Start learning this lesson now

Crash Course European History, Dutch Golden Age: Crash Course European History #15 (1)

Dutch Golden Age: Crash Course European History #15 (1)

Hi I'm John Green and this is Crash Course European History.

So in the last episode, we saw the gentry and merchant class of the British Isles defeat

the old aristocrat-backed, absolutist monarchy in the Glorious Revolution, ushering in a

constitutional government.

And this points to a wider development in European history--and for that matter world

history.

So, we've talked a lot in this series about being able to shift perspectives--to see things

from royal perspectives, or from peasant perspectives, and so on.

But students of history must also learn how to shift the lenses through which they look

at the past.

Like, we might look at the past through the lens of food availability, or through the

lens of visual art, or through the lens of Marxist theory, and so on.

And the lenses we choose are often about our present concerns.

The way that we look at the past changes over time, as the present changes.

And in the present where I'm currently standing, one of the big questions is how to distribute

power among humans.

So today, we're going to look at history through the lens of power--by which I mean,

who gets to decide the ambitions and priorities of a community, and we'll see how the distribution

of that power can change over time.

INTRO So, in the early modern period monarchs could

coordinate national defense, and they could try to collect taxes and even try to impose

their religious beliefs on their communities.

But increasingly over time, economic activity was driven and controlled by the so-called

productive classes--land-owning gentry who were producing more food per acre thanks to

the agricultural revolution, and merchants who were making money due to expanding trade

and imperialism.

These classes held the key to government finances, because they were the ones with the money

and land and goods that could be taxed, which then--as now--meant that they had power to

sway governments.

And in many cases, these productive classes used this power to give themselves a say in

the running of their country through advocating for a constitutional government that could

keep the monarchy in check.

We see this especially in Dutch history, where these classes brought about constitutionalism

and created what has come to be known as the Dutch Golden Age.

It'll last forever: just like all golden ages.

So, like British reformers, the Dutch had an active business class, who were backing

the struggle for independence from Spain.

This struggle involved the seven northern provinces of the Low Countries allying with

the ten southern provinces after 1576 to defeat the Spanish in the Eighty Years War (also

known as the Dutch revolts or the Dutch War of Independence or I suppose the Spanish probably

thought of it as Our Northern Province's Illegal War of Secession.

It all depends on who's telling the story.

But anyway, by the end of the sixteenth century the United Provinces of the low countries

had become functionally independent from Spain, though it wasn't formalized until 1648 in

the Treaty of Westphalia.

The southern provinces spun off to constitute Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of northern

France, while the seven northern provinces became the Netherlands.

Each province of the Dutch Republic had a regent who oversaw provincial affairs, while

as a group they participated in the States General, a kind of council of representatives

from each province, which in turn chose a single executive, known as the stadtholder,

or stadtholder.

Or probably somewhere halfway in between those that only Dutch people can say.

We'll say Stadtholder.

Anyway, all in all, this was a fairly loose confederation of states, and they often had

competing interests.

Like, Holland, on the one hand, was the most prosperous and contributed the most to the

overall finances of the group.

It was commercially-oriented and generally favored peace over war.

On the other side were provinces like Zeeland whose privateers seized ships during the chaos

of warfare and were therefore somewhat less opposed to it.

Calvinist clergymen favored war against Catholic Spain and some pamphleteers simply liked war

because “it caused all industry and trade to grow and prosper.”[1] Which is a bit

of an oversimplification.

Although, whether war is good for business is one of the big questions of history.

It's definitely not great for people, though, which I would argue are possibly even more

important than businesses?

There was also disagreement among the provinces about the role of the stadtholder: Should

the Stadtholder become more of a monarchical figure, or should the United Provinces continue

to function as a kind of republic?

So we're talking here about big differences about fundamental matters, like war and peace

and how power should be distributed within the confederation.

And these differences prevented the kind of focused central government that England built

after its Glorious Revolution.

But nonetheless, the States General had greater unity in economic policy—that is in its

strategy for backing trade—than the English did, whose conservative aristocracy were always

battling the commercial classes both before and after the English civil war.

So despite a measure of political disunity, the Dutch Republic prospered in the seventeenth

century and in spite of warfare, it actually became a comparatively tolerant state.

In fact its prosperity made it a kind of mecca for all sorts of artisans and business people

who wanted to participate in Dutch hustle and bustle.

[[TV: BARUCH SPINOZA]] The republic became a center of printing for people whose thoughts

had been censored elsewhere.

For instance, philosopher Baruch Spinoza denied the immortality of the soul and didn't believe

in a transcendent deity.

Those were pretty radical ideas in 17th century Europe, and in fact, Spinoza was banished

from his Jewish congregation in his early twenties, but he continued his philosophical

labors, and he was able to continue publishing.

It's also worth noting that, like most philosophers, Spinoza did have a day job--he ground lenses

for microscopes and telescopes.

Meaning that he was very good at shifting historical lenses.

I feel like I should apologize to my friends and family for that joke.

Except.

That I'm not sorry.

But Spinoza's Portuguese Jewish ancestors had settled in Amsterdam in the sixteenth

century, and Jewish people from Spain also migrated north to escape persecution by Isabella

and Ferdinand and their royal descendants.

Pilgrims and many other religious non-conformists also went to the Netherlands, as did many

Huguenots after the French revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685.

The citizens of the Dutch Republic were among the most diverse in Europe at the time, and

that contributed to the Netherlands prosperity.

So thriving businesses arose at the time, especially ones deriving from the early maritime

networks its merchants had developed in Japan, Southeast Asia, and the New World late in

the sixteenth century.

Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge was one person who saw overseas trade as key to advancing

overall Dutch prosperity.

Along with other military men and adventurers, embarked on securing the spice trade for the

Netherlands This largely involved expanding trade networks

with present day Indonesia.

Matelieff de Jonge wrote a book called Discourse on the State and Trade of the Indies that

described the Indonesian islands and the broader southern oceanic region, and the Dutch government

took notice of the riches promised by the spice trade, so they authorized the creation

of trading companies whose military forces didn't just take territory, but also sought

to advance trade, at times acquiring goods or establishing trade routes via force or

the threat of it.

These Indian Ocean trade networks were highly developed, and Europeans were new to them,

and relatively inexperienced.

Especially the Dutch.

The Spanish and Portuguese had been at it for more than a century.

And so despite armed trading companies, gaining the upper hand in trade took the Dutch generations,

although they would use alliances with local leaders and military might to become imperialist

powers in time, and eventually extract far more than they invested in the well-being

of colonies.

But before all that, Holland's merchants began bringing back an array of plants and

commodities, which stimulated innovation, while its geographic positioning enabled its

ships to access north-south and east-west trade routes.

And as English merchants and leaders became wrapped up in decades of political disputes

and lethal combat among themselves, the Dutch began to outperform them in trade.

Soon the Dutch had replaced the Portuguese as the primary Atlantic slave traders, although

the English would eventually overtake them.

But by the middle of the 17th Century, the center of economic activity in Europe had

migrated from the Mediterranean and Italian city-states, north.

The Dutch were thriving.

Let's go to the Thought Bubble.

The Dutch took advantage of their independence

2. and reduced war expenses by

expanding their shipping capacity and

2. building a network of canals connecting 400 miles of major cities

5. which improved communication and trade regionally.

Amsterdam flourished,

growing to over 200,000 people by late in the century.

And as it grew, land reclamation and civil engineering advanced,

9. along with the now-famous design of Amsterdam's houses,

10.

many of which are still standing.

11.

In fact, I lived in a 17th century Dutch home while writing The Fault in Our Stars.

12.

But speaking of innovation, Dutch painter and inventor Jan Van der Heyden devised a

long-burning wick,

13. which brought cities nighttime illumination

14. and a reduction in crime.

15.

He also created portable pumping devices to extinguish fires,

16. which drastically reduced the destructive power of urban fires beginning in the seventeenth

century.

17.

Meanwhile Dutch artists, including Van der Heyden, excelled in painting some relatively

new portrait subjects:

18.

common people,

19. and their everyday lives and domestic interiors,

20. and the commodities that increasingly filled their homes.

21.

Many of these commodities came from distant lands

22. and included Chinese porcelain, Middle Eastern carpets, and imported textiles.

23.

In addition, the paintings of Johannes Vermeer,

24.

alongside those of Van der Heyden,

25.

featured maps and globes,

26.

testifying to the cosmopolitanism of the middle and upper classes.

27.

But even ordinary workers in Dutch cities might have a painting and books for intellectual

and visual nourishment,

28. which was a stark contrast from just a century or two earlier.

Thanks Thought Bubble.

So with the Dutch now commanding trade in a way that the English could not, Oliver Cromwell's

government sought to take back control of the seas with the Navigation Act of 1651.

It mandated the use of English ships for any goods using English ports, whether in Britain

itself or in its colonies.

This was one example of legislated mercantalism.

Now, we've mentioned this before, but mercantalist theory sees the global economy as finite.

We now understand that the size of the global economy's overall pie can get bigger and

smaller, but at the time Mercantilist theory saw the overall economy as stagnant, which

meant to become wealthier, you had to take wealth from other places.

Tarriffs for instance, were a common feature of mercantalism--with a finite economic pie,

a nation should only export goods and take in gold for them; it should never buy foreign

goods because that would mean losing wealth to a competing nation.

Now, this obviously happened most dramatically in colonized regions, but it also happened

within Europe, as nations sought to take wealth and possessions from one another.

Three separate times between 1652 and 1674, the English provoked warfare with the Dutch

in order to gain an upper-hand in trade.

For the most part, the Dutch prevailed in the first two of these wars, even getting

some relaxation in the Navigation Acts as part of peacemaking.

But one exception was the Treaty of Breda that ended the war of 1665-67, when the English

gained permanent control of New Amsterdam (now known as New York).

This effectively knocked the Dutch Republic out of what would become the lucrative North

American sphere of trade and settlement, and also indirectly led to They Might Be Giants'

third best song.

But the third of these wars from 1672-74 concerned politics more than mercantilist issues.

Dutch Golden Age: Crash Course European History #15 (1) holandés|dorado|edad|choque|curso|europeo|historia Das Goldene Zeitalter der Niederlande: Crashkurs Europäische Geschichte #15 (1) L'età dell'oro olandese: Corso accelerato di storia europea #15 (1) オランダ黄金時代クラッシュコースヨーロッパ史第15回 (1) Idade de Ouro Holandesa: Curso Rápido de História Europeia #15 (1) Золотой век Нидерландов: Краткий курс европейской истории #15 (1) 荷兰黄金时代：欧洲历史速成班#15 (1) 荷蘭黃金時代：歐洲歷史速成班#15 (1) Edad de Oro Holandesa: Curso Acelerado de Historia Europea #15 (1)

So in the last episode, we saw the gentry and merchant class of the British Isles defeat ||||||||upper class||trading class|||||| así que|en|el|último|episodio|nosotros|vimos|la|nobleza|y|mercantil|clase|de|las|británicas|Islas|derrotar Así que en el último episodio, vimos a la nobleza y la clase mercantil de las Islas Británicas derrotar

the old aristocrat-backed, absolutist monarchy in the Glorious Revolution, ushering in a ||noble class||||||||bringing about|| la|antigua|aristócrata|apoyada|absolutista|monarquía|en|la|Gloriosa|Revolución|introduciendo|en|una a la antigua monarquía absolutista respaldada por los aristócratas en la Revolución Gloriosa, dando paso a una

constitutional government. constitucional|gobierno gobierno constitucional.

history. del mundo.

at the past. a|el|pasado al pasado.

lens of visual art, or through the lens of Marxist theory, and so on. lente|de|visual|arte|o|a través|la|lente|de|marxista|teoría|y|así|adelante lente del arte visual, o a través de la lente de la teoría marxista, y así sucesivamente.

And in the present where I'm currently standing, one of the big questions is how to distribute y|en|el|presente|donde|estoy|actualmente|de pie|una|de|las|grandes|preguntas|es|cómo|a|distribuir Y en el presente donde me encuentro actualmente, una de las grandes preguntas es cómo distribuir

power among humans. poder|entre|humanos poder entre los humanos.

So today, we're going to look at history through the lens of power--by which I mean, así que|hoy|vamos|a|a|mirar|en|la historia|a través|el|lente|de|poder|por|el cual|yo|quiero decir Así que hoy, vamos a ver la historia a través de la lente del poder--por lo que quiero decir,

who gets to decide the ambitions and priorities of a community, and we'll see how the distribution quién|obtiene|a|decidir|las|ambiciones|y|prioridades|de|una|comunidad|y|nosotros vamos|a ver|cómo|la|distribución quién decide las ambiciones y prioridades de una comunidad, y veremos cómo la distribución

But increasingly over time, economic activity was driven and controlled by the so-called pero|cada vez más|a|tiempo|la actividad económica|actividad|fue|impulsada|y|controlada|por|los|así|llamado Pero, cada vez más con el tiempo, la actividad económica era impulsada y controlada por los llamados

productive classes--land-owning gentry who were producing more food per acre thanks to productivas|clases|||nobleza|que|estaban|produciendo|más|comida|por|acre|gracias|a clases productivas--la nobleza terrateniente que estaba produciendo más alimentos por acre gracias a

and imperialism. y|imperialismo y el imperialismo.

sway governments. influence| influir|gobiernos influir en los gobiernos.

the running of their country through advocating for a constitutional government that could ||||||promoting|||||| el|funcionamiento|de|su|país|a través de|abogando|por|un|constitucional|gobierno||podría la administración de su país abogando por un gobierno constitucional que pudiera

keep the monarchy in check. mantener|la|monarquía|en|control mantener la monarquía bajo control.

This struggle involved the seven northern provinces of the Low Countries allying with |||||||||||forming an alliance| esta|lucha|involucró|las|siete|del norte|provincias|de|los|Bajos|Países|aliándose|con Esta lucha involucró a las siete provincias del norte de los Países Bajos aliándose con

known as the Dutch revolts or the Dutch War of Independence or I suppose the Spanish probably ||||uprisings|||||||||||| conocido|como|los|holandeses|levantamientos|o|la|holandesa|guerra|de|independencia|o|yo|supongo|los|españoles|probablemente conocido como las revueltas holandesas o la Guerra de Independencia de los Países Bajos o supongo que los españoles probablemente

But anyway, by the end of the sixteenth century the United Provinces of the low countries pero|de todos modos|por|el|final|de|el|siglo dieciséis|siglo|las|Unidas|provincias|de|los|bajos|países Pero de todos modos, a finales del siglo dieciséis las Provincias Unidas de los Países Bajos

had become functionally independent from Spain, though it wasn't formalized until 1648 in ||practically||||||||| había|llegado a ser|funcionalmente|independiente|de|España|aunque|eso|no fue|formalizado|hasta|en se había vuelto funcionalmente independiente de España, aunque no se formalizó hasta 1648 en

the Treaty of Westphalia. |agreement|| el|Tratado|de|Westfalia el Tratado de Westfalia.

The southern provinces spun off to constitute Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of northern |||separated|||form|||||| las|provincias|provincias|se separaron|off|para|constituir|Bélgica|Luxemburgo|y|partes|de|norte Las provincias del sur se separaron para constituir Bélgica, Luxemburgo y partes del norte

Each province of the Dutch Republic had a regent who oversaw provincial affairs, while ||||||||||managed|local|government matters| cada|provincia|de|la|holandesa|República|tenía|un|regente|que|supervisaba|provinciales|asuntos|mientras Cada provincia de la República Holandesa tenía un regente que supervisaba los asuntos provinciales, mientras que

from each province, which in turn chose a single executive, known as the stadtholder, |||||||||leader|||| de|cada|provincia|la cual|en|a su vez|eligió|un|único|ejecutivo|conocido|como|el|estadhouder de cada provincia, que a su vez elegía a un único ejecutivo, conocido como el estatúder,

or stadtholder. o|estadhouder o estatúder.

We'll say Stadtholder. nosotros|diremos|Stadtholder Diremos Stadtholder.

Anyway, all in all, this was a fairly loose confederation of states, and they often had ||||||||informal||||||| de todos modos|todo|en|todo|esto|fue|una|bastante|suelta|confederación|de|estados|y|ellos|a menudo|tenían De todos modos, en general, esta era una confederación bastante laxa de estados, y a menudo tenían

competing interests. en competencia|intereses intereses en competencia.

Like, Holland, on the one hand, was the most prosperous and contributed the most to the |||||||||wealthy|||||| como|Holanda|en|el|uno|mano|fue|el|más|próspero|y|contribuyó|lo|más|a|las Como, Holanda, por un lado, era la más próspera y contribuía más a las

overall finances of the group. finanzas generales del grupo.

It was commercially-oriented and generally favored peace over war. |||focused on|||||| Estaba orientada comercialmente y generalmente favorecía la paz sobre la guerra.

On the other side were provinces like Zeeland whose privateers seized ships during the chaos |||||||||corsarios|capturaron|||| Por otro lado estaban provincias como Zelanda cuyos corsarios capturaban barcos durante el caos.

Calvinist clergymen favored war against Catholic Spain and some pamphleteers simply liked war |religious leaders||||||||writers of pamphlets||| calvinistas|clérigos|favorecieron|guerra|contra|católica|España|y|algunos|panfletistas|simplemente|gustaban|guerra Los clérigos calvinistas favorecían la guerra contra la España católica y algunos panfletistas simplemente disfrutaban de la guerra

because “it caused all industry and trade to grow and prosper.”[1] Which is a bit porque|eso|causó|toda|industria|y|comercio|a|crecer|y|prosperar|||| porque “hacía que toda la industria y el comercio crecieran y prosperaran.”[1] Lo cual es un poco

of an oversimplification. ||of a simplification de|una|simplificación excesiva una simplificación excesiva.

Although, whether war is good for business is one of the big questions of history. aunque|si|la guerra|es|buena|para|los negocios|es|una|de|las|grandes|preguntas|de|historia Sin embargo, si la guerra es buena para los negocios es una de las grandes preguntas de la historia.

important than businesses? importantes que los negocios?

There was also disagreement among the provinces about the role of the stadtholder: Should ||||||||||||estatutario| También hubo desacuerdo entre las provincias sobre el papel del stadtholder: ¿Debería

and how power should be distributed within the confederation. ||||||||union of states y|cómo|el poder|debería|ser|distribuido|dentro|la|confederación y cómo debería distribuirse el poder dentro de la confederación.

after its Glorious Revolution. después|su|Gloriosa|Revolución después de su Revolución Gloriosa.

But nonetheless, the States General had greater unity in economic policy—that is in its |still||||||||||||| pero|no obstante|los|Estados|Generales|tuvieron|mayor|unidad|en|política|económica|eso|es|en|su Pero, no obstante, los Estados Generales tenían una mayor unidad en la política económica—es decir, en su

strategy for backing trade—than the English did, whose conservative aristocracy were always estrategia para respaldar el comercio—que los ingleses, cuya aristocracia conservadora siempre

So despite a measure of political disunity, the Dutch Republic prospered in the seventeenth ||||||||||thrived||| así|a pesar de|una|medida|de|política|desunión|la|holandesa|República|prosperó|en|el|siglo XVII Así que a pesar de un grado de desunión política, la República Holandesa prosperó en el siglo XVII

century and in spite of warfare, it actually became a comparatively tolerant state. |||despite||||||||accepting of differences| |y||||||||||| y a pesar de la guerra, en realidad se convirtió en un estado comparativamente tolerante.

In fact its prosperity made it a kind of mecca for all sorts of artisans and business people De hecho, su prosperidad la convirtió en una especie de meca para todo tipo de artesanos y empresarios.

who wanted to participate in Dutch hustle and bustle. ||||||activity||activity and excitement quien|quería|a|participar|en|holandés|bullicio|y|ajetreo quien quería participar en el bullicio y ajetreo holandés.

[[TV: BARUCH SPINOZA]] The republic became a center of printing for people whose thoughts |Baruch Spinoza|||||||||||| |||la|república|se convirtió|un|centro|de|impresión|para|personas|cuyos|pensamientos [[TV: BARUCH SPINOZA]] La república se convirtió en un centro de impresión para personas cuyos pensamientos

had been censored elsewhere. ||censored| habían|sido|censurados|en otros lugares habían sido censurados en otros lugares.

For instance, philosopher Baruch Spinoza denied the immortality of the soul and didn't believe |||||||eternity of the soul|||||| por|ejemplo|filósofo|Baruch|Spinoza|negó|la|inmortalidad|de|el|alma|y|no|creyó Por ejemplo, el filósofo Baruch Spinoza negó la inmortalidad del alma y no creía

in a transcendent deity. ||supreme|divine being en|un|trascendental|deidad en una deidad trascendental.

Those were pretty radical ideas in 17th century Europe, and in fact, Spinoza was banished |||extreme|||||||||||exiled esas|fueron|bastante|radicales|ideas|en|siglo XVII|siglo|Europa|y|en|hecho|Spinoza|fue|desterrado Esas eran ideas bastante radicales en la Europa del siglo XVII, y de hecho, Spinoza fue desterrado

from his Jewish congregation in his early twenties, but he continued his philosophical |||group of worshippers|||||||||intellectual pursuits de|su|judía|congregación|en|sus|tempranos|veintes||||| de su congregación judía a los veintitantos años, pero continuó con sus labores filosóficas,

labors, and he was able to continue publishing. labores|y|él|fue|capaz|de|continuar|publicando y pudo seguir publicando.

It's also worth noting that, like most philosophers, Spinoza did have a day job--he ground lenses ||||||||||||||||for glasses es|también|vale|la pena señalar|que|como|la mayoría de|filósofos|Spinoza|sí|tuvo|un|día|trabajo|él|molía|lentes También vale la pena señalar que, como la mayoría de los filósofos, Spinoza tenía un trabajo diario: molía lentes

for microscopes and telescopes. |microscopes||telescopes para|microscopios|y|telescopios para microscopios y telescopios.

I feel like I should apologize to my friends and family for that joke. yo|siento|como|yo|debería|disculparme|a|mis|amigos|y|familia|por|esa|broma Siento que debería disculparme con mis amigos y familiares por ese chiste.

Except. excepto Excepto.

That I'm not sorry. que|no estoy|no|arrepentido Que no lo siento.

But Spinoza's Portuguese Jewish ancestors had settled in Amsterdam in the sixteenth |Spinoza's|||||||||| pero|de Spinoza|portugueses|judíos|ancestros|habían|establecido|en|Ámsterdam|en|el|siglo XVI Pero los antepasados judíos portugueses de Spinoza se habían asentado en Ámsterdam en el siglo dieciséis.

century, and Jewish people from Spain also migrated north to escape persecution by Isabella |||||||||||oppression|| |y|judíos|personas|de|España|también|migraron|al norte|para|escapar|persecución|por|Isabel Y los judíos de España también migraron al norte para escapar de la persecución de Isabel.

Pilgrims and many other religious non-conformists also went to the Netherlands, as did many Pilgrims||||||non-conformists|||||||| peregrinos|y|muchos|otros|religiosos|||también|fueron|a|los|Países Bajos|así|lo hicieron|muchos Los peregrinos y muchos otros no conformistas religiosos también fueron a los Países Bajos, al igual que muchos

Huguenots after the French revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. ||||cancellation|||||| hugonotes|después|la|francesa|revocación|del|el|Edicto|de|Nantes|en hugonotes después de la revocación francesa del Edicto de Nantes en 1685.

The citizens of the Dutch Republic were among the most diverse in Europe at the time, and los|ciudadanos|de|la|holandesa|República|eran|entre|los|más|diversos|en|Europa|en|el|tiempo|y Los ciudadanos de la República Holandesa eran de los más diversos en Europa en ese momento, y

that contributed to the Netherlands prosperity. |||||economic success eso|contribuyó|a|la|Holanda|prosperidad que contribuyó a la prosperidad de los Países Bajos.

So thriving businesses arose at the time, especially ones deriving from the early maritime |prosperous||||||||originating||||related to the sea así|prósperos|negocios|surgieron|en|el|tiempo|especialmente|aquellos|derivados|de|los|primeros|marítimos Así que surgieron negocios prósperos en ese momento, especialmente aquellos que derivaban de las primeras

the sixteenth century. el|dieciséis|siglo siglo dieciséis.

Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge was one person who saw overseas trade as key to advancing Cornelis Matelieff|Matelieff de Jonge||Young||||||||||| Cornelis|Matelieff|de|Jonge|fue|una|persona|que|vio|en el extranjero|el comercio|como|clave|para|avanzar Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge fue una persona que vio el comercio exterior como clave para avanzar

overall Dutch prosperity. ||economic well-being en general|holandesa|prosperidad en la prosperidad general de los Países Bajos.

Along with other military men and adventurers, embarked on securing the spice trade for the |||||||set out||||spice trade||| junto|con|otros|militares|hombres|y|aventureros|se embarcó|en|asegurar|el|especias|comercio|para|los Junto con otros hombres de guerra y aventureros, se embarcó en asegurar el comercio de especias para los

with present day Indonesia. |||Indonesia con la Indonesia actual.

Matelieff de Jonge wrote a book called Discourse on the State and Trade of the Indies that |||||||Discourse on Indies||||||||Indies| Matelieff|de|Jonge|escribió|un|libro|llamado|Discurso|sobre|el|Estado|y|Comercio|de|las|Indias|que Matelieff de Jonge escribió un libro llamado Discurso sobre el Estado y el Comercio de las Indias que

the threat of it. la|amenaza|de|eso la amenaza de ello.

and relatively inexperienced. y|relativamente|inexperimentados y relativamente inexperto.

Especially the Dutch. especialmente|los|holandeses Especialmente los holandeses.

The Spanish and Portuguese had been at it for more than a century. los|españoles|y|portugueses|habían|estado|en|eso|por|más|de|un|siglo Los españoles y portugueses habían estado en ello durante más de un siglo.

although they would use alliances with local leaders and military might to become imperialist |||||||||||||colonial powers aunque|ellos|verbo auxiliar condicional|usarían|alianzas|con|locales|líderes|y|militar|poder|para|convertirse|imperialistas aunque utilizarían alianzas con líderes locales y poder militar para convertirse en imperialistas

powers in time, and eventually extract far more than they invested in the well-being poderes|en|tiempo|y|eventualmente|extraer|mucho|más|que|ellos|invirtieron|en|el|| con el tiempo, y eventualmente extraer mucho más de lo que invirtieron en el bienestar

of colonies. de|colonias de las colonias.

But before all that, Holland's merchants began bringing back an array of plants and ||||||||||variety of||| pero|antes|todo|eso|de Holanda|comerciantes|comenzaron|trayendo|de regreso|una|variedad|de|plantas|y Pero antes de todo eso, los comerciantes de Holanda comenzaron a traer de vuelta una variedad de plantas y

commodities, which stimulated innovation, while its geographic positioning enabled its commodities sector||encouraged||||||| mercancías|que|estimularon|innovación|mientras|su|geográfico|posicionamiento|permitió|sus las materias primas, que estimularon la innovación, mientras que su posicionamiento geográfico permitió que sus

ships to access north-south and east-west trade routes. barcos|para|acceder|||y|||comercio|rutas barcos accedieran a las rutas comerciales de norte a sur y de este a oeste.

And as English merchants and leaders became wrapped up in decades of political disputes |||||||involved||||||conflicts y|a medida que|ingleses|comerciantes|y|líderes|se volvieron|envueltos|en|en|décadas|de|políticas|disputas Y a medida que los comerciantes y líderes ingleses se enredaban en décadas de disputas políticas

and lethal combat among themselves, the Dutch began to outperform them in trade. |||||||||surpass them||| y|letal||||los|holandeses|comenzaron|a|superar|a ellos|en|comercio y combates letales entre ellos, los holandeses comenzaron a superarlos en el comercio.

migrated from the Mediterranean and Italian city-states, north. migrado del Mediterráneo y las ciudades-estado italianas, hacia el norte.

The Dutch were thriving. |||prospering los|holandeses|estaban|prosperando Los holandeses estaban prosperando.

Let's go to the Thought Bubble. vamos|a|la|la|Thought|Bubble Vamos a la Burbuja de Pensamiento.

1. 1.

2\. and reduced war expenses by |redujo|los gastos de guerra|gastos|en 2\. y redujo los gastos de guerra en

3. 3.

1. 1.

expanding their shipping capacity and expandiendo|su|capacidad de envío|capacidad|y ampliando su capacidad de envío y

4. 4.

2\. building a network of canals connecting 400 miles of major cities ||||waterways||||| construyendo|una|red|de|canales|que conecta|millas|de|principales|ciudades 2\. construyendo una red de canales que conecta 400 millas de ciudades principales

6. 6.

Amsterdam flourished, |thrived Ámsterdam|floreció Ámsterdam prosperó,

7. 7.

8. 8.

And as it grew, land reclamation and civil engineering advanced, |||||land restoration|||| y|a medida que|eso|creció|la|recuperación|y|civil|ingeniería|avanzó Y a medida que crecía, la recuperación de tierras y la ingeniería civil avanzaron,

9\. along with the now-famous design of Amsterdam's houses, |||||||Amsterdam| junto|con|el|ahora|famoso|diseño|de|Ámsterdam|casas 9\. junto con el ahora famoso diseño de las casas de Ámsterdam,

10. 10.

11. 11.

In fact, I lived in a 17th century Dutch home while writing The Fault in Our Stars. |||||un||||||||la Culpa||| De hecho, viví en una casa holandesa del siglo XVII mientras escribía Bajo la misma estrella.

12. 12.

But speaking of innovation, Dutch painter and inventor Jan Van der Heyden devised a ||||||||||||ideó| Pero hablando de innovación, el pintor e inventor holandés Jan Van der Heyden ideó un

long-burning wick, ||candle wick largo|ardiente|mecha mecha de larga duración,

13\. which brought cities nighttime illumination ||||lighting at night que|trajo|ciudades|nocturna|iluminación 13\. que trajo iluminación nocturna a las ciudades

14\. and a reduction in crime. y|una|reducción|en|crimen 14\. y una reducción en el crimen.

15. 15.

He also created portable pumping devices to extinguish fires, |||||||put out| él|también|creó|portátiles|de bombeo|dispositivos|para|extinguir|incendios También creó dispositivos de bombeo portátiles para extinguir incendios,

century. 17.

17.

Meanwhile Dutch artists, including Van der Heyden, excelled in painting some relatively Mientras tanto|los artistas holandeses||incluyendo|Van|der|Heyden|sobresalieron|en|pintar|algunos|relativamente Mientras tanto, los artistas holandeses, incluido Van der Heyden, se destacaron en la pintura de algunos relativamente

new portrait subjects: |new subjects| nuevos|retratos|sujetos nuevos sujetos de retrato:

18. 18.

common people, comunes|personas gente común,

19\. and their everyday lives and domestic interiors, |||||home|living spaces y|||||domésticos|interiores 19\. y sus vidas cotidianas y los interiores domésticos,

20\. and the commodities that increasingly filled their homes. ||goods||||| |los|productos|que|cada vez más|llenaban|sus|hogares 20\. y las mercancías que llenaban cada vez más sus hogares.

21. 21.

Many of these commodities came from distant lands Muchas de estas mercancías venían de tierras lejanas

22\. and included Chinese porcelain, Middle Eastern carpets, and imported textiles. |||ceramics|||rugs||| y||||||||importados|textiles 22\. e incluía porcelana china, alfombras de Oriente Medio y textiles importados.

23. 23.

In addition, the paintings of Johannes Vermeer, ||||||Vermeer |adición|las|pinturas|de|Johannes|Vermeer Además, las pinturas de Johannes Vermeer,

24. 24.

alongside those of Van der Heyden, al lado de|esos|de|Van|der|Heyden junto a los de Van der Heyden,

25. 25.

featured maps and globes, |||spherical representations presentaron|mapas|y|globos mapas y globos destacados,

26. 26.

testifying to the cosmopolitanism of the middle and upper classes. indicating|||global citizenship|||||| testificando|a|el|cosmopolitismo|de|las|clases|y|altas|clases testificando el cosmopolitismo de las clases media y alta.

27. 27.

and visual nourishment, ||visual stimulation y|visual|alimento y visual,

28\. which was a stark contrast from just a century or two earlier. |||clear|||||||| que|fue|un|marcado|contraste|de|solo|un|siglo|o|dos|antes 28\. lo cual fue un marcado contraste con solo un siglo o dos antes.

Thanks Thought Bubble. gracias|pensamiento|burbuja Gracias, Thought Bubble.

So with the Dutch now commanding trade in a way that the English could not, Oliver Cromwell's así|con|los|holandeses|ahora|comandando|comercio|de|una|manera|que|los|ingleses|podían|no|Oliver|Cromwell Así que, con los holandeses ahora dominando el comercio de una manera que los ingleses no podían, el gobierno de Oliver Cromwell

government sought to take back control of the seas with the Navigation Act of 1651. |attempted|||||||||||| gobierno|buscó|para|tomar|de vuelta|control|de|los|mares|con|la|Navegación|Ley|de buscó recuperar el control de los mares con la Ley de Navegación de 1651.

It mandated the use of English ships for any goods using English ports, whether in Britain |required|||||||||||||| Eso|ordenó|el|uso|de|barcos|barcos|para|cualquier|bienes|que usen|ingleses|puertos|ya sea|en|Gran Bretaña Se exigió el uso de barcos ingleses para cualquier mercancía que utilizara puertos ingleses, ya sea en Gran Bretaña

itself or in its colonies. sí mismo|o|en|sus|colonias o en sus colonias.

This was one example of legislated mercantalism. |||||enacted|economic policy esto|fue|un|ejemplo|de|legislado| Este fue un ejemplo de mercantilismo legislado.

Now, we've mentioned this before, but mercantalist theory sees the global economy as finite. ||||||mercantilist|||||||limited in resources ahora|hemos|mencionado|esto|antes|pero||teoría|ve|la|global|economía|como|finita Ahora, lo hemos mencionado antes, pero la teoría mercantilista ve la economía global como finita.

We now understand that the size of the global economy's overall pie can get bigger and |||||||||economy|||||| nosotros|ahora|entendemos|que|el|tamaño|de|la|global|economía|general|pastel|puede|hacerse|más grande|y Ahora entendemos que el tamaño del pastel global de la economía puede crecer y

smaller, but at the time Mercantilist theory saw the overall economy as stagnant, which |||||Mercantilist theory|||||||not growing| más pequeño|pero|en|el|tiempo|mercantilista|teoría|vio|la|general|economía|como|estancada|lo cual disminuir, pero en ese momento la teoría mercantilista veía la economía en general como estancada, lo que

Tarriffs for instance, were a common feature of mercantalism--with a finite economic pie, Tariffs||||||||||||| aranceles|por|ejemplo|eran|un|común|característica|de||con|un|finito|económico|pastel Los aranceles, por ejemplo, eran una característica común del mercantilismo--con un pastel económico finito,

Now, this obviously happened most dramatically in colonized regions, but it also happened ahora|esto|obviamente|sucedió|más|dramáticamente|en|colonizadas|||eso|también|sucedió Ahora, esto obviamente ocurrió de manera más dramática en las regiones colonizadas, pero también sucedió

within Europe, as nations sought to take wealth and possessions from one another. ||||attempted|||||assets||| dentro|Europa|como|naciones|buscaron|para|tomar|riqueza|y|posesiones|de|una|otra dentro de Europa, ya que las naciones buscaban tomar riqueza y posesiones unas de otras.

some relaxation in the Navigation Acts as part of peacemaking. |||||||||conflict resolution alguna|relajación|en|los|Navegación|Actos|como|parte|de|pacificación cierta relajación en los Actos de Navegación como parte de la pacificación.

But one exception was the Treaty of Breda that ended the war of 1665-67, when the English |||||||Breda Treaty|||||||| pero|una|excepción|fue|el|tratado|de|Breda|que|terminó|la|guerra|de|cuando|los|ingleses Pero una excepción fue el Tratado de Breda que puso fin a la guerra de 1665-67, cuando los ingleses

gained permanent control of New Amsterdam (now known as New York). obtuvieron|||de|Nueva|Ámsterdam|ahora|conocido|como|Nueva|York} obtuvieron el control permanente de Nueva Ámsterdam (ahora conocida como Nueva York).

This effectively knocked the Dutch Republic out of what would become the lucrative North ||||||||||||profitable| esto|efectivamente|sacó|a|holandés|República|fuera|de|lo que|se|convertiría|el|lucrativo|norte Esto efectivamente sacó a la República Holandesa de lo que se convertiría en la lucrativa esfera de comercio

American sphere of trade and settlement, and also indirectly led to They Might Be Giants' estadounidense|esfera||||asentamiento||||||||| y asentamiento de América del Norte, y también condujo indirectamente a They Might Be Giants'

third best song. tercer|mejor|canción la tercera mejor canción.

ai_request(all=106 err=0.00%) translation(all=210 err=0.48%) cwt(all=2012 err=10.83%) es:AuedvEAa openai.2025-02-07 PAR_TRANS:gpt-4o-mini=4.1 PAR_CWT:AuedvEAa=6.18