قررنا مواصلة حملتنا. The two oldest daughters, Christabel and Sylvia, became activists. أصبحت الابنتان الأكبر سناً، كريستابيل وسيلفيا، ناشطتين. 2人の長女、クリスタベルとシルビアが活動家になりました。 In 1903, we started the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). في عام 1903، أنشأنا الاتحاد الاجتماعي والسياسي النسائي (WSPU). 1903年、私たちはWomen's Social and Political Union(WSPU)を設立しました。 It was a group that fought for the right for women to vote. لقد كانت مجموعة ناضلت من أجل حق المرأة في التصويت. それは女性の投票権を求めて戦ったグループでした。 Christabel became one of our bravest leaders. أصبحت كريستابيل واحدة من أشجع قادتنا. Christabelは私たちの最も勇敢なリーダーの1人になりました。 Sylvia was an artist and she designed our posters and signs. كانت سيلفيا فنانة وهي التي صممت ملصقاتنا ولافتاتنا.

The WSPU organized many public meetings and protests. نظم الاتحاد الاجتماعي والسياسي للمرأة (WSPU) العديد من الاجتماعات العامة والاحتجاجات. WSPUは、多くの公開会議と抗議を組織しました。 Sometimes the police arrested our members. في بعض الأحيان اعتقلت الشرطة أعضائنا. Christabel was one of the first to go to prison. كان كريستابيل من أوائل الذين دخلوا السجن. When our members were in prison, we protested. عندما كان أعضائنا في السجن، قمنا بالاحتجاج. And when our members came out of prison, we celebrated in the streets. وعندما خرج أعضائنا من السجن، احتفلنا في الشوارع. そして、私たちのメンバーが刑務所から出てきたとき、私たちは通りで祝いました。 It was very important to get public attention. كان من المهم جدًا جذب انتباه الجمهور. 世間の注目を集めることは非常に重要でした。 대중의 관심을 끄는 것이 매우 중요했습니다.

Unfortunately, the government didn't agree with our campaign. ولسوء الحظ، لم توافق الحكومة على حملتنا. 残念ながら、政府は私たちのキャンペーンに同意しませんでした。 Ne yazık ki hükümet kampanyamıza katılmadı. We had to take more powerful action. وكان علينا أن نتخذ إجراءات أكثر قوة. もっと強力な行動をとらなければなりませんでした。 Daha güçlü bir şekilde harekete geçmeliydik. Some of our members began to break the law. بدأ بعض أعضائنا في خرق القانون. 私たちのメンバーの何人かは法律を破り始めました。 Bazı üyelerimiz yasaları çiğnemeye başladı. They lit fires in buildings and broke windows. وأشعلوا النيران في المباني وحطموا النوافذ. 彼らは建物に火をつけ、窓を壊した。 그들은 건물에 불을 지르고 유리창을 깨뜨렸습니다. Binalarda ateş yaktılar ve camları kırdılar. Our campaign was a war for these women. كانت حملتنا بمثابة حرب لهؤلاء النساء. 私たちのキャンペーンはこれらの女性のための戦争でした。 For me, it was always a fight for equal rights. بالنسبة لي، كان الأمر دائمًا صراعًا من أجل المساواة في الحقوق. 私にとって、それは常に平等な権利のための戦いでした。

Every time I was arrested, I told the judge. في كل مرة يتم القبض علي فيها، كنت أخبر القاضي. 私は逮捕されるたびに裁判官に話しました。 'We don't want to break laws, we want to make new laws.' "لا نريد خرق القوانين، بل نريد سن قوانين جديدة." 「私たちは法律を破りたくはありません。私たちは新しい法律を作りたいのです。」 But the lawyers and politicians didn't want to listen. لكن المحامين والسياسيين لم يرغبوا في الاستماع.

In 1910, Prime Minister Asquith, the government leader, stopped a new law that gave women the vote. وفي عام 1910، أوقف رئيس الوزراء أسكويث، زعيم الحكومة، قانونًا جديدًا يمنح المرأة حق التصويت. 1910年、政府の指導者であるアスキス首相は、女性に投票権を与える新しい法律を停止しました。 1910년, 정부 지도자였던 애스퀴스 총리는 여성에게 투표권을 부여하는 새로운 법안을 중단시켰습니다. 1910 yılında hükümet lideri Başbakan Asquith, kadınlara oy hakkı tanıyan yeni bir yasayı durdurdu. We were shocked and angry. لقد صدمنا وغضبنا. On Friday, 18th November, I led a group of women to meet the Prime Minister, but he refused to see us. وفي يوم الجمعة الموافق 18 نوفمبر، قمت بقيادة مجموعة من النساء للقاء رئيس الوزراء، لكنه رفض رؤيتنا. 18 Kasım Cuma günü bir grup kadını Başbakan ile görüşmeye götürdüm ancak Başbakan bizi kabul etmedi. We started to protest in the street and 100 women were arrested. بدأنا الاحتجاج في الشارع وتم اعتقال 100 امرأة. 私たちは通りで抗議し始め、100人の女性が逮捕されました。 It was a terrible day. We called it 'Black Friday'. لقد أطلقنا عليها اسم "الجمعة السوداء".

***

In 1914 the First World War began and we agreed to stop our campaign. في عام 1914 بدأت الحرب العالمية الأولى واتفقنا على وقف حملتنا. Women were now needed as nurses in hospitals and to work in factories and on farms. أصبحت هناك حاجة الآن للنساء كممرضات في المستشفيات وللعمل في المصانع والمزارع. 現在、女性は病院で看護師として、工場や農場で働く必要がありました。 In 1917, we started a new group with a new name, The Women's Party. في عام 1917، أنشأنا مجموعة جديدة باسم جديد، حزب النساء. 1917年に、私たちは新しい名前の新しいグループ、TheWomen'sPartyを開始しました。 In 1918, the First World War ended. وفي عام 1918، انتهت الحرب العالمية الأولى. The government realized that women were an important part of the victory in the war. أدركت الحكومة أن المرأة كانت جزءًا مهمًا من النصر في الحرب. 政府は、女性が戦争での勝利の重要な部分であることに気づきました。

At last, women were given the right to vote - but only women over 30 years old who owned a home could vote. وأخيرًا، مُنحت النساء حق التصويت، لكن فقط النساء فوق سن 30 عامًا اللاتي يمتلكن منزلًا يحق لهن التصويت. ついに女性に投票権が与えられたが、家を所有していた30歳以上の女性だけが投票できた。 마침내 여성에게도 투표권이 주어졌지만, 집을 소유한 30세 이상의 여성만 투표할 수 있었습니다. Any man over 21 could vote. يمكن لأي رجل يزيد عمره عن 21 عامًا التصويت. We still didn't have full equality! ما زلنا لا نتمتع بالمساواة الكاملة!

After the war, I went to live in the USA, Canada and also Bermuda. بعد الحرب، ذهبت للعيش في الولايات المتحدة وكندا وبرمودا أيضًا. In 1926, I returned to England. وفي عام 1926، عدت إلى إنجلترا. I wanted to become a politician, but my health wasn't good enough. أردت أن أصبح سياسياً، لكن صحتي لم تكن جيدة بما فيه الكفاية. In 1928, only three weeks before I died, a new law gave women the same right to vote as men. في عام 1928، قبل ثلاثة أسابيع فقط من وفاتي، صدر قانون جديد أعطى المرأة نفس حق التصويت مثل الرجل. 私が亡くなるわずか3週間前の1928年、新しい法律により、女性は男性と同じ選挙権を与えられました。 제가 죽기 불과 3주 전인 1928년, 새로운 법에 따라 여성에게도 남성과 동일한 투표권이 부여되었습니다. It took much longer than we hoped. استغرق الأمر وقتًا أطول بكثير مما كنا نأمل. 思ったよりずっと時間がかかりました。 예상보다 훨씬 오래 걸렸습니다. But in the end our campaign was successful and at last we won political equality for women. ولكن في النهاية كانت حملتنا ناجحة، وأخيراً فزنا بالمساواة السياسية للمرأة. 하지만 결국 우리의 캠페인은 성공적이었고 마침내 여성의 정치적 평등을 쟁취했습니다.

Chapter three الفصل الثالث

Maria Montessori

1870 - 1952

The doctor who discovered a new way to teach children الطبيب الذي اكتشف طريقة جديدة لتعليم الأطفال 아이들을 가르치는 새로운 방법을 발견한 의사 Çocuklara eğitim vermenin yeni bir yolunu keşfeden doktor

I was the first woman to get a medical degree in Italy. İtalya'da tıp diploması alan ilk kadındım.

I helped children with mental problems to learn. لقد ساعدت الأطفال الذين يعانون من مشاكل عقلية على التعلم. 私は精神的な問題を抱える子供たちが学ぶのを手伝いました。 저는 정신적으로 문제가 있는 아이들의 학습을 도왔습니다. Zihinsel sorunları olan çocuklara öğrenmeleri için yardım ettim. I then created a special method to teach all children. ثم قمت بإنشاء طريقة خاصة لتعليم جميع الأطفال. 次に、すべての子供に教えるための特別な方法を作成しました。 Many schools around the world still use my method. لا تزال العديد من المدارس حول العالم تستخدم طريقتي. 世界中の多くの学校が今でも私の方法を使用しています。

When I was a little girl, my mother always told me, 'Be kind to others.' عندما كنت طفلة صغيرة، كانت والدتي تقول لي دائمًا: "كن لطيفًا مع الآخرين". Ben küçük bir kızken annem bana hep 'Başkalarına karşı nazik ol' derdi. Every day, she asked me to make clothes for poor people. كانت تطلب مني كل يوم أن أصنع ملابس للفقراء. 彼女は毎日、貧しい人々のために服を作るように私に頼みました。 Her gün benden fakir insanlar için kıyafet yapmamı isterdi. We lived in Chiaravalle in Italy and a lot of poor families lived near our home. عشنا في تشيارافالي في إيطاليا، وكان الكثير من العائلات الفقيرة تعيش بالقرب من منزلنا.

Fortunately, my parents had enough money to send me to school. ولحسن الحظ، كان لدى والدي ما يكفي من المال لإرسالي إلى المدرسة. My father had traditional ideas about women. كان لدى والدي أفكار تقليدية عن المرأة. 私の父は女性についての伝統的な考えを持っていました。 He wanted me to get married and stay at home. كان يريدني أن أتزوج وأبقى في المنزل. So he didn't want me to continue my education after primary school. それで彼は私が小学校を卒業した後も私の教育を続けることを望んでいませんでした。 But my mother was very different and she encouraged me to study. لكن والدتي كانت مختلفة تمامًا وشجعتني على الدراسة. しかし、私の母は非常に異なっていて、彼女は私に勉強するように勧めました。

In 1883, I started at secondary school and after that I went to a technical college. في عام 1883، بدأت الدراسة في المدرسة الثانوية وبعد ذلك التحقت بالكلية التقنية. I did well in maths and physics, but later I became very interested in biology. لقد أبليت بلاءً حسنًا في الرياضيات والفيزياء، ولكنني أصبحت فيما بعد مهتمًا جدًا بعلم الأحياء. 私は数学と物理学でうまくいきましたが、後で生物学に非常に興味を持つようになりました。 I decided to become a doctor. قررت أن أصبح طبيبا. It wasn't an easy decision to make. لم يكن القرار سهلاً. 簡単な決断ではありませんでした。 쉽지 않은 결정이었습니다. Only men studied for medical degrees at that time. الرجال فقط درسوا للحصول على شهادات الطب في ذلك الوقت. 当時、医学の学位を取得するために勉強したのは男性だけでした。 Would a medical school accept me? 医学部は私を受け入れますか?

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In 1890, I began a course in science at the University of Rome. 1890年、私はローマ大学で科学のコースを始めました。 I did very well in this degree and at last the university's medical school accepted me. 私はこの学位で非常にうまくいき、ついに大学の医学部が私を受け入れました。 Some of the teachers and students didn't want me to study there. 先生や生徒の何人かは私がそこで勉強することを望んでいませんでした。 But I worked hard and in 1896, I was the first woman in Italy to become a doctor. しかし、私は一生懸命働き、1896年に私はイタリアで最初に医者になった女性でした。

The university had a special hospital for children with mental problems. I wanted to help the children to communicate and to learn. I wanted to improve their lives. 私は彼らの生活を改善したかった。 But how could I do this? しかし、どうすればこれを行うことができますか? I began to study and give talks about this question. 私はこの質問について勉強し、話し始めました。 저는 이 질문에 대해 공부하고 강연을 하기 시작했습니다.

In 1898, I became a director of a school in Rome for children with mental problems. 1898年、私はローマの精神障害児のための学校の校長になりました。 At that time, people called these children horrible things, such as 'crazy' or 'idiots'. 当時、人々はこれらの子供たちを「クレイジー」や「バカ」などの恐ろしいものと呼んでいました。 But these children were just different. しかし、これらの子供たちはただ異なっていました。 And they needed to learn in a different way. そして、彼らは別の方法で学ぶ必要がありました。 My teachers and I showed the children what to do. 先生と私は子供たちに何をすべきかを示しました。 Slowly, we made progress with this practical method. ゆっくりと、この実用的な方法で進歩しました。 We showed the children simple actions, such as how to eat or wash or play games. 食べたり、洗ったり、ゲームをしたりするなど、簡単な行動を子供たちに示しました。 The children copied these actions and then we repeated them again and again.

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In 1906, the government asked me to work in a different school for very young children from poor families. 1906年、政府は私に貧しい家庭の非常に幼い子供たちのために別の学校で働くように頼みました。 I changed the classrooms and took away the rows of desks. 私は教室を変えて、机の列を取り除いた。 We used small tables and encouraged the children to play. 私たちは小さなテーブルを使い、子供たちに遊ぶように勧めました。 We created educational toys that the children could touch and feel. لقد ابتكرنا ألعابًا تعليمية يمكن للأطفال لمسها والشعور بها. 子どもたちが触れて感じることができる知育玩具を作りました。 아이들이 만지고 느낄 수 있는 교육용 장난감을 만들었습니다. They learned by playing. 彼らは遊ぶことによって学びました。