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Crash Course European History, Reformation and Consequences: Crash Course European History #7 (1)

Reformation and Consequences: Crash Course European History #7 (1)

[[TV Window]] Hi I'm John Green, this is Crash Course European History, and today we're

going to watch religious reform spread, while states shape up their operations to make them

better adapted to governance.

And also making war.

Mostly making war.

As you'll recall from our last episode, the Peace of Augsburg was supposed to settle

the religious divisions that resulted from the Protestant Reformation.

I mean, it was called the Peace of Augsburg after all.

But, well, Stan, unfortunately we're going to have to switch the TV to the religious

war graphic.

INTRO [[TV: Religious War]] The 1555 Peace of Augsburg

did bring peace to the Holy Roman Empire, temporarily, at least.

Although I guess all peace is temporary.

Really, everything is temporary.

I'm sorry, what were we talking about?

We'll get to existentialism later, but in the meantime, there was turmoil almost everywhere

else in Europe.

For one thing, monarchs were starting to see the need to centralize and professionalize

the exercise of state power.

This was necessary because they needed more money, especially for weaponry, including

increasingly lethal cannons, and money for building roads, harbors, and ships--so they

could move war-making stuff around, and also other goods.

To pay for all of this, they used better tax collection--and also piracy and global expansion.

Both Ivan the Terrible in Russia and Suleyman the Magnificent, the Ottoman sultan, were

taking new territory.

And moreover, with Protestantism fragmenting and moving so swiftly in many directions,

there was a sense that unifying a state's people, notably in religion, would hold kingdoms

together and keep citizens prospering instead of killing one another.

European monarchs also employed legal scholars to help regularize the law and use it to unify

their administrations.

The monarchs who focused on instituting tight state organization and expanding royal power

are sometimes called the “New Monarchs,” even though of course now they are quite old.

What's that?

Stan informs me that in fact they are not old, they are all currently deceased.

But as these new monarchs sought to consolidate, new religious sub-groups, or sects, were constantly

splintering European communities.

As Protestantism evolved, some of these sects promoted more radical kinds of equality that

fanned out from the idea that all people could have a direct connection to God.

and that proved problematic not only for religious hierarchies, like the Catholic Church, but

also for political ones, like aristocracies and monarchies.

Some Anabaptists, for instance, used sola scriptura to experiment with polygamy, citing

the Bible's command to “be fruitful and multiply.”

And Quakers encouraged women to preach and engage in religious activism.

Now that was radical.

Let's go to the Thought Bubble.

The appeal of new sects, and reformers, and preachers

2. pulled at the fabric of political unity and secure power that monarchs desperately

craved.

Jean Calvin of France was foremost among these reformers.

Like Martin Luther, Calvin started by studying law

5. and, like Luther, eventually dropped it for theology.

Then in 1534, large posters denouncing the Catholic Church appeared all over Paris

7. —an event called the Affair of the Placards.

French authorities rounded up suspected Protestants,

executing some of them,

10. and causing others, including Calvin, to flee.

11.

France and the French—even those from the highest ranks of the nobility

12. --became violently divided among religious factions for several generations.

13.

Meanwhile, from exile in Geneva, Calvin set up a theocracy—

14.

that is, a state based on and run according to religious doctrine.

15.

Calvin's most important addition to Protestantism was the concept of predestination.

16.

Calvin maintained that God had determined even before the creation of the world

17. which of its humans would be saved and which would be damned as sinners.

18.

For a variety of reasons, he felt that citizens needed to be strictly regulated to keep them

from falling into sin and to maintain their godly nature.

19.

So, for instance, he imposed fines for drunkenness, and blasphemy, and dancing, and gambling.

20.

But wait a second.

Those are all of the major hobbies.

Thanks, Thought Bubble.

So, Calvin's theocracy in Geneva came to be known as the Protestant Rome;

it was the epicenter of the Reformed Church, and Calvin himself was seen as a “father”

to the many who left their families to participate in this experiment too.

Calvinism became even more far-flung than Lutheranism,

with communities springing up from the British Isles to Hungary and other parts of eastern

European regions.

[[TV: Henry VIII]] so, at the same time, Henry VIII of England was using Protestantism in

an entirely new way--to get divorced and acquire land.

Henry was working to consolidate his kingdom after a long civil war known as the War of

the Roses, and he was married to Catherine of Aragon, who was the aunt of Charles V,

which made her a politically desirable spouse if not the perfect romantic match.

Henry's circle included famous Christian humanists like Thomas More, and also the noblewoman

Anne Boleyn, who backed religious reform and with whom Henry was enamored.

and that was a bit of a problem, as Henry was already married.

Refused a divorce by the pope, Henry cut his ties with Rome, divorced Catherine of Aragon,

banished her from his royal court, and then announced himself to be the head of the Church

of England.

He then gained support for this move by selling off Church lands, especially monasteries and

convents, to aristocrats and other wealthy allies to keep them on his side.

The Church of England or “Anglican” doctrine was modified slightly from that of the Catholic

Church, but the main change was that the power of the state increased dramatically in England

by combining secular and religious authority in one figure: the king.

It also meant that instead of shipping money to Rome, more wealth flowed into the royal

treasury.

Plus it meant that Henry could marry Anne Boleyn, which he did, and then later executed

her for purported treason.

Thomas More was also executed for refusing to acknowledge Henry as the head of the church,

and although power had been concentrated in the state, the actual citizenry remained very

divided over religion.

[[TV: Mary Queen of Scots]] This came to a head after Henry's death.

Initially, Henry's nine-year-old son became King Edward VI, but he died, possibly of tuberculosis,

at just age 15.

After a struggle for power, Henry's daughter Mary became Queen of England.

Mary wanted to take England back to the Catholic Church and soon married a Catholic, Charles

V's son, Philip II of Spain.

This move might have united England and much of mainland Europe under one royal family

and the Catholic Church, except that Mary died in 1558, at the age of just 42.

[[TV: Elizabeth I]] Mary's sister Elizabeth, who'd been persecuted and for a time imprisoned

during Mary's reign, became Queen, and restored England to Protestantism.

Although Mary's husband Philip wrote that he “felt a reasonable regret over her death,”

he ended up missing Catholic England very badly--so badly that he launched the famous

Spanish Armada to take back England for his family and the Church.

But thanks in part to bad weather, Elizabeth's England defeated the armada.

Elizabeth built up the royal treasury and found a more moderate path when it came to

religion than either her sister or her father had found.

Philip, meanwhile, managed to bankrupt Spain despite all the New World gold and silver

that was flowing in.

One of the great lessons of history is that wars are expensive,

another great lesson of history?

Don't forget about inflation.

Philip and his court did not have a great understanding of inflation, and did not comprehend

why the appearance of more gold in Europe led the price of gold to decline.

[[TV: Iconoclasts]] Meanwhile, In France, the spread of Calvinism tore at the French

crown and nobility as it stirred controversy and conflict in cities.

Ideas of Calvinist reformation merged with social and political resistance in France

as city councils and aristocrats began to fight over the role of both church and state.

Did the globe open up?

Is there a gnome in there?

It's a statue.

And in France at the time, people began smashing statues of saints and breaking the noses of

statues of the Virgin Mary.

These people were called iconoclasts--that is, Literal destroyers of icons

Iconoclasm sounds kind of fun.

I'm gonna try destroying this icon.

I feel powerful.

We shall rise up and say no to garden gnomes!

Especially in films!

Like Gnomeo and Juliet.

And the other one.

We shouldn't be making jokes.

All this led to Civil War.

Gallicanism--a French interpretation of Catholicism-- arose in the cities and towns of southwestern

France.

Gallicanism held that French political authority—not the pope in Rome-- ruled the Church in France.

French Calvinists, meanwhile, became known as “Huguenots.”

Religious wars broke out in 1559.

Rival leaders in France, even in the face of political disaster, refused to come to

any agreement.

The Catholic-Protestant division increased until a group of nobles was assassinated in

1572, and then thousands of Huguenots in Paris and elsewhere were killed in what is known

as the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre later that year.

[[TV: Henry of Navarre]] A Huguenot named Henry of Navarre narrowly escaped death in

the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre; years later, he would lead Protestant forces against

the Catholic government in the Civil War before eventually converting to Catholicism, purportedly

saying, “Paris is well worth a mass.”

And that's how Henry of Navarre became King Henry IV of France.

But although Henry was now Catholic, he issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598, which allowed

Protestantism in the French Kingdom.

Like Elizabeth, Henry was a politically savvy monarch who found middle paths through difficult

conflicts.

Those who put aside their personal beliefs to accomplish political tranquility, especially

in France, came to be known as politiques.

These days, of course, it seems impossible that politics could increase tranquility,

but imagine how political slickness must have seemed to a 16th century French or English

person.

I mean, war beget war beget war--until monarchs found a different way.

And from that perspective, politics is--dare I say it--magnificent.

[[TV: Window]] Across Europe, the conflict over religion drew in an extensive cast of

characters—among them both high-born aristocratic women and common women rioting in the streets

of major cities.

Luther himself had argued for the equality of souls but an inequality in public life,

writing, “The dominion of women from the beginning of the world has never produced

any good; as one is accustomed to saying: ‘Women's rule seldom comes to a good end.'

When God installed Adam as lord over all creatures, everything was still in good order and proper,

and everything was governed in the best way.

But when the wife came along and wanted to put her hand too in the simmering broth and

be clever, everything fell apart and became wildly disordered.”[1]

Still, the “Protestant Reformation” had a lot of appeal for many women.

The idea of a direct relationship with God via scripture encouraged common people, including

women and girls, to learn to read.

Protestant women set up schools for Protestant girls.

And of course in England, a woman ruled both the nation and the church.

Now even with the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and the Edict of Nantes, the century-long

lethal struggles over religion were not entirely over, but several momentous changes had occurred:

new ideas about human spirituality had been born and taken hold across Europe; people

so fervently believed in these reformed religions that they left home and family to create new

communities; new-style monarchs had aimed for earthly power and begun to consolidate

government, in part to pay for instruments of religious warfare; Spain under Charles

V and Philip II had gone from riches to rags in order to enforce Catholicism.

Next time, we'll turn our attention to the less political revolutions taking place in

16th century Europe--revolutions in commerce, and agriculture, and urban development, as

Reformation and Consequences: Crash Course European History #7 (1) Réforme|et|Conséquences|Crash|Cours|Européenne|Histoire Reformation|||||| Reforma|e|Consequências|Crash|Curso|Europeu|História Reformation und ihre Folgen: Crashkurs Europäische Geschichte #7 (1) Reforma y consecuencias: Curso acelerado de Historia Europea nº 7 (1) 宗教改革とその結果クラッシュコースヨーロッパ史第7回 (1) Reformacija ir pasekmės: (1) Реформация и последствия: Краткий курс европейской истории №7 (1) Reformasyon ve Sonuçları: Crash Course Avrupa Tarihi #7 (1) 宗教改革及其后果：欧洲历史速成班#7 (1) 宗教改革及其後果：歐洲歷史速成班#7 (1) Reforma e Consequências: Crash Course História Europeia #7 (1) Réforme et Conséquences : Cours Accéléré d'Histoire Européenne #7 (1)

[[TV Window]] Hi I'm John Green, this is Crash Course European History, and today we're TV|fenêtre|salut|je suis|John|Green|ceci|est|Crash|Cours|Européenne|Histoire|et|aujourd'hui|nous allons [[TV|||eu sou|John|Green|isso|é|Crash|Curso|Europeu|História|e|hoje|nós vamos Добрый день! Я Джон Грин, и это Ускоренный Курс Европейской Истории, и сегодня мы [[Janela de TV]] Olá, eu sou John Green, este é o Crash Course História Europeia, e hoje nós [[Fenêtre TV]] Bonjour, je suis John Green, ceci est le Cours Accéléré d'Histoire Européenne, et aujourd'hui nous allons

Mostly making war. surtout|faisant|la guerre principalmente|fazendo|guerra В основном к войнам. Principalmente fazendo guerra. Principalement faire la guerre.

As you'll recall from our last episode, the Peace of Augsburg was supposed to settle comme|tu vas|te souvenir|de|notre|dernier|épisode|la|paix|de|Augsbourg|était|censée|à|régler ||||||||||Augsburg Peace|||| como|você irá|recordar|de|nosso|último|episódio|a|Paz|de|Augsburgo|foi|suposta|a|resolver 前回のエピソードを思い出してほしい。 Как вы помните из нашего последнего эпизода, Аугсбургский мир должен был урегулировать Como você se lembrará do nosso último episódio, a Paz de Augsburgo deveria resolver Comme vous vous en souviendrez de notre dernier épisode, la Paix d'Augsbourg était censée régler

the religious divisions that resulted from the Protestant Reformation. les|religieuses|divisions|qui|résulté|de|la|protestante|Réforme |||||||Protestant Reformation| as|religiosas|divisões|que|resultaram|da|a|Protestante|Reforma プロテスタント宗教改革の結果生じた宗教的分裂。 религиозные разногласия, возникшие в результате протестантской Реформации. as divisões religiosas que resultaram da Reforma Protestante. les divisions religieuses qui résultaient de la Réforme protestante.

But, well, Stan, unfortunately we're going to have to switch the TV to the religious mais|bon|Stan|malheureusement|nous allons|aller|à|devoir|à|changer|la|télé|à|la|religieuse mas|bem|Stan|infelizmente|nós estamos|indo|a|ter|que|mudar|a|TV|para|a|religiosa でも、スタン、残念だけど、テレビを宗教番組に切り替えなきゃならないんだ。 Но, Стэн, к сожалению, нам придется переключится на религиозную военную графику. Mas, bem, Stan, infelizmente vamos ter que mudar a TV para o Mais, eh bien, Stan, malheureusement nous allons devoir changer la télévision pour le

war graphic. guerre|graphique guerra|gráfica ウォー・グラフィック Введение gráfico da guerra religiosa. graphique de guerre religieuse.

INTRO [[TV: Religious War]] The 1555 Peace of Augsburg INTRO|télé|religieuse|guerre|la|paix|de|Augsbourg INTRO|[[TV|Religiosa||A|Paz|de|Augsburgo INTRO [[TV: Guerra Religiosa]] A Paz de Augsburgo de 1555 INTRO [[TV: Guerre Religieuse]] La Paix d'Augsbourg de 1555

We'll get to existentialism later, but in the meantime, there was turmoil almost everywhere nous allons|obtenir|à|l'existentialisme|plus tard|mais|dans|le|entre-temps|il y avait|était|tumulte|presque|partout |||philosophical movement||||||||chaos or unrest|| nós vamos|chegar|a|existencialismo|mais tarde|mas|em|o|interim|havia|estava|tumulto|quase|em todo lugar Vamos falar sobre o existencialismo mais tarde, mas, por enquanto, havia turbulência quase em todo lugar Nous aborderons l'existentialisme plus tard, mais en attendant, il y avait des troubles presque partout

else in Europe. ailleurs|dans|l'Europe mais|em|Europa na Europa. ailleurs en Europe.

For one thing, monarchs were starting to see the need to centralize and professionalize pour|une|chose|les monarques|ils étaient|commençaient|à|voir|le|besoin|à|centraliser|et|professionnaliser |||rulers||||||||consolidate authority||formalize operations Para|uma|coisa|monarcas|estavam|começando|a|ver|a|necessidade|de|centralizar|e|profissionalizar ひとつには、君主たちが中央集権化と専門化の必要性を感じ始めていたことが挙げられる。 Por um lado, os monarcas estavam começando a ver a necessidade de centralizar e profissionalizar D'une part, les monarques commençaient à voir la nécessité de centraliser et de professionnaliser

increasingly lethal cannons, and money for building roads, harbors, and ships--so they de plus en plus|létaux|canons|et|argent|pour|construire|routes|ports|et|navires|donc|ils ||||||||ports|||| cada vez|letais|canhões|e|dinheiro|para|construir|estradas|portos|e|navios|para que|eles canhões cada vez mais letais, e dinheiro para construir estradas, portos e navios--para que eles des canons de plus en plus mortels, et de l'argent pour construire des routes, des ports et des navires--afin qu'ils

could move war-making stuff around, and also other goods. pouvaient|déplacer|||choses|autour|et|aussi|d'autres|marchandises pudessem|mover|||coisas|por aí|e|também|outras|mercadorias pudessem transportar materiais de guerra, e também outros bens. puissent déplacer des matériels de guerre, ainsi que d'autres marchandises.

To pay for all of this, they used better tax collection--and also piracy and global expansion. pour|payer|pour|tout|de|cela|ils|utilisaient|meilleure|impôt|collecte|et|aussi|piraterie|et|mondiale|expansion |||||||||||||illegal seafaring||| Para|pagar|por|tudo|isso|isso|eles|usaram|melhor|tributária|coleta|e|também|pirataria|e|global|expansão その費用を賄うために、彼らはより良い徴税を行い、また海賊行為や世界的な事業拡大を行った。 Para pagar por tudo isso, eles usaram uma melhor arrecadação de impostos--e também pirataria e expansão global. Pour financer tout cela, ils ont utilisé une meilleure collecte d'impôts--et aussi la piraterie et l'expansion mondiale.

Both Ivan the Terrible in Russia and Suleyman the Magnificent, the Ottoman sultan, were à la fois|Ivan|le|Terrible|en|Russie|et|Suleyman|le|Magnifique|le|ottoman|sultan|étaient |||||||Suleyman the Magn|||||ruler| tanto|Ivan|o|Terrível|em|Rússia|e|Suleiman|o|Magnífico|o|otomano|sultão|eram ロシアのイワン雷帝もオスマン・トルコのスルタン、スレイマン大帝もそうだった。 Tanto Ivan, o Terrível, na Rússia, quanto Suleiman, o Magnífico, o sultão otomano, estavam À la fois Ivan le Terrible en Russie et Suleyman le Magnifique, le sultan ottoman, étaient

taking new territory. prenant|nouveau|territoire tomando|novo|território 新たな領域に挑む tomando novos territórios. en train de prendre de nouveaux territoires.

And moreover, with Protestantism fragmenting and moving so swiftly in many directions, et|de plus|avec|le protestantisme|fragmentant|et|se déplaçant|si|rapidement|dans|de nombreuses|directions |||Protestant faith|splintering||||||| e|além disso|com|o Protestantismo|fragmentando|e|movendo|tão|rapidamente|em|muitas|direções しかも、プロテスタンティズムが分裂し、さまざまな方向に急速に動いている、 E, além disso, com o protestantismo se fragmentando e se movendo tão rapidamente em muitas direções, Et de plus, avec le protestantisme se fragmentant et se déplaçant si rapidement dans de nombreuses directions,

together and keep citizens prospering instead of killing one another. ensemble|et|garder|citoyens|prospérant|au lieu|de|tuer|un|autre ||||thriving||||| juntos|e|manter|cidadãos|prosperando|em vez|de|matar|um|ao outro juntos e manter os cidadãos prosperando em vez de se matarem uns aos outros. ensemble et maintenir les citoyens prospères au lieu de s'entretuer.

European monarchs also employed legal scholars to help regularize the law and use it to unify européens|monarques|aussi|employaient|juridiques|érudits|pour|aider|régulariser|la|loi|et|utiliser|cela|pour|unifier ||||||||standardize||||||| europeus|monarcas|também|empregaram|legais|estudiosos|para|ajudar|regularizar|a|lei|e|usar|a|para|unificar ヨーロッパの君主も法学者を雇い、法律を規則化し、それを統一に役立てた。 Os monarcas europeus também empregaram estudiosos do direito para ajudar a regularizar a lei e usá-la para unificar Les monarques européens ont également employé des juristes pour aider à régulariser la loi et l'utiliser pour unifier

their administrations. leurs|administrations suas|administrações suas administrações. leurs administrations.

The monarchs who focused on instituting tight state organization and expanding royal power les|monarques|qui|se concentraient|sur|instituer|stricte|étatique|organisation|et|étendre|royale|pouvoir |||||establishing||||||| os|monarcas|que|focaram|em|instituir|rígida|estatal|organização|e|expandir|real|poder 緊密な国家組織の確立と王権の拡大に力を注いだ君主たち Os monarcas que se concentraram em instituir uma organização estatal rígida e expandir o poder real Les monarques qui se concentraient sur l'institution d'une organisation étatique stricte et l'expansion du pouvoir royal

What's that? Qu'est-ce que|ça O que é|isso O que é isso? Qu'est-ce que c'est ?

Stan informs me that in fact they are not old, they are all currently deceased. Stan|informe|me|que|en|fait|ils|sont|pas|vieux|ils|sont|tous|actuellement|décédés Stan|informa|me|que|em|fato|eles|são|não|velhos|eles|são|todos|atualmente|falecidos Stan me informa que, na verdade, eles não são velhos, todos estão atualmente falecidos. Stan m'informe qu'en fait ils ne sont pas vieux, ils sont tous actuellement décédés.

But as these new monarchs sought to consolidate, new religious sub-groups, or sects, were constantly mais|alors que|ces|nouveaux|monarques|cherchaient|à|consolider|nouveaux|religieux|||ou|sectes|étaient|constamment ||||monarchs|sought||consolidate power|||||||| Mas|como|esses|novos|monarcas|buscaram|a|consolidar|novos|religiosas|||ou|seitas|estavam|constantemente しかし、これらの新しい君主たちが結束を固めようとするにつれて、新しい宗教的小集団（宗派）が絶えず生まれた。 Mas à medida que esses novos monarcas buscavam consolidar, novos subgrupos religiosos, ou seitas, estavam constantemente Mais alors que ces nouveaux monarques cherchaient à se consolider, de nouveaux sous-groupes religieux, ou sectes, étaient constamment

splintering European communities. éclatement|européens|communautés 分裂的|| fragmentando|europeias|comunidades 分裂するヨーロッパ共同体 fragmentando comunidades europeias. fragmentation des communautés européennes.

As Protestantism evolved, some of these sects promoted more radical kinds of equality that alors que|le protestantisme|évoluait|certaines|de|ces|sectes|promouvaient|plus|radicales|sortes|de|égalité|que |新教|||||||||||| à medida que|o protestantismo|evoluiu|algumas|de|essas|seitas|promoveram|mais|radicais|tipos|de|igualdade|que プロテスタントが発展するにつれて、これらの宗派のいくつかは、より急進的な平等を推進した。 À medida que o protestantismo evoluía, algumas dessas seitas promoviam tipos mais radicais de igualdade que Au fur et à mesure que le protestantisme évoluait, certaines de ces sectes promouvaient des formes d'égalité plus radicales qui

fanned out from the idea that all people could have a direct connection to God. se sont répandues|hors|de|l'idée||que|tous|les gens|pouvaient|avoir|une|directe|connexion|à|Dieu se espalharam|para fora|da|a|ideia|que|todas|as pessoas|podiam|ter|uma|direta|conexão|com|Deus すべての人が神と直接つながることができるという考えから生まれた。 se espalhavam a partir da ideia de que todas as pessoas poderiam ter uma conexão direta com Deus. s'étendaient à partir de l'idée que toutes les personnes pouvaient avoir une connexion directe avec Dieu.

and that proved problematic not only for religious hierarchies, like the Catholic Church, but et|que|s'est avéré|problématique|pas|seulement|pour|religieuses|hiérarchies|comme|l'Église|catholique||mais ||||||||hierarchies||||| e|que|provou|problemática|não|apenas|para|religiosas|hierarquias|como|a|católica|Igreja|mas このことは、カトリック教会のような宗教的ヒエラルキーにとってだけでなく、次のような宗教的ヒエラルキーにとっても問題となった。 e que se mostrava problemática não apenas para hierarquias religiosas, como a Igreja Católica, mas et cela s'est avéré problématique non seulement pour les hiérarchies religieuses, comme l'Église catholique, mais

also for political ones, like aristocracies and monarchies. aussi|pour|politiques|celles|comme|aristocraties|et|monarchies |||||||monarchies também|para|políticas|aquelas|como|aristocracias|e|monarquias 貴族制や君主制のような政治的なものにも。 também para questões políticas, como aristocracias e monarquias. également pour des raisons politiques, comme les aristocraties et les monarchies.

Some Anabaptists, for instance, used sola scriptura to experiment with polygamy, citing certains|anabaptistes|pour|exemple|ont utilisé|seule|écriture|pour|expérimenter|avec|polygamie|citant |Anabaptists||||by scripture alone|scripture alone||||多配偶制| alguns|anabatistas|para|exemplo|usaram|só|escritura|para|experimentar|com|poligamia|citando たとえば、アナバプテスト派の中には、一夫多妻制の実験にソラ・スクリプトゥラを用いた者もいた。 Alguns anabatistas, por exemplo, usaram sola scriptura para experimentar com a poligamia, citando Certains anabaptistes, par exemple, ont utilisé le sola scriptura pour expérimenter la polygamie, citant

And Quakers encouraged women to preach and engage in religious activism. et|quakers|ont encouragé|femmes|à|prêcher|et|s'engager|dans|religieuse|activisme |||||讲道||||| e|quakers|encorajaram|mulheres|a|pregar|e|se envolver|em|religiosa|ativismo そしてクエーカー教徒は、女性が説教したり宗教活動に従事したりすることを奨励した。 E os quakers encorajaram as mulheres a pregar e se envolver em ativismo religioso. Et les quakers ont encouragé les femmes à prêcher et à s'engager dans l'activisme religieux.

1. 1. 1.

The appeal of new sects, and reformers, and preachers l'|attrait|de|nouvelles|sectes|et|réformateurs|et|prédicateurs |attraction|||sects||||讲道者 o|apelo|de|novas|seitas|e|reformadores|e|pregadores 新しい宗派、改革者、説教者のアピール тянул за ткань политического единства и надежной власти, которой отчаянно жаждали монархи. O apelo de novas seitas, reformadores e pregadores L'attrait des nouvelles sectes, des réformateurs et des prédicateurs.

2\. pulled at the fabric of political unity and secure power that monarchs desperately tiré|sur|le|tissu|de|politique|unité|et|sécuriser|pouvoir|que|les monarques|désespérément |||fabric||||||||| |em|a|trama|de|política|unidade|e|segura|poder|que|monarcas|desesperadamente 君主が切望していた政治的団結と確実な権力の布地を引っ張った。 2\. puxou o tecido da unidade política e do poder seguro que os monarcas desesperadamente 2\. a tiré sur le tissu de l'unité politique et du pouvoir sécurisé que les monarques désiraient désespérément

craved. désiraient desejavam. .

3. 3. 3.

4. 4. 4.

Like Martin Luther, Calvin started by studying law Assim como Martinho Lutero, Calvino começou estudando direito Comme Martin Luther, Calvin a commencé par étudier le droit

5\. and, like Luther, eventually dropped it for theology. 5.そしてルターと同じように、最終的には神学のためにそれをやめた。 как и Лютер, в конце концов бросил его для богословия. 5\. e, assim como Lutero, eventualmente abandonou isso pela teologia. 5\. et, comme Luther, a finalement abandonné pour la théologie.

6. Затем, в 1534 году, по всему Парижу появились большие плакаты с осуждением католической церкви - 6. 6.

Then in 1534, large posters denouncing the Catholic Church appeared all over Paris alors|en|grands|affiches|dénonçant|la|catholique|Église|apparurent|partout|sur|Paris |||海报|denouncing||||||| então|em|grandes|cartazes|denunciando|a|católica|Igreja|apareceram|por|toda|Paris そして1534年、カトリック教会を糾弾する大きなポスターがパリのあちこちに貼られた。 Então, em 1534, grandes cartazes denunciando a Igreja Católica apareceram por toda Paris Puis en 1534, de grandes affiches dénonçant l'Église catholique sont apparues dans tout Paris

7\. —an event called the Affair of the Placards. un|événement|appelé|le|Affaire|des|les|Placards |||||||标语牌 um|evento|chamado|a|Affaire|de|os|Cartazes 7\.-プラカード事件と呼ばれる出来事。 7\. —um evento chamado o Caso dos Cartazes. 7\. —un événement appelé l'Affaire des Placards.

8. 8. 8.

French authorities rounded up suspected Protestants, les|autorités|rassemblèrent||suspects|protestants franceses|autoridades|prenderam||suspeitos|protestantes フランス当局はプロテスタントの容疑者を一網打尽にした、 As autoridades francesas prenderam protestantes suspeitos, Les autorités françaises ont arrêté des protestants suspects,

9. 9. 9.

executing some of them, そのうちのいくつかを実行する、 и заставляли других, в том числе Кальвина, бежать. executando alguns deles, en exécutant certains d'entre eux,

10\. and causing others, including Calvin, to flee. 10.そして、カルヴァンを含む他の人々を逃亡させた。 10\. e fazendo outros, incluindo Calvin, fugir. 10\. et en faisant fuir d'autres, y compris Calvin.

11. 11. 11.

France and the French—even those from the highest ranks of the nobility France|et|les|Français|même|ceux|de|les|plus hautes|rangs|de|la|noblesse ||||||||||||nobility França|e|os|franceses|até|aqueles|de|as|mais altas|classes|da|a|nobreza フランスとフランス人-貴族階級出身者であっても A França e os franceses—até mesmo aqueles das mais altas classes da nobreza La France et les Français—même ceux des plus hauts rangs de la noblesse

13. 13. 13.

Meanwhile, from exile in Geneva, Calvin set up a theocracy— Pendant ce temps|de|l'exil|à|Genève|Calvin|établit|mettre en place|une|théocratie |||||||||神权政治 Enquanto|de|exílio|em|Genebra|Calvino|estabeleceu|uma|a|teocracia 一方、ジュネーブに亡命したカルヴァンは、神権政治を確立した。 Enquanto isso, do exílio em Genebra, Calvino estabeleceu uma teocracia— Pendant ce temps, depuis son exil à Genève, Calvin a établi une théocratie—

14. 14. 14.

that is, a state based on and run according to religious doctrine. cela|est|un|état|basé|sur|et|dirigé|selon|à|religieux|doctrine isso|é|um|estado|baseado|em|e|governado|de acordo|com|religiosa|doutrina つまり、宗教の教義に基づき、それに従って運営される国家である。 ou seja, um estado baseado e administrado de acordo com a doutrina religiosa. c'est-à-dire, un État basé sur et dirigé selon la doctrine religieuse.

15. 15. 15.

Calvin's most important addition to Protestantism was the concept of predestination. de Calvin|le plus|important|ajout|à|le protestantisme|était|le|concept|de|prédestination Calvin||||||||predestination||predestination de Calvino|mais|importante|adição|ao|Protestantismo|foi|a|conceito|de|predestinação カルヴァンがプロテスタンティズムに加えた最も重要なものは、宿命の概念である。 -Систематизация Христианства -Предопределение -Отсутствие свободы воли -Суверенитет Бога -Безусловные выборы A adição mais importante de Calvino ao protestantismo foi o conceito de predestinação. La contribution la plus importante de Calvin au protestantisme était le concept de prédestination.

16. Кальвин утверждал, что Бог определил еще до сотворения мира, 16. 16.

17\. which of its humans would be saved and which would be damned as sinners. lequel|de|ses|humains|verbe auxiliaire pour le futur|être|sauvés|et|lequel|verbe auxiliaire pour le futur|être|damnés|comme|pécheurs |||||||||||||罪人 quais|de|seus|humanos|seriam|ser|salvos|e|quais|seriam|ser|condenados|como|pecadores どの人間が救われ、どの人間が罪人として呪われるか。 17\. quais de seus humanos seriam salvos e quais seriam condenados como pecadores. 17\. quels de ses humains seraient sauvés et lesquels seraient damnés en tant que pécheurs.

18. 18. 18.

19. 19. 19.

So, for instance, he imposed fines for drunkenness, and blasphemy, and dancing, and gambling. donc|pour|exemple|il|imposa|amendes|pour|ivresse|et|blasphème|et|danse|et|jeu |||||罚款||醉酒||亵渎|||| então|para|exemplo|ele|impôs|multas|por|embriaguez|e|blasfêmia|e|dança|e|jogo 例えば、泥酔、冒涜、ダンス、ギャンブルには罰金を課した。 Assim, por exemplo, ele impôs multas por embriaguez, blasfêmia, dança e jogo. Ainsi, par exemple, il imposait des amendes pour ivresse, blasphème, danse et jeu.

20. 20. 20.

Thanks, Thought Bubble. merci|pensée|bulle obrigado|pensamento|bolha Итак, теократия Кальвина в Женеве стала известна как "протестантский Рим"; Obrigado, Thought Bubble. Merci, Thought Bubble.

it was the epicenter of the Reformed Church, and Calvin himself was seen as a “father” cela|était|le|épicentre|de|l'|réformée|Église|et|Calvin|lui-même|était|vu|comme|un|père |||中心|||||||||||| isso|foi|o|epicentro|da|a|Reformada|Igreja|e|Calvino|ele mesmo|foi|visto|como|um|pai 改革派教会の中心地であり、カルヴァン自身も「父」とみなされていた。 era o epicentro da Igreja Reformada, e o próprio Calvino era visto como um “pai” c'était l'épicentre de l'Église réformée, et Calvin lui-même était considéré comme un « père »

Calvinism became even more far-flung than Lutheranism, le calvinisme|est devenu|encore|plus|||que|le luthéranisme カルヴァン主義はルター派よりもさらに遠くまで広がっていった、 O calvinismo se espalhou ainda mais do que o luteranismo, Le calvinisme est devenu encore plus étendu que le luthéranisme,

European regions. européennes|régions europeias|regiões В то же время, Генрих VIII в Англии использовал протестантизм da Europa. .

an entirely new way--to get divorced and acquire land. un|entièrement|nouvelle|manière|pour|obtenir|divorcer|et|acquérir|terre ||||||离婚||| uma|totalmente|nova|maneira|para|conseguir|divorciar|e|adquirir|terras 離婚して土地を手に入れるという、まったく新しい方法だ。 uma maneira totalmente nova - para se divorciar e adquirir terras.

the Roses, and he was married to Catherine of Aragon, who was the aunt of Charles V, la||||||||de|||||||Charles|V a||||||||de||||a|||| シャルル5世の叔母であるアラゴン家のカトリーヌと結婚した、 и он был женат на Кэтрин Арагонской, которая была тетей Карла V, Roses, e ele era casado com Catarina de Aragão, que era tia de Carlos V, Roses, et il était marié à Catherine d'Aragon, qui était la tante de Charles V,

which made her a politically desirable spouse if not the perfect romantic match. ce qui|a fait|elle|une|politiquement|désirable|épouse|si|pas|la|parfaite|romantique|partenaire ||||||配偶|||||| |||||||||a||| 完璧なロマンチック・マッチではないにせよ、政治的に望ましい配偶者であった。 что сделало ее политически желанным супругом, если не идеальным романтическим партнером. o que a tornava uma esposa politicamente desejável, se não a combinação romântica perfeita. ce qui faisait d'elle une épouse politiquement désirable, sinon le match romantique parfait.

Henry's circle included famous Christian humanists like Thomas More, and also the noblewoman le cercle de Henry|cercle|incluait|célèbres|chrétiens|humanistes|comme|Thomas|More|et|aussi|la|noble femme ヘンリーのサークルには、トマス・モアのような有名なキリスト教ヒューマニストや、貴族の女性も含まれていた。 В круг Генриха входили известные христианские гуманисты, такие как Томас Мор, а также благородная женщина O círculo de Henrique incluía famosos humanistas cristãos como Thomas More, e também a nobre Le cercle d'Henri comprenait des humanistes chrétiens célèbres comme Thomas More, et aussi la noble.

Anne Boleyn, who backed religious reform and with whom Henry was enamored. Anne|Boleyn|qui|soutenait|religieux|réforme|et|avec|qui|Henry|était|épris |||||||||||in love Ana|Bolena|que|apoiou|religiosas|reformas|e|com|quem|Henrique|estava|enamorado 宗教改革を支持し、ヘンリーが夢中になったアン・ブーリン。 Анна Болейн, которая поддерживала религиозную реформу и была очарована Генрихом. Ana Bolena, que apoiou a reforma religiosa e com quem Henrique estava enamorado. Anne Boleyn, qui soutenait la réforme religieuse et avec qui Henri était épris.

banished her from his royal court, and then announced himself to be the head of the Church bannit|elle|de|son|royal|cour|et|ensuite|annonça|lui-même|à|être|le|chef|de|l'|Église banished|||||||||||||||| banida|ela|de|sua|real|corte|e|então|anunciou|a si mesmo|a|ser|o|chefe|da|a|Igreja 彼女を王宮から追放し、教会のトップであることを宣言した。 изгнал её из своего королевского двора, а затем объявил себя главой англиканской церкви. expulsou-a de sua corte real e então anunciou-se como o chefe da Igreja. l'a bannie de sa cour royale, puis s'est proclamé chef de l'Église.

of England. de|l'Angleterre da|Inglaterra Затем он получил поддержку для этого шага, продавая церковные земли, особенно монастыри da Inglaterra. d'Angleterre.

He then gained support for this move by selling off Church lands, especially monasteries and il|ensuite|a gagné|soutien|pour|ce|mouvement|en|vendant|à|Église|terres|surtout|monastères|et |||||||||||||monasteries| ele|então|ganhou|apoio|para|este|movimento|por|vender|para longe|da Igreja|terras|especialmente|mosteiros|e 彼はその後、教会の土地、特に修道院や教会堂を売却することで、この動きの支持を得た。 Ele então ganhou apoio para essa medida vendendo terras da Igreja, especialmente mosteiros e Il a ensuite obtenu du soutien pour ce mouvement en vendant des terres de l'Église, en particulier des monastères et

convents, to aristocrats and other wealthy allies to keep them on his side. 修道院||aristocrats|||||||||| 修道院、貴族、その他の裕福な盟友を味方につけるためだ。 conventos, para aristocratas e outros aliados ricos para mantê-los ao seu lado. des couvents, à des aristocrates et d'autres alliés riches pour les garder de son côté.

Church, but the main change was that the power of the state increased dramatically in England église|mais|le|principal|changement|était|que|le|pouvoir|de|l'|État|a augmenté|de manière spectaculaire|en|Angleterre igreja|mas|o|principal|mudança|foi|que|o|poder|do|o|estado|aumentou|dramaticamente|em|Inglaterra しかし、主な変化は、イングランドにおいて国家権力が飛躍的に増大したことである。 Igreja, mas a principal mudança foi que o poder do estado aumentou dramaticamente na Inglaterra Église, mais le principal changement était que le pouvoir de l'État a augmenté de manière spectaculaire en Angleterre

treasury. trésor 财政部 tesouro 国庫 tesouro real. trésor royal.

her for purported treason. elle|pour|prétendue|trahison ||alleged|叛国罪 ela|por|suposta|traição 国家反逆罪だ。 Ela por suposta traição. Elle pour trahison présumée.

divided over religion. divisé|sur|religion dividido|sobre|religião 宗教をめぐって分裂した。 dividido sobre religião. divisé sur la religion.

[[TV: Mary Queen of Scots]] This came to a head after Henry's death. |||||cela|est venu|à|une|crise|après|d'Henri|mort TV|Maria|Rainha|da|Escócia|isso|chegou|a|um|ponto crítico|após|Henrique|morte [[TV: Maria, Rainha dos Escoceses]] Isso chegou ao auge após a morte de Henrique. [[TV : Marie, reine d'Écosse]] Cela a atteint son paroxysme après la mort d'Henry.

Initially, Henry's nine-year-old son became King Edward VI, but he died, possibly of tuberculosis, initialement|d'Henri||||fils|est devenu|roi|Édouard|VI|mais|il|est mort|probablement|de|tuberculose |||||||||||||||结核病 inicialmente|Henrique||||filho|tornou-se|rei|Eduardo|VI|mas|ele|morreu|possivelmente|de|tuberculose Inicialmente, o filho de nove anos de Henrique se tornou o Rei Eduardo VI, mas ele morreu, possivelmente de tuberculose, Au départ, le fils de neuf ans d'Henry est devenu le roi Édouard VI, mais il est mort, probablement de la tuberculose,

at just age 15. à|seulement|âge aos|apenas|idade aos apenas 15 anos. à seulement 15 ans.

V's son, Philip II of Spain. ||||de| V's||||| ||||da| 5世の息子、スペインのフィリップ2世である。 O filho de V, Filipe II da Espanha. le fils de V, Philippe II d'Espagne.

and the Catholic Church, except that Mary died in 1558, at the age of just 42. et|la|catholique|Église|sauf|que|Marie|est morte|en|à|l'|âge|de|seulement e|a|católica|Igreja|exceto|que|Maria|morreu|em|aos|42|anos|de|apenas マリアが1558年にわずか42歳で亡くなったことを除けば。 католической церковью, за исключением того, что Мария умерла в 1558 году, когда ей было всего 42 года. e a Igreja Católica, exceto que Maria morreu em 1558, aos 42 anos. et l'Église catholique, sauf que Marie est morte en 1558, à l'âge de seulement 42 ans.

[[TV: Elizabeth I]] Mary's sister Elizabeth, who'd been persecuted and for a time imprisoned TV|Élisabeth|I|de Marie|sœur|Élisabeth|qui avait|été|persécutée|et|pendant|un|temps|emprisonnée ||||||||迫害||||| TV|Elizabeth|I|de Maria|irmã|Elizabeth|que|foi|perseguida|e|por|um|tempo|presa [テレビ：エリザベス1世]]。メアリーの妹エリザベスは迫害を受け、一時は投獄されていた。 Сестра Марии, Елизавета, которая подверглась преследованиям и какое-то время находилась в заключении [[TV: Elizabeth I]] A irmã de Maria, Elizabeth, que havia sido perseguida e por um tempo aprisionada [[TV: Élisabeth I]] La sœur de Marie, Élisabeth, qui avait été persécutée et emprisonnée pendant un certain temps

Although Mary's husband Philip wrote that he “felt a reasonable regret over her death,” bien que|de Marie|mari|Philippe|a écrit|que|il|a ressenti|un|raisonnable|regret|sur|sa|mort ||||||||||regret||| embora|de Maria|marido|Filipe|escreveu|que|ele|sentia|um|razoável|arrependimento|por|sua|morte メアリーの夫フィリップは、「彼女の死に相応の後悔を感じている」と書いているが、しかし。 Хотя муж Марии Филипп писал, что он «испытывал разумное сожаление по поводу ее смерти», Embora o marido de Maria, Filipe, tenha escrito que “sentia um arrependimento razoável pela sua morte,” Bien que le mari de Marie, Philippe, ait écrit qu'il "ressentait un regret raisonnable pour sa mort,"

he ended up missing Catholic England very badly--so badly that he launched the famous il|il a fini|par|manquer|catholique|Angleterre|très|mal|si|mal|que|il|il a lancé|la|célèbre ele|terminou|por|sentir falta de|católica|Inglaterra|muito|mal|tão|mal|que|ele|lançou|a|famosa 彼は結局、カトリックのイギリスをひどく失ってしまった。 он в итоге очень сильно скучал по католической Англии - настолько сильно, что начал знаменитую ele acabou sentindo muita falta da Inglaterra católica--tanto que lançou a famosa il a fini par manquer très fortement l'Angleterre catholique - si fortement qu'il a lancé le célèbre

Spanish Armada to take back England for his family and the Church. espagnole|Armada|pour|prendre|de retour|Angleterre|pour|sa|famille|et|l'|Église |Armada|||||||||| espanhola|Armada|para|tomar|de volta|Inglaterra|para|sua|família|e|a|Igreja スペイン艦隊は、家族と教会のためにイングランドを取り戻す。 испанскую армаду, чтобы вернуть Англию для своей семьи и Церкви. Armada Espanhola para recuperar a Inglaterra para sua família e a Igreja. Armada espagnole pour reprendre l'Angleterre pour sa famille et l'Église.

But thanks in part to bad weather, Elizabeth's England defeated the armada. mais|grâce|en|partie|à|mauvais|temps|d'Elizabeth|Angleterre|elle a vaincu|l'|armada |||||||Elizabeth|||| mas|graças|em|parte|a|mau|tempo|de Elizabeth|Inglaterra|derrotou|a|armada Но благодаря отчасти плохой погоде Елизаветинская Англия победила армаду. Mas graças em parte ao mau tempo, a Inglaterra de Elizabeth derrotou a armada. Mais grâce en partie à une mauvaise météo, l'Angleterre d'Élisabeth a défait l'armada.

religion than either her sister or her father had found. religion|que|soit|sa|sœur|ou|son|père|avait|trouvé religião|do que|qualquer|sua|irmã|ou|seu|pai|tinha|encontrado religião do que sua irmã ou seu pai haviam encontrado. religion que sa sœur ou son père n'avaient trouvée.

Philip, meanwhile, managed to bankrupt Spain despite all the New World gold and silver Philippe|pendant ce temps|réussit|à|faire faillite|Espagne|malgré|tout|l'|Nouveau|Monde|or|et|argent ||||使破产||||||||| Filipe|enquanto isso|conseguiu|a|falir|Espanha|apesar de|todo|o|Novo|Mundo|ouro|e|prata 一方、フィリップは新大陸の金銀をすべて手に入れたにもかかわらず、スペインを破産させることに成功した。 Felipe, enquanto isso, conseguiu falir a Espanha apesar de todo o ouro e prata do Novo Mundo Philippe, pendant ce temps, a réussi à mettre l'Espagne en faillite malgré tout l'or et l'argent du Nouveau Monde

that was flowing in. que||| que|estava|fluindo|para dentro que estavam entrando. qui affluaient.

One of the great lessons of history is that wars are expensive, une|de|les|grandes|leçons|de|l'histoire|est|que|guerres|sont|coûteuses uma|de|as|grandes|lições|da|história|é|que|guerras|são|caras Uma das grandes lições da história é que guerras são caras, Une des grandes leçons de l'histoire est que les guerres sont coûteuses,

Philip and his court did not have a great understanding of inflation, and did not comprehend Philippe|et|sa|cour|ne|pas|avait|une|grande|compréhension|de|l'inflation|et|ne|pas|comprenait |||||||||||||||understand Filipe|e|sua|corte|não|não|teve|um|grande|entendimento|de|inflação|e|não||compreendeu フィリップとその宮廷は、インフレについてあまり理解していなかった。 Filipe e sua corte não tinham uma grande compreensão da inflação e não compreendiam Philippe et sa cour n'avaient pas une grande compréhension de l'inflation, et ne comprenaient pas

why the appearance of more gold in Europe led the price of gold to decline. pourquoi|l'|apparition|de|plus de|or|en|Europe|a conduit|le|prix|de|or|à|décliner por que|a|aparição|de|mais|ouro|na|Europa|levou|o|preço|de|ouro|a|declinar por que a aparição de mais ouro na Europa levou à queda do preço do ouro. pourquoi l'apparition de plus d'or en Europe a conduit à la baisse du prix de l'or.

[[TV: Iconoclasts]] Meanwhile, In France, the spread of Calvinism tore at the French ||pendant ce temps|en|France|le|propagation|de|calvinisme|déchira|à|la|française |Iconoclasts||||||||||| ||enquanto|em|França|a|propagação|de|calvinismo|rasgou|a|a|francesa [TV：イコノクラスト]]。一方フランスでは、カルヴァン主義の蔓延がフランスを引き裂いた。 [[TV: Iconoclasts]] Enquanto isso, na França, a propagação do calvinismo rasgou a coroa e a nobreza francesa [[TV: Iconoclastes]] Pendant ce temps, en France, la propagation du calvinisme déchirait la couronne et la noblesse françaises.

crown and nobility as it stirred controversy and conflict in cities. couronne|et|noblesse|alors que|cela|suscita|controverse|et|conflit|dans|villes ||nobility|||caused|争议|||| |e||||||||em| 王室と貴族たちは、都市における論争と対立を引き起こした。 à medida que gerava controvérsia e conflito nas cidades. Cela a suscité des controverses et des conflits dans les villes.

Ideas of Calvinist reformation merged with social and political resistance in France idées|de|calviniste|réforme|fusionnèrent|avec|sociale|et|politique|résistance|en|France ||加尔文主义者||融合||||||| |de||||||e|||| カルヴァン派の改革思想がフランスの社会的・政治的抵抗と融合 As ideias da reforma calvinista se fundiram com a resistência social e política na França Les idées de la réforme calviniste se sont mêlées à la résistance sociale et politique en France.

Is there a gnome in there? est-ce qu'il y a|là|un|gnome|dans|là |||gnome|| verbo auxiliar presente|lá|um|gnomo|em|lá そこにノームはいますか？ Это статуя. Tem um gnomo lá dentro? Y a-t-il un gnome là-dedans ?

It's a statue. c'est|une|statue é|uma|estátua А во Франции в то время люди начали разбивать статуи святых и ломать носы статуям Девы Марии. É uma estátua. C'est une statue.

And in France at the time, people began smashing statues of saints and breaking the noses of et|en|France|à|l'|époque|les gens|ont commencé|à briser|statues|de|saints|et|à casser|les|nez|de ||||||||smashing|statues||||||| e|na|França|em|a|época|as pessoas|começaram|a quebrar|estátuas|de|santos|e|a quebrar|os|narizes|de E na França, na época, as pessoas começaram a quebrar estátuas de santos e a quebrar os narizes de Et en France à l'époque, les gens ont commencé à briser des statues de saints et à casser les nez de

statues of the Virgin Mary. statues|de|la|Vierge|Marie |||圣母| estátuas|de|a|Virgem|Maria 聖母マリア像。 estátuas da Virgem Maria. statues de la Vierge Marie.

These people were called iconoclasts--that is, Literal destroyers of icons ces|gens|étaient|appelés|iconoclastes|cela|c'est|littéraux|destructeurs|d'|icônes ||||literal destroyers||||literal destroyers||图标 essas|pessoas|foram|chamadas|iconoclastas|que|é|literal|destruidores|de|ícones Essas pessoas eram chamadas de iconoclastas--ou seja, destruidores literais de ícones. Ces personnes étaient appelées iconoclastes--c'est-à-dire, des destructeurs littéraux d'icônes.

Iconoclasm sounds kind of fun. iconoclasme|semble|genre|de|amusant iconoclasm|||| iconoclasmo|soa|meio|de|divertido O iconoclasmo parece meio divertido. L'iconoclasme semble plutôt amusant.

I feel powerful. je|me sens|puissant eu|sinto|poderoso Eu me sinto poderoso. Je me sens puissant.

We shall rise up and say no to garden gnomes! nous|allons|nous lever|vers le haut|et|dire|non|à|jardin|nains de jardin |||||||||garden gnomes nós|verbo auxiliar futuro|levantaremos|para cima|e|diremos|não|a|jardim|gnomos Nós nos levantaremos e diremos não aos gnomos de jardim! Nous allons nous lever et dire non aux nains de jardin !

Especially in films! surtout|dans|films especialmente|em|filmes 特に映画ではね！ Especialmente em filmes! Surtout dans les films !

Like Gnomeo and Juliet. comme|Gnomeo|et|Juliette |Gnomeo|| como|Gnomeu|e|Julieta И другие. Como Gnomeu e Julieta. Comme Gnomeo et Juliette.

And the other one. et|le|autre|un e|o|outro|um Мы не будем шутить. E o outro. Et l'autre.

Gallicanism--a French interpretation of Catholicism-- arose in the cities and towns of southwestern Gallicanisme|une|française|interprétation|de|catholicisme|est apparu|dans|les|villes|et|villages|du|sud-ouest 加尔lican主义|||interpretation||天主教|||||||| Galicanismo|uma|francesa|interpretação|de|Catolicismo|surgiu|em|as|cidades|e|vilas|de|sudoeste 南西部の都市や町では、カトリシズムのフランス的解釈であるガリカニズムが生まれた。 O galicanismo--uma interpretação francesa do catolicismo--surgiu nas cidades e vilarejos do sudoeste Le gallicanisme - une interprétation française du catholicisme - est né dans les villes et villages du sud-ouest.

France. France França Галликанизм считал, что французская политическая власть, а не папа в Риме, управляла церковью во Франции. França. France.

French Calvinists, meanwhile, became known as “Huguenots.” français|calvinistes|pendant ce temps|devenus|connus|comme|huguenots |加尔文主义者||||| franceses|calvinistas|enquanto isso|tornaram-se|conhecidos|como|huguenotes 一方、フランスのカルヴァン派は "ユグノー "として知られるようになった。 Os calvinistas franceses, por sua vez, ficaram conhecidos como "Huguenotes." Les calvinistes français, quant à eux, sont devenus connus sous le nom de « Huguenots ».

any agreement. tout|accord qualquer|acordo どんな合意でも。 qualquer acordo. un accord.

The Catholic-Protestant division increased until a group of nobles was assassinated in le|||division|augmenta|jusqu'à|un|groupe|de|nobles|fut|assassiné|en ||Protestant|||||||nobility||| A|||divisão|aumentou|até que|um|grupo|de|nobres|foi|assassinado|em カトリックとプロテスタントの対立が激化した。 A divisão católico-protestante aumentou até que um grupo de nobres foi assassinado em La division catholique-protestante s'est intensifiée jusqu'à ce qu'un groupe de nobles soit assassiné en

as the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre later that year. comme|le|Saint|Barthélemy|jour|massacre|plus tard|cette|année |||巴尔托洛||大屠杀||| como|o|São|Bartolomeu|Dia|Massacre|mais tarde|aquele|ano その年の暮れ、聖バーソロミューの日の大虐殺として。 como o Massacre de São Bartolomeu mais tarde naquele ano. comme le massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy plus tard cette année-là.

[[TV: Henry of Navarre]] A Huguenot named Henry of Navarre narrowly escaped death in TV|Henri|de|Navarre|un|huguenot|nommé||||de justesse|échappé|mort|dans |||||Huguenot|||||险些||| TV|Henrique|de|Navarra|um|huguenote|chamado|Henrique|de|Navarra|por pouco|escapou|morte|em [[TV: Henrique de Navarra]] Um huguenote chamado Henrique de Navarra escapou por pouco da morte em [[TV : Henri de Navarre]] Un huguenot nommé Henri de Navarre a échappé de justesse à la mort lors

the Catholic government in the Civil War before eventually converting to Catholicism, purportedly le|catholique|gouvernement|dans|la|civile|guerre|avant|finalement|se convertir|à|catholicisme|prétendument |||||||||转变||天主教|it is said o|católico|governo|na||Civil|Guerra|antes de|eventualmente|converter-se|a|catolicismo|supostamente カトリックに改宗する前は、南北戦争でカトリック政権になった。 o governo católico na Guerra Civil antes de eventualmente se converter ao catolicismo, supostamente le gouvernement catholique pendant la guerre civile avant de se convertir finalement au catholicisme, prétendument.

But although Henry was now Catholic, he issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598, which allowed Mais|bien que|Henri|était|maintenant|catholique|il|émit|l'|édit|de|Nantes|en|qui|permit |||||||||||Nantes||| Mas|embora|Henrique|era|agora|católico|ele|emitiu|o|Édito|de|Nantes|em|que|permitiu しかし、ヘンリーはカトリック教徒となったものの、1598年にナントの勅令を発布した。 Mas embora Henrique agora fosse católico, ele emitiu o Édito de Nantes em 1598, que permitia Mais bien qu'Henri soit maintenant catholique, il a émis l'Édit de Nantes en 1598, qui a permis

Like Elizabeth, Henry was a politically savvy monarch who found middle paths through difficult comme|Elizabeth|Henry|était|un|politiquement|astucieux|monarque|qui|trouva|moyens|chemins|à travers|difficiles ||||||astute|ruler|||||| como|Elizabeth|Henrique|foi|um|politicamente|astuto|monarca|que|encontrou|meios|caminhos|através de|difíceis エリザベスのように、ヘンリーは政治に精通した君主であり、困難な状況でも中道を切り開いた。 Assim como Elizabeth, Henrique era um monarca politicamente astuto que encontrava caminhos intermediários através de dificuldades Comme Élisabeth, Henri était un monarque politiquement avisé qui trouvait des voies intermédiaires à travers des conflits difficiles.

conflicts. conflits conflitos. Ceux qui mettaient de côté leurs croyances personnelles pour accomplir la tranquillité politique, en particulier en France, en vinrent à être connus sous le nom de politiques.

in France, came to be known as politiques. en|France|vinrent|à|être|connu|comme|politiques |||||||politicians em|França|vieram|a|ser|conhecidos|como|políticos フランスではポリティークと呼ばれるようになった。 na França, passaram a ser conhecidos como politiques.

but imagine how political slickness must have seemed to a 16th century French or English mais|imagine|comment|politique|habileté|doit|avoir|semblé|à|un|16e|siècle|français|ou|anglais ||||smoothness|||||||||| mas|imagine|como|política|astúcia|deve|ter|parecido|a|um|16º|século|francês|ou|inglês しかし、16世紀のフランスやイギリスにとって、政治的なずさんさがどのように映ったかを想像してみてほしい。 mas imagine como a astúcia política deve ter parecido a uma pessoa francesa ou inglesa do século XVI. mais imaginez à quel point la finesse politique devait sembler à une personne française ou anglaise du 16ème siècle.

person. pessoa Я имею в виду, война порождает войну, пока монархи не нашли другой путь.

I mean, war beget war beget war--until monarchs found a different way. つまり、君主が別の方法を見つけるまでは、戦争は戦争を呼ぶのだ。 Quero dizer, guerra gera guerra gera guerra - até que os monarcas encontraram um jeito diferente. Je veux dire, la guerre engendre la guerre engendre la guerre - jusqu'à ce que les monarques trouvent une autre façon.

And from that perspective, politics is--dare I say it--magnificent. et|de|cette|perspective|la politique|est|oser|je|dire|cela|magnifique ||||||||||壮丽的 e|de|aquela|perspectiva|política|é|atrevo|eu|digo|isso|magnífica E a partir dessa perspectiva, a política é--ouso dizer--magnífica. Et de ce point de vue, la politique est--osez-je le dire--magnifique.

[[TV: Window]] Across Europe, the conflict over religion drew in an extensive cast of ||à travers|l'Europe|le|conflit|sur|la religion|a attiré|dans|un|vaste|distribution|de ||através de|Europa|o|conflito|sobre|religião|atraiu|em|um|extenso|elenco|de [テレビ：窓ヨーロッパ全土で、宗教をめぐる対立は、[[テレビ]]の幅広い出演者を引き寄せた。 [[TV: Janela]] Em toda a Europa, o conflito sobre a religião envolveu um extenso elenco de [[TV: Fenêtre]] À travers l'Europe, le conflit religieux a impliqué un large éventail de

characters—among them both high-born aristocratic women and common women rioting in the streets ||||||aristocratic|||||||| personagens|entre|eles|tanto|||aristocráticas|mulheres|e|comuns|mulheres|protestando|em|as|ruas 高貴な貴族の女性も、街頭で暴れる庶民の女性も。 personagens—entre eles tanto mulheres aristocráticas de alta classe quanto mulheres comuns se revoltando nas ruas personnages—parmi eux, à la fois des femmes aristocratiques de haute naissance et des femmes ordinaires s'émeut dans les rues

of major cities. das grandes cidades. des grandes villes.

writing, “The dominion of women from the beginning of the world has never produced écrivant|le|domination|des|femmes|depuis|le|début|du|le|monde|a|jamais|produit ||rule||||||||||| escrevendo|O|domínio|de|mulheres|desde|o|começo|de|o|mundo|tem|nunca|produzido この世の初めから、女性の支配が女性を生み出したことは一度もない。 escrevendo: “O domínio das mulheres desde o início do mundo nunca produziu écrivant : « Le dominion des femmes depuis le début du monde n'a jamais produit

any good; as one is accustomed to saying: ‘Women's rule seldom comes to a good end.' aucun|bien|comme|on|est|habitué|à|dire|des femmes|règle|rarement|vient|à|un|bon|fin |||||习惯于|||||||||| qualquer|bom||||||||||||||fim' 女性の支配が良い結果をもたらすことはめったにない。 nenhum bem; como se costuma dizer: ‘O governo das mulheres raramente chega a um bom fim.' le moindre bien ; comme on a l'habitude de dire : 'Le règne des femmes ne se termine que rarement bien.'

But when the wife came along and wanted to put her hand too in the simmering broth and mais|quand|la|femme|est venue|en plus|et|voulait|à|mettre|sa|main|aussi|dans|le|bouillonnant|bouillon|et |||||||||||||||bubbling|汤| mas|quando|a|esposa|veio|junto|e|quis|a|colocar|sua|mão|também|em|o|fervente|caldo|e しかし、妻がやってきて、煮えたぎるスープに自分も手を入れたいと言い出した。 Mas quando a esposa apareceu e quis colocar a mão também no caldo borbulhante e Mais quand la femme est arrivée et a voulu mettre aussi sa main dans le bouillon qui mijotait et

be clever, everything fell apart and became wildly disordered.”[1] être|intelligente|tout|est tombé|en morceaux|et|est devenu|follement|désordonné ||||||||chaotic ser|esperta|tudo|caiu|aos pedaços|e|se tornou|selvagemente|desordenado 巧みであるがゆえに、すべてがばらばらになり、乱暴になった」[1]。 ser esperta, tudo desmoronou e se tornou uma grande desordem. être astucieuse, tout s'est effondré et est devenu follement désordonné.

Still, the “Protestant Reformation” had a lot of appeal for many women. pourtant|la|protestante|Réforme|avait|un|beaucoup|de|attrait|pour|nombreuses|femmes ||||||||attraction||| ainda|a|protestante|Reforma|teve|um|muito|de|apelo|para|muitas|mulheres Ainda assim, a "Reforma Protestante" tinha muito apelo para muitas mulheres. Pourtant, la "Réforme protestante" avait beaucoup d'attrait pour de nombreuses femmes.

The idea of a direct relationship with God via scripture encouraged common people, including la|idée|de|une|directe|relation|avec|Dieu|par|Écriture|a encouragé|commun|gens|y compris |||||||||the Bible|||| a|ideia|de|uma|direta|relação|com|Deus|através de|escrituras|encorajou|comuns|pessoas|incluindo A ideia de um relacionamento direto com Deus através das escrituras encorajou as pessoas comuns, incluindo L'idée d'une relation directe avec Dieu à travers les Écritures a encouragé les gens ordinaires, y compris

women and girls, to learn to read. femmes|et|filles|à|apprendre|à|lire mulheres|e|meninas|a|aprender|a|ler mulheres e meninas, a aprender a ler. les femmes et les filles, à apprendre à lire.

Protestant women set up schools for Protestant girls. protestantes|femmes|ont établi|des|écoles|pour|protestantes|filles protestantes|mulheres|estabeleceram||escolas|para|protestantes|meninas Mulheres protestantes fundaram escolas para meninas protestantes. Les femmes protestantes ont créé des écoles pour les filles protestantes.

And of course in England, a woman ruled both the nation and the church. et|de|bien sûr|en|Angleterre|une|femme|a régné|à la fois|la|nation|et|l'|église e|de|fato|em|Inglaterra|uma|mulher|governou|tanto|a|nação|e|a|igreja E, claro, na Inglaterra, uma mulher governou tanto a nação quanto a igreja. Et bien sûr, en Angleterre, une femme dirigeait à la fois la nation et l'église.

Now even with the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and the Edict of Nantes, the century-long maintenant|même|avec|le|règne|de|reine|Elizabeth|et|l'|édit|de|Nantes|le|| agora|até|com|o|reinado|de|Rainha|Elizabeth|e|o|Édito|de|Nantes|o|| Agora, mesmo com o reinado da Rainha Elizabeth e o Édito de Nantes, as lutas letais ao longo do século Maintenant, même avec le règne de la reine Elizabeth et l'Édit de Nantes, les luttes mortelles

lethal struggles over religion were not entirely over, but several momentous changes had occurred: létales|luttes|sur|religion|étaient|pas|entièrement|finies|mais|plusieurs|importantes|changements|avaient|eu lieu ||||||||||significant||| ||||||||||||tinham| sobre religião não estavam totalmente acabadas, mas várias mudanças importantes haviam ocorrido: sur la religion n'étaient pas entièrement terminées, mais plusieurs changements importants avaient eu lieu :

new ideas about human spirituality had been born and taken hold across Europe; people nouvelles|idées|sur|humaine|spiritualité|avaient|été|nées|et|prises|prise|à travers|Europe|gens ||||人类灵性||||||||| novas||||||||||||| novas ideias sobre a espiritualidade humana haviam nascido e se espalhado por toda a Europa; as pessoas de nouvelles idées sur la spiritualité humaine étaient nées et s'étaient répandues à travers l'Europe ; les gens

communities; new-style monarchs had aimed for earthly power and begun to consolidate communautés|||monarques|avaient|visé|à|terrestre|pouvoir|et|commencé|à|consolider 新しいスタイルの君主は地上の権力を目指し、それを強化し始めた。 comunidades; os monarcas de novo estilo tinham como objetivo o poder terreno e começaram a consolidar les communautés ; les nouveaux monarques avaient visé le pouvoir terrestre et commencé à se consolider

V and Philip II had gone from riches to rags in order to enforce Catholicism. ||||||||à||dans|||| 5世とフィリップ2世は、カトリシズムを強制するために、富からボロ布へと転落した。 V e Filipe II passou de riquezas a pobreza para impor o catolicismo. V et Philippe II était passée de la richesse à la pauvreté pour imposer le catholicisme.

Next time, we'll turn our attention to the less political revolutions taking place in 次回は、政治的な革命が起きていない地域に目を向ける。 Na próxima vez, voltaremos nossa atenção para as revoluções menos políticas que estão ocorrendo em La prochaine fois, nous porterons notre attention sur les révolutions moins politiques qui se déroulent dans

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