Start learning this lesson now

Crash Course European History, Catholic Counter-Reformation: Crash Course European History #9 (1)

Catholic Counter-Reformation: Crash Course European History #9 (1)

Hi I'm John Green and this is Crash Course European History.

So, last week we took a break from religion to show that amidst warfare and bitter controversy

over doctrine, people were inventing and innovating and enslaving.

Europeans were eating new foods, hanging out more in cities, and making advances in commerce

and legal protections for some people.

While also inventing systems of oppression to enslave others.

Years ago, historians firmly believed that the Protestant religion promoted capitalism—that

is, all the business and commerce that were springing up at the time were caused by the

Reformation.

Some historians still find that Martin Luther's other worldly interests expanded to this-worldly

activities, like reading, in ways that boosted prosperity, but the rise of capitalism was

complex, and also it happened in non-Protestant communities.

So today, let's shift perspectives back to how the Catholics were handling all this.

Were they ready to simply surrender their influence in European society?

Did the Church just turn its back on this momentous challenge of Protestantism and continue

down its much criticized path?

No.

They responded.

Leaders and the faithful created a sturdy, even strident Catholic-Reformation, or Counter-Reformation,

that also provided a little grease to the wheels of commerce.

And today we're gonna look at the Catholic Reformation and how it influenced not just

Europe but the world.

INTRO

The task of reform fell to Pope Paul III, who like many Renaissance popes lived in the

lap of luxury and engaged in corrupt practices such as appointing two of his grandsons cardinals

in their early teens.

He only hired the best people.

Also, why does this pope have grandsons?

That reminds me of the great last words of the Irish poet, Brendan Behan.

A nun was giving him an injection, and he turned to her and said, “bless you sister.

May all your sons be bishops.”

Then he died.

But Pope Paul III knew, partly because of external pressure, that the Catholic Church

needed to shape up.

Several attempts at undertaking reforms in formal meetings were blocked by powerful individuals

who liked the status quo.

Powerful individuals and the status quo: The greatest love story of this or any time.

But the church was tired of seeing its overall power decrease, and so in 1545, the Council

of Trent, composed of high church officials, assembled to stop the Protestant momentum.

And this council continued until 1563, a series of meetings that lasted so long that by the

time it was over, both Pope Paul III and his successor Julius III had died.

I've definitely had meetings that felt like they were 18 years long.

I'm not sure if they were, though.

So, among the adherents to Protestantism were some of the most powerful princes and members

of the nobility in Europe.

And some Catholic leaders wanted those powerful Protestants on their side.

But eventually the council eventually decided not to compromise.

Instead, the pronouncements of the Council of Trent were stark and emphatic.

Already in 1542 while waiting for a council actually to get organized, the papacy had

expanded the work of the Inquisition, which had been established in the 13th century to

stamp out heresies in southern France and Italy.

But now the Inquisition targeted Protestants and searched for heresy also among conquered

people in the New World.

The Council also affirmed principles of transubstantiation—that is, the belief that the blood and wine of

the communion sacrament become the actual body and blood of Jesus.

It upheld the centrality of the seven sacraments, and the selling of indulgences stuck around

too.

Clergy were to remain celibate and chaste--unlike most Protestant clerics.

And all Catholics were to live by faith /and/ practice good works as their path to salvation—not

by faith alone like the Protestants.

The church also began establishing seminaries where priests could become more informed in

Catholic theology.

And reformers felt this training was sorely needed for priests because they were being

confronted by complicated Protestant challenges to Catholic doctrine.

And the Church began the Papal Index, a list of books that Catholics were forbidden to

read; In addition the Church reached deeper into society when it began to further regulate

marriages.

With the creation of a list of forbidden books and the declaration of power over marriage,

the Counter-Reformation took Catholicism from a point of weakness and actually expanded

its power.

At least over those who believed.

Even before these events, what would become a major bulwark of Catholicism and its Counter-Reformation

was taking shape.

Because in the 1520s, after being shot as a soldier in one of Spain's wars, a Spanish

nobleman took up the challenge to fortify Catholicism.

Just as Luther wrestled with his faith, Ignatius of Loyola suffered spiritual agonies and emerged

a charismatic leader--but unlike Luther, Ignatius and his followers remained loyal to the Catholic

Church.

In 1540, the Pope declared Ignatius's followers a religious order called the Society of Jesus

or “Jesuits.”

Many pre-existing Catholic religious orders were rededicating themselves to protect and

nourish their faith.

But Loyola's approach was especially effective given the challenges from Protestantism in

the 1520s and thereafter.

First, because he organized and ran his group like an army around a hierarchy of command;

joining required several years of training and a strict code of discipline.

And all of this was timely given the Church's reputation for corruption, lax morals, and

in many cases, priestly incompetence, including ignorance of Latin.

That wasn't a problem with the Jesuits.

Second, the Jesuits founded schools where humanistic education thrived alongside religious

instruction.

These became a mechanism for combining the latest in intellectual practice with the revitalization

and reaffirmation of Catholic theology, and it was important because one of the attractions

of Protestantism was its emphasis on broader literacy so that everyone could directly connect

with scripture.

The Jesuits argued that Catholics could also spread education--which is why incidentally

there are so many Loyola Universities around the world.

And that brings us to our final point: In addition to reforming Catholicism in Europe,

the Jesuits undertook globalizing the faith as a regular part of their mission.

Through them, Catholicism truly did become a world religion, reaching India, and Japan,

and Africa, and the New World.

And this Jesuit activism in establishing global relationships would eventually transform Europe

in ways that have only recently gained the attention of historians.

Let's go to the Thought Bubble.

The Jesuits interacted worldwide with an eye on both short and long-term results--they

wanted to convert souls, but they also wanted through schools to shape the way that young

people learned, and thus their perspective.

It's important to remember that no education is morally neutral--what you learn about shapes

the way you look at the world.

And as they traveled, the Jesuits were in constant touch with one another comparing

best practices, and they also adapted different strategies to different parts of the world

as their order spread across the globe.

They studied local languages before approaching people and in many cases took elements from

local beliefs and tried to persuade those they wished to convert that Catholic beliefs

were basically identical to local ones.

And it was effective.

In China, there were 38,000 converts to Catholicism by 1633.

By 1650, there were over a hundred thousand.

Once the Jesuits established these global contacts, they produced reports, first in

Latin but then translated into local European languages, and their work created a Eurocentric

globalization that went way beyond religion.

For example, they became an early version of industrial spies when it came to producing

porcelain, reporting back from China to Europe about the processes that went in to making

high-quality porcelain.

Spreading Catholicism was their mission, but the Jesuits were among those advancing commercial

and agricultural development as well.

Thanks, Thought Bubble.

Many Catholics really took the Church's reforms to heart, intensifying their devotions,

sometimes in ways that also helped further the religion's influence around the world.

Among the most renowned was the Spanish mystic and nun Saint Teresa of Avila, who had a very

long birth name that I will not attempt to pronounce.

I mean, mispronouncing things is my thing, but there's no reason to go down that road.

At twenty, she escaped the confines of her home where she was recuperating from one of

her many, and lifelong, bouts of illness to join the Carmelite order of nuns.

But once there, she balked at the superficiality and high society life of constant visits and

fancy food.

She began to live out the reformed Church's rededication to faith and good works, being

extremely strict in her practice.

She was a proponent of self-flagellation ceremonies--self-flagellation being the act of hitting one's self with

a whip in imitation of Christ's suffering at the cross.

And she became an inspiration particularly after church leaders had her write down her

spiritual experiences in several books that have now become Counter-Reformation classics,

such as Way of Perfection and The Book of Foundations.

At the same time, she went about founding new “discalceate” (shoeless or barefoot)

Carmelite religious orders, restoring austerity and strictness to religious life.

The Council of Trent had also issued a statement about art, advising that it needed to connect

with ordinary people, including the poor.

The aim was not to produce subtle or erudite symbolism but to strike emotions, inducing

awe and evoking the power and majesty of the divine.

[[TV St Peters Square]] Gian Lorenzo Bernini produced such effects,

for example in the piazza in front of St. Peter's Basilica.

It features massed columns, which produce a dramatic setting for papal ritual.

Protestants had smashed ornate statuary of saints and the holy family and instead created

simple, unadorned places of worship.

But Catholics embraced majestic religious interiors, enhancing religious figures through

the use of light and shade in paintings of Jesus, angels, saints, and the royalty surrounding

the divine-- All of which were part of a new style called

baroque.

Did the world just open?

Is there a tiny little baby Jesus dressed up fancy back there?

Indeed, it is the Infant of Prague, or at least a three dollar recreation of it...

So you can see here, this baby Jesus is in a very fancy dress, and I...listen...if I

were a tiny baby Jesus, I would wear this fancy dress, but if you've read the gospels,

you'll know that like, this is not how tiny baby Jesus dressed.

It is, however, super baroque, emphasizing the majesty of the divine.

And religious statuary like this also expressed the intensity of the Counter-Reformation and

its leading figures.

Bernini's statue of St. Teresa of Avila, for instance, would seem to contradict the

asceticism of rejecting ones shoes.

Yet it expressed the ecstatic relationship with the divine and an overflow of feeling

and belief.

Likewise, baroque music expressed complexity through the use of counterpoint and emotional

and thunderous chords that filled parishioners—both illiterate and learned--with religious awe.

One artist who took up the baroque style, some would say with a vengeance, was Artemisia

Gentileschi.

Trained by her father, Orazio, Gentileschi was raped by a man who'd been hired to give

her additional instruction.

She herself was tortured with thumbscrews by the court in order to ensure that she was

telling the truth when her father brought suit against the rapist.

One of the few ways to get revenge...painting.

The frightening “Judith Slaying Holofernes” for instance shows the biblical heroine and

her maid getting revenge on the general Holofernes who threatened her people's survival.

From the dramatic imagery to the high contrast of dark and light, this painting is exemplary

of counter-reformation art--it evokes the senses and an emotional connection to God's

word, and it ain't subtle.

So, between the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation, people obsessively confronted some of the

major issues of human existence, right?

Faith, the divine, and the human conduct that should accompany religious belief, and we're

Catholic Counter-Reformation: Crash Course European History #9 (1) Katolik|||Kecelakaan|Kursus|Eropa|Sejarah católico|||curso|curso|europeo|historia católico|||curso|curso|europeu|história 가톨릭|||충돌|강의|유럽의|역사 Contre-réforme catholique : Cours accéléré d'histoire européenne #9 (1) Controriforma cattolica: Corso accelerato di storia europea #9 (1) カトリックの反宗教改革クラッシュコースヨーロッパ史 (1) Католицька контрреформація: Прискорений курс європейської історії #9 (1) 天主教反宗教改革：欧洲历史速成班#9 (1) 天主教反宗教改革：歐洲歷史速成班#9 (1) 가톨릭 반종교개혁: 유럽 역사 속의 속성 #9 (1) Kontra-Reformasi Katolik: Kurs Singkat Sejarah Eropa #9 (1) Contrarreforma Católica: Curso Intensivo de História Europeia #9 (1) Contrarreforma católica: Curso intensivo de historia europea #9 (1)

Hi I'm John Green and this is Crash Course European History. Hai|saya adalah|John|Green|dan|ini|adalah|Kecelakaan|Kursus|Eropa|Sejarah hola|soy|John|Green|y|este|es|Crash|curso|europeo|historia olá|sou|John|Green|e|este|é|curso|curso|europeu|história 안녕|나는|존|그린|그리고|이것은|이다|충돌|강의|유럽의|역사 안녕하세요, 저는 존 그린이고 이것은 유럽 역사 속성입니다. Hai, saya John Green dan ini adalah Kurs Singkat Sejarah Eropa. Oi, eu sou John Green e este é o Curso Intensivo de História Europeia. Hola, soy John Green y este es el curso intensivo de historia europea.

So, last week we took a break from religion to show that amidst warfare and bitter controversy então|passada|semana|nós|tiramos|uma|pausa|de|religião|para|mostrar|que|em meio a|guerras|e|amarga|controvérsia 그래서|지난|주|우리는|가졌다|하나의|휴식|~로부터|종교|~하기 위해|보여주다|~라는 것을|~의 한가운데에서|전쟁|그리고|쓴|논쟁 así que|pasado|semana|nosotros|tomamos|un|descanso|de|religión|para|mostrar|que|en medio de|guerra|y|amarga|controversia Jadi|minggu lalu|minggu|kami|mengambil|sebuah|istirahat|dari|agama|untuk|menunjukkan|bahwa|di tengah|peperangan|dan|pahit|kontroversi ||||||||||||in the midst of||||争议 |||||||||||||Kriegführung||| 그래서 지난주에는 전쟁과 격렬한 논쟁 속에서 종교를 잠시 쉬고 사람들은 발명하고 혁신하며 노예로 만들고 있다는 것을 보여주었습니다. Jadi, minggu lalu kita mengambil jeda dari agama untuk menunjukkan bahwa di tengah peperangan dan kontroversi yang pahit Então, na semana passada, fizemos uma pausa da religião para mostrar que, em meio a guerras e controvérsias amargas Así que, la semana pasada hicimos una pausa de la religión para mostrar que en medio de la guerra y la amarga controversia

over doctrine, people were inventing and innovating and enslaving. sobre|doutrina|as pessoas|estavam|inventando|e|inovando|e|escravizando ~에 대한|교리|사람들은|~하고 있었다|발명하고|그리고|혁신하고|그리고|노예로 만들고 sobre|doctrina|la gente|estaban|inventando|y|innovando|y|esclavizando tentang|doktrin|orang-orang|sedang|menciptakan|dan|menginovasi|dan|memperbudak |belief system|||||creating new ideas|| 教義をめぐって、人々は発明し、革新し、奴隷化した。 교리 문제에 대해. tentang doktrin, orang-orang sedang menciptakan, berinovasi, dan memperbudak. sobre doutrina, as pessoas estavam inventando, inovando e escravizando. sobre la doctrina, la gente estaba inventando, innovando y esclavizando.

Years ago, historians firmly believed that the Protestant religion promoted capitalism—that tahun|yang lalu|sejarawan|dengan tegas|percaya|bahwa|agama|Protestan|agama|mempromosikan|kapitalisme|bahwa años|hace|historiadores|firmemente|creían|que|la|protestante|religión|promovió|| anos|atrás|historiadores|firmemente|acreditavam|que|a|protestante|religião|promovia|| 년|전에|역사학자들|확고히|믿었다|~라는 것을|그|개신교|종교|촉진했다|자본주의를|~라는 것을 数年前、歴史家たちはプロテスタント宗教が資本主義を促進したと固く信じていた。 수년 전, 역사학자들은 개신교가 자본주의를 촉진한다고 확고히 믿었다. Bertahun-tahun yang lalu, sejarawan dengan tegas percaya bahwa agama Protestan mendorong kapitalisme—bahwa Anos atrás, os historiadores acreditavam firmemente que a religião protestante promovia o capitalismo—que Hace años, los historiadores creían firmemente que la religión protestante promovía el capitalismo—que

is, all the business and commerce that were springing up at the time were caused by the adalah|semua|itu|bisnis|dan|perdagangan|yang|sedang|muncul|ke atas|pada|saat|waktu|telah|disebabkan|oleh|Reformasi es|todo|el|negocio|y|comercio|que|estaban|surgiendo|arriba|en|el|tiempo|fueron|causados|por|la é|todo|o|negócio|e|comércio|que|estavam|surgindo|para cima|em|a|época|foram|causados|pela|a 이다|모든|그|사업|그리고|상업|~하는|~였다|솟아나는|위로|~에서|그|때|~였다|초래된|~에 의해|그 つまり、当時勃興していたすべてのビジネスと商業は、このような「ヴェニスの覇権」によって引き起こされたのである。 당시 발생하고 있던 모든 사업과 상업은 개혁에 의해 촉발되었다. adalah, semua bisnis dan perdagangan yang muncul pada saat itu disebabkan oleh é, todo o comércio e negócios que estavam surgindo na época foram causados pela es, todo el negocio y comercio que estaban surgiendo en ese momento fueron causados por la

Reformation. Reformasi Reforma Reforma 종교개혁 宗教改革。 개혁. Reformasi. Reforma. Reforma.

Some historians still find that Martin Luther's other worldly interests expanded to this-worldly Beberapa|sejarawan|masih|menemukan|bahwa|Martin|Luther|lain|duniawi|minat|berkembang|ke|| algunos|historiadores|todavía|encuentran|que|Martín||otros|mundanos|intereses|se expandieron|a|este|mundano alguns|historiadores|ainda|acham|que|Martinho|Lutero|outros|mundanos|interesses|se expandiram|para|| 일부|역사학자들|여전히|발견하다|~라는 것을|마르틴|루터의|다른|세속적인|관심들|확장되었다|~로|| 歴史家の中には、マルティン・ルターの別世界的な関心が、この世的な関心にまで広がっていったとする者もいる。 일부 역사학자들은 마르틴 루터의 세속적 관심이 번영을 증진시키는 방식으로 독서와 같은 이 세상의 활동으로 확장되었다고 여전히 생각한다. Beberapa sejarawan masih menemukan bahwa minat duniawi Martin Luther berkembang menjadi kegiatan duniawi Alguns historiadores ainda acham que os interesses de Martin Luther no outro mundo se expandiram para atividades deste mundo, Algunos historiadores aún encuentran que los intereses de otro mundo de Martín Lutero se expandieron a actividades de este mundo,

activities, like reading, in ways that boosted prosperity, but the rise of capitalism was しかし、資本主義の台頭は、読書のような、繁栄を促進するような活動を促進した。 하지만 자본주의의 부상은 seperti membaca, dengan cara yang meningkatkan kemakmuran, tetapi munculnya kapitalisme adalah como a leitura, de maneiras que impulsionaram a prosperidade, mas a ascensão do capitalismo foi como la lectura, de maneras que impulsaron la prosperidad, pero el auge del capitalismo fue

complex, and also it happened in non-Protestant communities. kompleks|dan|juga|itu|terjadi|di|||komunitas complejo|y|también|eso|sucedió|en|||comunidades complexo|e|também|isso|aconteceu|em|||comunidades 복잡한|그리고|또한|그것이|발생했다|~에서|||공동체들 それはプロテスタント以外のコミュニティでも起こった。 복잡하며, 또한 비개신교 공동체에서도 발생했습니다. kompleks, dan juga itu terjadi di komunitas non-Protestan. complexo, e também aconteceu em comunidades não protestantes. complejo, y también ocurrió en comunidades no protestantes.

Did the Church just turn its back on this momentous challenge of Protestantism and continue a|a|Igreja|apenas|virou|sua|costas|para|este|monumental|desafio|do|protestantismo|e|continuou ~했니|그|교회|단지|돌다|그들의|등을|~에|이|중대한|도전|~의|개신교에|그리고|계속하다 verbo auxiliar pasado|la|Iglesia|simplemente|dio|su|espalda|a|este|trascendental|desafío|del|protestantismo|y|continuó Apakah|gereja|gereja|hanya|berpaling|punggung|belakang|pada|tantangan|monumental|tantangan|dari|Protestantisme|dan|melanjutkan |||||||||significant||||| 教会はプロテスタンティズムのこの重大な挑戦に背を向け、このまま続けたのだろうか？ 교회는 개신교의 중대한 도전에 등을 돌리고 계속해서 Apakah Gereja hanya berpaling dari tantangan besar Protestanisme ini dan melanjutkan A Igreja simplesmente virou as costas para esse desafio monumental do protestantismo e continuou ¿La Iglesia simplemente dio la espalda a este desafío trascendental del protestantismo y continuó

No. Tidak no Não 아니요 아니. Tidak. Não. No.

They responded. Mereka|menjawab ellos|respondieron eles|responderam 그들은|응답했다 彼らはこう答えた。 그들은 대답했다. Mereka menjawab. Eles responderam. Respondieron.

Leaders and the faithful created a sturdy, even strident Catholic-Reformation, or Counter-Reformation, líderes|e|os|fiéis|criaram|uma|robusta|até|estridente|||ou|| 지도자들|그리고|그|신자들|만들었다|하나의|튼튼한|심지어|강력한|||또는|| líderes|y|los|fieles|crearon|un|sólido|incluso|estridente|||o|| Para pemimpin|dan|yang|setia|menciptakan|sebuah|kokoh|bahkan|keras|||atau|| ||||||strong||loud and forceful||||| 指導者たちと信徒たちは、強固な、さらには激しいカトリック改革、あるいは反宗教改革を作り上げた、 지도자들과 신자들은 강력하고 심지어 단호한 가톨릭 개혁, 즉 반종교개혁을 만들었다. Para pemimpin dan umat yang setia menciptakan sebuah Reformasi Katolik yang kokoh, bahkan keras, atau Kontra-Reformasi, Líderes e os fiéis criaram uma robusta, até mesmo estridente, Reforma Católica, ou Contra-Reforma, Los líderes y los fieles crearon una sólida, incluso estridente, Reforma Católica, o Contrarreforma,

that also provided a little grease to the wheels of commerce. isso|também|forneceu|uma|pequena|graxa|para|as|rodas|do|comércio 그것이|또한|제공했다|하나의|작은|기름|~에|상업의|바퀴|~의|상업 eso|también|proporcionó|un|poco|grasa|a|las|ruedas|del|comercio itu|juga|menyediakan|sedikit|sedikit|pelumas|untuk|roda|roda|dari|perdagangan |||||lubrication||||| それはまた、商業の歯車に少し油を差すことにもなった。 상업의 바퀴에 약간의 윤활유를 제공하기도 했습니다. yang juga memberikan sedikit pelumas pada roda perdagangan. que também forneceu um pouco de graxa para as engrenagens do comércio. que también proporcionó un poco de grasa a las ruedas del comercio.

And today we're gonna look at the Catholic Reformation and how it influenced not just dan|hari ini|kita akan|akan|melihat|pada|Reformasi|Katolik||dan|bagaimana|itu|mempengaruhi|tidak|hanya y|hoy|estamos|vamos a|mirar|en|la|católica|Reforma|y|cómo|esta|influyó|no|solo e|hoje|nós vamos|vamos|olhar|para|a|católica|Reforma|e|como|ela|influenciou|não|apenas 오늘은 가톨릭 개혁이 유럽뿐만 아니라 Dan hari ini kita akan melihat Reformasi Katolik dan bagaimana itu mempengaruhi tidak hanya E hoje vamos olhar para a Reforma Católica e como ela influenciou não apenas Y hoy vamos a ver la Reforma Católica y cómo influyó no solo en

Europe but the world. Eropa|tetapi|| Europa|mas|o|mundo 세계에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지 살펴보겠습니다. Eropa tetapi juga dunia. a Europa, mas o mundo. Europa sino en el mundo.

INTRO 소개 PENGANTAR INTRO INTRO

lap of luxury and engaged in corrupt practices such as appointing two of his grandsons cardinals 贅沢の限りを尽くし、2人の孫を枢機卿に任命するなどの汚職に手を染めた。 부패한 관행에 연루되어 두 명의 손자를 10대 초반에 추기경으로 임명하는 등의 행동을 했다. dan terlibat dalam praktik korup seperti mengangkat dua cucunya menjadi kardinal colo do luxo e se envolveu em práticas corruptas, como nomear dois de seus netos cardeais seno del lujo y participaba en prácticas corruptas como nombrar a dos de sus nietos cardenales

in their early teens. 10代前半で。 그는 오직 최고의 인재만을 고용했다. di usia remaja. na adolescência. en su adolescencia.

He only hired the best people. 彼は優秀な人材しか雇わなかった。 Dia hanya mempekerjakan orang-orang terbaik. Ele só contratou as melhores pessoas. Solo contrataba a las mejores personas.

That reminds me of the great last words of the Irish poet, Brendan Behan. isso|lembra|me|de|as|grandes|últimas|palavras|de|o|irlandês|poeta|Brendan|Behan 그것|상기시킨다|나를|~을|그|위대한|마지막|말들|~의|그|아일랜드의|시인|브렌던|비한 eso|recuerda|me|de|las|grandes|últimas|palabras|de|el|irlandés|poeta|Brendan|Behan itu|mengingatkan|saya|akan|kata-kata|terakhir|terakhir|kata-kata|dari|penyair|Irlandia||Brendan|Behan |||||||||||||Brendan Behan アイルランドの詩人、ブレンダン・ビーハンの偉大な最後の言葉を思い出す。 그것은 아일랜드 시인 브렌던 비한의 위대한 마지막 말을 떠올리게 합니다. Itu mengingatkan saya pada kata-kata terakhir yang hebat dari penyair Irlandia, Brendan Behan. Isso me lembra das grandes últimas palavras do poeta irlandês, Brendan Behan. Eso me recuerda las grandes últimas palabras del poeta irlandés, Brendan Behan.

A nun was giving him an injection, and he turned to her and said, “bless you sister. uma|freira|estava|dando|a ele|uma|injeção|e|ele|virou|para|ela|e|disse|abençoe|você|irmã 한|수녀|~였다|주고 있는|그에게|한|주사|그리고|그는|돌았다|~에게|그녀에게|그리고|말했다|축복하다|당신을|자매여 una|monja|estaba|dando|le|una|inyección|y|él|se volvió|a|ella|y|dijo|bendice|tú|hermana seorang|biarawati|sedang|memberikan|dia|sebuah|suntikan|dan|dia|berbalik|kepada|dia|dan|berkata|berkati|kamu|suster ||||||注射|||||||||| 修道女が彼に注射を打っていた。 한 수녀가 그에게 주사를 놓고 있었고, 그는 그녀를 바라보며 말했습니다. "축복합니다, 자매님." Seorang biarawati sedang memberinya suntikan, dan dia menoleh padanya dan berkata, “semoga Tuhan memberkatimu saudariku. Uma freira estava lhe dando uma injeção, e ele se virou para ela e disse: “Deus te abençoe, irmã. Una monja le estaba dando una inyección, y él se volvió hacia ella y dijo: “Dios te bendiga, hermana.

May all your sons be bishops.” que|todos|seus|filhos|sejam|bispos ~하기를|모든|당신의|아들들|~이 되기를|주교들 que|todos|tus|hijos|sean|obispos semoga|semua|putra-putra|putra-putra|menjadi|uskup |||||主教あなたの息子たちが皆、司教になりますように」。 "당신의 모든 아들이 주교가 되기를 바랍니다." Semoga semua putramu menjadi uskup.” Que todos os seus filhos sejam bispos.” Que todos tus hijos sean obispos.”

Then he died. maka|dia|meninggal entonces|él|murió então|ele|morreu 그러면|그는|죽었다 그는 죽었다. Kemudian dia meninggal. Então ele morreu. Entonces él murió.

Several attempts at undertaking reforms in formal meetings were blocked by powerful individuals várias|tentativas|de|realizar|reformas|em|formais|reuniões|foram|bloqueadas|por|poderosos|indivíduos 여러|시도들|~하는 것|수행|개혁들|~에서|공식적인|회의들|~였다|차단되었다|~에 의해|강력한|개인들 varios|intentos|en|llevar a cabo|reformas|en|formales|reuniones|fueron|bloqueados|por|poderosos|individuos Beberapa|upaya|untuk|melakukan|reformasi|dalam|formal|pertemuan|telah|terhalang|oleh|kuat|individu |||implementing||||||||| 正式な会議で改革を行おうとしたいくつかの試みは、有力者によって阻止された。 공식 회의에서 개혁을 시도하려는 여러 번의 시도가 강력한 개인들에 의해 차단되었다. Beberapa upaya untuk melakukan reformasi dalam pertemuan formal terhalang oleh individu-individu yang berkuasa. Várias tentativas de realizar reformas em reuniões formais foram bloqueadas por indivíduos poderosos. Varios intentos de llevar a cabo reformas en reuniones formales fueron bloqueados por individuos poderosos.

who liked the status quo. yang|menyukai|status||quo quién|gustó|el|estado|quo quem|gostou|o|status|quo 누구|좋아했던|그|상태|현상 現状が好きだった人たちだ。 현상 유지에 만족했던 사람들. siapa yang menyukai status quo. quem gostava do status quo. quien le gustaba el status quo.

Powerful individuals and the status quo: The greatest love story of this or any time. poderosos|indivíduos|e|o|status|quo|a|maior|história|de amor|de|este|ou|qualquer|tempo 강력한|개인들|그리고|그|상태|현상|가장|위대한|사랑|이야기|의|이|또는|어떤|시대 poderosos|individuos|y|el|estado|quo|la|más grande|amor|historia|de|este|o|cualquier|tiempo Berkuasa|individu|dan|status||quo|Kisah|terbesar|cinta|cerita|dari|ini|atau|kapan saja|waktu ||||status quo|||||||||| 権力者と現状維持：今も昔も最高のラブストーリー。 강력한 개인들과 현상 유지: 이 시대 또는 그 어떤 시대의 가장 위대한 사랑 이야기. Individu yang berkuasa dan status quo: Kisah cinta terbesar di zaman ini atau zaman mana pun. Indivíduos poderosos e o status quo: A maior história de amor deste ou de qualquer tempo. Individuos poderosos y el status quo: La mayor historia de amor de este o cualquier tiempo.

But the church was tired of seeing its overall power decrease, and so in 1545, the Council tetapi|gereja|gereja||||||||||||momentum| pero|la|iglesia|estaba|cansada|de|ver|su|general|poder|disminuir|y|así|en|el|Concilio mas|a|igreja|estava|cansada|de|ver|seu|geral|poder|diminuir|e|então|em|o|Concílio 그러나|그|교회|~였다|지친|~에|보는 것|자신의|전반적인|힘|감소|그리고|그래서|~에|그|공의회 しかし、教会はその全体的な権力が低下していくのを目の当たりにして嫌気がさし、1545年に公会議が開かれた。 하지만 교회는 전체적인 권력이 감소하는 것을 지켜보는 데 지쳤고, 그래서 1545년에 Tetapi gereja lelah melihat kekuatannya secara keseluruhan menurun, dan pada tahun 1545, Dewan Mas a igreja estava cansada de ver seu poder geral diminuir, e assim, em 1545, o Concílio Pero la iglesia estaba cansada de ver disminuir su poder general, y así en 1545, el Concilio

time it was over, both Pope Paul III and his successor Julius III had died. |||||||||||||mengalami| tiempo|eso|estuvo|terminado|ambos|Papa|Pablo|III|y|su|sucesor|Julio|III|había|muerto |||||||||||||tido| それが終わる頃には、教皇パウロ3世も後継者ユリウス3世も亡くなっていた。 회의가 끝날 무렵에는 교황 바오로 3세와 그의 후계자 율리오 3세가 모두 사망했다. akhirnya, baik Paus Paul III maupun penerusnya Julius III telah meninggal. finalizar, tanto o Papa Paulo III quanto seu sucessor Júlio III já haviam morrido. momento en que terminó, tanto el Papa Pablo III como su sucesor Julio III habían muerto.

I've definitely had meetings that felt like they were 18 years long. |||||||mereka|sudah|| he|definitivamente|tenido|reuniones|que|se sintieron|como|ellas|estaban|años|largas |||||||elas|eram|| 確かに、18年分の長さを感じるミーティングをしたことがある。 나는 분명히 18년처럼 느껴지는 회의에 참석한 적이 있다. Saya pasti pernah menghadiri pertemuan yang terasa seperti berlangsung selama 18 tahun. Eu definitivamente já tive reuniões que pareceram durar 18 anos. Definitivamente he tenido reuniones que se sintieron como si duraran 18 años.

So, among the adherents to Protestantism were some of the most powerful princes and members então|entre|os|adeptos|ao|protestantismo|eram|alguns|de|a|mais|poderosos|príncipes|e|membros 그래서|중에|그|신자들|에 대한|개신교|있었다|몇몇|의|그|가장|강력한|왕자들|그리고|구성원들 así|entre|los|adherentes|a|el protestantismo|estaban|algunos|de|los|más|poderosos|príncipes|y|miembros jadi|di antara|para|pengikut|terhadap|Protestantisme|adalah|beberapa|dari|para|paling|berkuasa|pangeran|dan|anggota |||支持者||||||||||| プロテスタントの信奉者の中には、最も有力な王侯や会員もいた。 그래서 개신교를 지지하는 사람들 중에는 유럽에서 가장 강력한 왕자들과 귀족들이 있었다. Jadi, di antara para penganut Protestanisme terdapat beberapa pangeran dan anggota Assim, entre os adeptos do protestantismo estavam alguns dos príncipes e membros mais poderosos Así que, entre los adherentes al protestantismo estaban algunos de los príncipes más poderosos y miembros

But eventually the council eventually decided not to compromise. mas|eventualmente|o|concílio|eventualmente|decidiu|não|a|comprometer 하지만|결국|그|회의|결국|결정했다|않기로|을|타협하다 pero|eventualmente|el|consejo|eventualmente|decidió|no|a|comprometerse tetapi|akhirnya|dewan|dewan|akhirnya|memutuskan|tidak|untuk|berkompromi ||||||||妥协しかし、最終的に評議会は妥協しないことを決定した。 Tetapi pada akhirnya dewan tersebut memutuskan untuk tidak berkompromi. Mas, eventualmente, o conselho decidiu não fazer concessões. Pero eventualmente el consejo decidió no comprometerse.

Instead, the pronouncements of the Council of Trent were stark and emphatic. em vez disso|os|pronunciamentos|do|o|Concílio|de|Trento|foram|severos|e|enfáticos 대신에|그|선언|의|그|공의회|의|트렌트|이었다|엄격한|그리고|단호한 en lugar|los|pronunciamientos|del|el|Concilio|de|Trento|fueron|drásticos|y|enfáticos Sebaliknya|pernyataan|pengumuman|dari|Konsili|Dewan|dari|Trento|adalah|jelas|dan|tegas |||||||||明显的||强烈的その代わり、トレント公会議での宣言は厳しく、強調されたものだった。 대신, 트렌트 공의회의 선언은 명확하고 강력했다. Sebaliknya, pernyataan dari Konsili Trent sangat tegas dan jelas. Em vez disso, os pronunciamentos do Concílio de Trento foram claros e enfáticos. En cambio, los pronunciamientos del Concilio de Trento fueron claros y enfáticos.

Already in 1542 while waiting for a council actually to get organized, the papacy had já|em|enquanto|esperava|por|um|concílio|realmente|a|ser|organizado|o|papado|tinha 이미|에|동안|기다리면서|을|하나의|공의회|실제로|를|조직되다|조직되다|그|교황청은| ya|en|mientras|esperando|por|un|concilio|realmente|a|organizar|organizado|el|papado|había Sudah|pada|sementara|menunggu|untuk|sebuah|konsili|benar-benar|untuk|menjadi|terorganisir|kepausan|kepausan|telah ||||||||||||the papacy| 実際に公会議が組織されるのを待っていた1542年、教皇庁はすでに次のようなことを行っていた。 1542년, 실제로 공의회가 조직되기를 기다리는 동안, 교황청은 Sudah pada tahun 1542, sambil menunggu konsili benar-benar diselenggarakan, kepausan telah Já em 1542, enquanto aguardava a organização de um concílio, o papado havia Ya en 1542, mientras se esperaba que un concilio realmente se organizara, el papado había

expanded the work of the Inquisition, which had been established in the 13th century to expandido|o|trabalho|da|a|Inquisição|que|tinha|sido|estabelecida|em|o|13º|século|para 확장했다|그|작업|의|그|종교재판소|그것은|가졌다|되어있었다|설립된|에|13세기|||를 expandido|el|trabajo|de|la|Inquisición|que|había|sido|establecido|en|el|siglo XIII|siglo|para memperluas|pekerjaan|kerja|dari|Inkuisisi|Inkuisisi|yang|telah|di|dirikan|pada|abad|ke-13|abad|untuk |||||Inquisition||||||||| 13世紀に設立された異端審問の仕事を拡大した。 13세기에 설립된 이단 심문 작업을 확대했다. memperluas pekerjaan Inkuisisi, yang telah didirikan pada abad ke-13 untuk expandido o trabalho da Inquisição, que havia sido estabelecida no século XIII para expandido el trabajo de la Inquisición, que había sido establecida en el siglo XIII para

But now the Inquisition targeted Protestants and searched for heresy also among conquered mas|agora|a|Inquisição|mirou|protestantes|e|procurou|por|heresia|também|entre|conquistados 그러나|지금|그|종교재판소|겨냥했다|개신교도들을|그리고|수색했다|위해|이단|또한|중에서|정복된 pero|ahora|la|Inquisición|apuntó|protestantes|y|buscó|por|herejía|también|entre|conquistados tetapi|sekarang|para|Inkuisisi|menargetkan|Protestan|dan|mencari|untuk|bid'ah|juga|di antara|yang ditaklukkan |||宗教裁判所||||||||| しかし、今や異端審問はプロテスタントを標的にし、征服された人々の間でも異端を探した。 하지만 이제 종교재판은 개신교도를 겨냥하고 정복된 사람들 사이에서도 이단을 찾았다. Tetapi sekarang Inkuisisi menargetkan Protestan dan mencari bid'ah juga di antara orang-orang yang ditaklukkan Mas agora a Inquisição visava os protestantes e buscava heresia também entre os conquistados Pero ahora la Inquisición tenía como objetivo a los protestantes y buscaba herejía también entre los conquistados

people in the New World. orang-orang|di|dunia|Baru|Dunia personas|en|el|Nuevo|Mundo pessoas|no|o|Novo|Mundo 사람들|에|그|새로운|세계 신세계의 사람들. di Dunia Baru. pessoas no Novo Mundo. en el Nuevo Mundo.

The Council also affirmed principles of transubstantiation—that is, the belief that the blood and wine of O|Concílio|também|afirmou|princípios|de|transubstanciação|que|é|o|crença|que|o|sangue|e|vinho|de 그|공의회|또한|확인했다|원칙들|의|화체성변화|즉|이다|그|믿음|즉|그|피|그리고|포도주|의 el|Concilio|también|afirmó|principios|de||que||la||||sangre|y|vino|de Dewan|Konsili|juga|menegaskan|prinsip|tentang|transubstansiasi|bahwa|adalah|keyakinan|keyakinan|bahwa|darah|darah|dan|anggur|dari ||||||transubstantiation|||||||||| 公会議ではまた、「実体移行」の原則も確認された。 이 의회는 또한 성체성사의 실체변화 원칙을 확인했다. 즉, 성체와 포도주의 혈과 포도주가 실제로 예수의 몸과 피가 된다는 믿음이다. Dewan juga menegaskan prinsip-prinsip transubstansiasi—yaitu, keyakinan bahwa darah dan anggur dari O Conselho também afirmou princípios da transubstanciação—ou seja, a crença de que o sangue e o vinho do El Consejo también afirmó los principios de la transubstanciación—es decir, la creencia de que la sangre y el vino del

It upheld the centrality of the seven sacraments, and the selling of indulgences stuck around isso|sustentou|a|centralidade|dos|os|sete|sacramentos|e|a|venda|de|indulgências|ficou|por perto 그것이|지켰다|그|중심성|의|그|일곱|성사들|그리고|그|판매|의|면죄부들|남아있었다|주위에 eso|sostuvo|la|centralidad|de|los|siete|sacramentos|y|la|venta|de|indulgencias|permaneció|alrededor itu|menegakkan||pusat|dari|tujuh|tujuh|sakramen|dan||penjualan|dari|indulgensi|tetap|ada |emphasized||importance||||sacraments|||||赎罪券|| 7つの秘跡の中心性を支持し、免罪符の販売に固執した。 그것은 일곱 개의 성사의 중심성을 지켰고, 면죄부 판매는 계속해서 존재했다. Ini menegaskan pentingnya tujuh sakramen, dan penjualan indulgensi tetap ada. Manteve a centralidade dos sete sacramentos, e a venda de indulgências permaneceu. Se mantuvo la centralidad de los siete sacramentos, y la venta de indulgencias continuó.

too. juga también também 또한 그렇다. Begitu juga. também. también.

Clergy were to remain celibate and chaste--unlike most Protestant clerics. clérigos|eram|a|permanecer|celibatários|e|castos|ao contrário de|a maioria dos|protestantes|clérigos 성직자들|~였다|~할|남아있다|독신|그리고|순결|~와는 달리|대부분의|개신교|성직자들 el clero|debía|a|permanecer|célibe|y|casto|a diferencia de|la mayoría de|protestantes|clérigos para rohaniwan|harus|untuk|tetap|selibat|dan|suci|tidak seperti|kebanyakan|Protestan|rohaniwan 神职人员||||独身||pure||||clergy members 聖職者は独身を貫き、貞節を守らなければならなかった--プロテスタントの聖職者とは違って。 성직자는 대부분의 개신교 성직자들과 달리 독신과 순결을 유지해야 했다. Klerus harus tetap selibat dan suci—tidak seperti sebagian besar klerus Protestan. O clero deveria permanecer celibatário e casto - ao contrário da maioria dos clérigos protestantes. El clero debía permanecer célibe y casto, a diferencia de la mayoría de los clérigos protestantes.

And all Catholics were to live by faith /and/ practice good works as their path to salvation—not dan|semua|Katolik|harus|untuk|hidup|dengan|iman|dan|melakukan|baik|perbuatan|sebagai|jalan mereka||menuju|keselamatan|tidak y|todos|los católicos|debían|a|vivir|por|fe|y|practicar|buenas|obras|como|su|camino|a|| e|todos|católicos|eram|a|viver|pela|fé|e|praticar|boas|obras|como|seu|caminho|para|| 그리고|모든|가톨릭 신자들|~였다|~할|살다|~에 의해|믿음|그리고|실천하다|선한|행위들|~로서|그들의|길|~로의|구원|아니다 そして、すべてのカトリック信者は、信仰によって生き、善行を実践することが救いへの道である。 그리고 모든 가톨릭 신자는 구원을 위한 길로서 믿음과 선한 행위를 실천해야 했다. Dan semua Katolik harus hidup dengan iman /dan/ melakukan perbuatan baik sebagai jalan mereka menuju keselamatan—tidak E todos os católicos deveriam viver pela fé /e/ praticar boas obras como seu caminho para a salvação - não Y todos los católicos debían vivir por la fe /y/ practicar buenas obras como su camino hacia la salvación—no

by faith alone like the Protestants. oleh|iman|saja|seperti|para|Protestan por|fe|sola|como|los|protestantes por|fé|só|como|os|protestantes ~로|믿음|혼자|~처럼|그|개신교도들 오직 믿음으로, 개신교도들처럼. hanya dengan iman seperti para Protestan. somente pela fé, como os protestantes. solo por fe como los protestantes.

The church also began establishing seminaries where priests could become more informed in a|igreja|também|começou|a estabelecer|seminários|onde|padres|podiam|se tornar|mais|informados|em 그|교회|또한|시작했다|세우는|신학교|~하는 곳|사제들|~할 수 있었다|되다|더|정보가 많은|~에 la|iglesia|también|comenzó|estableciendo|seminarios|donde|los sacerdotes|podían|volverse|más|informados|en Gereja|gereja|juga|mulai|mendirikan|seminari|di mana|para imam|bisa|menjadi|lebih|terinformasi|dalam |||||神学院||priests||||| 교회는 또한 사제들이 더 많은 정보를 얻을 수 있는 신학교를 설립하기 시작했다. Gereja juga mulai mendirikan seminari di mana para imam dapat menjadi lebih terinformasi dalam A igreja também começou a estabelecer seminários onde os padres poderiam se informar mais em La iglesia también comenzó a establecer seminarios donde los sacerdotes podían informarse más en

Catholic theology. Katolik|teologi católica|teología católica|teologia 가톨릭|신학 가톨릭 신학에 대해. teologi Katolik. teologia católica. teología católica.

And reformers felt this training was sorely needed for priests because they were being e|reformadores|sentiram|essa|formação|era|muito|necessária|para|padres|porque|eles|estavam|sendo 그리고|개혁자들|느꼈다|이|훈련|~였다|매우|필요한|~을 위해|사제들|왜냐하면|그들이|~였다|되고 있는 y|los reformadores|sintieron|esta|capacitación|estaba|gravemente|necesitada|para|sacerdotes|porque|ellos|estaban|siendo dan|para reformator|merasa|ini|pelatihan|sangat|sangat|dibutuhkan|untuk|para imam|karena|mereka|sedang|sedang ||||||greatly|||priests|||| そして改革者たちは、司祭の訓練が切実に必要だと考えた。 그리고 개혁자들은 이 교육이 사제들에게 절실히 필요하다고 느꼈다. Dan para reformis merasa pelatihan ini sangat dibutuhkan untuk para imam karena mereka sedang E os reformadores sentiam que esse treinamento era urgentemente necessário para os padres, porque eles estavam sendo Y los reformadores sentían que esta formación era muy necesaria para los sacerdotes porque estaban siendo

confronted by complicated Protestant challenges to Catholic doctrine. confrontado|por|complicados|protestantes|desafios|à|católica|doutrina 직면한|에 의해|복잡한|개신교의|도전들|에 대한|가톨릭의|교리 confrontado|por|complicados|protestantes|desafíos|a|católica|doctrina dihadapkan|oleh|rumit|Protestan|tantangan|terhadap|Katolik|doktrin faced|||||||教义カトリックの教義に対するプロテスタントの複雑な挑戦に直面した。 가톨릭 교리의 복잡한 개신교 도전에 직면했다. dihadapkan dengan tantangan Protestan yang rumit terhadap doktrin Katolik. confrontado por complicados desafios protestantes à doutrina católica. confrontados por complicados desafíos protestantes a la doctrina católica.

And the Church began the Papal Index, a list of books that Catholics were forbidden to e|a|Igreja|começou|o|papal|Índice|uma|lista|de|livros|que|católicos|foram|proibidos|a 그리고|그|교회|시작했다|그|교황의|색인|하나의|목록|의|책들|~하는|가톨릭 신자들|~였다|금지된|~하는 것 y|la|Iglesia|comenzó|el|Papal|Índice|un|lista|de|libros|que|católicos|estaban|prohibidos|a dan|gereja|gereja|mulai|Indeks|kepausan||sebuah|daftar|buku|buku|yang|Katolik|di|larang|untuk |||||教皇|Index||||||||| そして教会は、カトリック教徒が読むことを禁じられている書籍のリストである教皇インデックスを始めた。 그리고 교회는 가톨릭 신자들이 읽는 것이 금지된 책들의 목록인 교황 색인을 시작했다. Dan Gereja memulai Indeks Kepausan, sebuah daftar buku yang dilarang dibaca oleh umat Katolik; E a Igreja começou o Índice Papal, uma lista de livros que os católicos estavam proibidos de Y la Iglesia comenzó el Índice Papal, una lista de libros que a los católicos se les prohibió

read; In addition the Church reached deeper into society when it began to further regulate |Selain|tambahan|gereja|gereja|menjangkau|lebih dalam|ke|masyarakat|ketika|itu|mulai|untuk|lebih lanjut|mengatur leer|en|adición|la|Iglesia|llegó|más profundo|en|la sociedad|cuando|esta|comenzó|a|más|regular |em|adição|a|Igreja|alcançou|mais fundo|em|sociedade|quando|ela|começou|a|mais|regular 읽다|||||||||||||| さらに、教会は社会的な規制を強化し、より深く社会に踏み込んでいった。 또한 교회는 결혼을 더욱 규제하기 시작하면서 사회 깊숙이 파고들었다. Selain itu, Gereja semakin mendalami masyarakat ketika mulai mengatur lebih lanjut ler; Além disso, a Igreja se aprofundou mais na sociedade quando começou a regular ainda mais leer; además, la Iglesia se adentró más en la sociedad cuando comenzó a regular aún más

marriages. pernikahan matrimonios casamentos 결혼들 pernikahan. os casamentos. los matrimonios.

With the creation of a list of forbidden books and the declaration of power over marriage, dengan|daftar|penciptaan|dari|sebuah|daftar|tentang|terlarang|buku|dan|deklarasi|deklarasi|tentang|kekuasaan|atas|pernikahan con|la|creación|de|una|lista|de|prohibidos|libros|y|la|declaración|de|poder|sobre|matrimonio com|a|criação|de|uma|lista|de|proibidos|livros|e|a|declaração|de|poder|sobre|casamento ~와 함께|그|창조|~의|하나의|목록|~의|금지된|책들|그리고|그|선언|~의|권력|~에 대한|결혼 禁書リストの作成と、結婚に対する権力の宣言である、 금서 목록의 작성과 결혼에 대한 권력 선언과 함께, Dengan penciptaan daftar buku terlarang dan deklarasi kekuasaan atas pernikahan, Com a criação de uma lista de livros proibidos e a declaração de poder sobre o casamento, Con la creación de una lista de libros prohibidos y la declaración de poder sobre el matrimonio,

the Counter-Reformation took Catholicism from a point of weakness and actually expanded Counter-Reformation|||mengambil|Katolik|dari|sebuah|titik|dari|kelemahan|dan|sebenarnya|memperluas la|||llevó|catolicismo|de|un|punto|de|debilidad|y|en realidad|expandió a|||levou|catolicismo|de|um|ponto|de|fraqueza|e|na verdade|expandiu 그|||가져갔다|가톨릭|~에서|하나의|지점|~의|약점|그리고|실제로|확장했다 反宗教改革はカトリシズムを弱体化させ、実際に拡大させた。 가톨릭 교회는 약점의 지점에서 시작하여 실제로 Kontra-Reformasi mengambil Katolik dari titik kelemahan dan sebenarnya memperluas a Contra-Reforma tirou o catolicismo de um ponto de fraqueza e, na verdade, expandiu la Contrarreforma tomó el catolicismo desde un punto de debilidad y en realidad expandió

its power. kekuasaannya|kekuasaan su|poder seu|poder 그것의|권력 그 권력을 확장했다. kekuatannya. seu poder. su poder.

Even before these events, what would become a major bulwark of Catholicism and its Counter-Reformation mesmo|antes|esses|eventos|o que|verbo auxiliar condicional|se tornaria|um|maior|bastião|de|catolicismo|e|sua|| 심지어|이전에|이러한|사건들|무엇이|~할 것이다|되다|하나의|주요한|보루|의|가톨릭|그리고|그것의|| incluso|antes|estos|eventos|lo que|verbo auxiliar condicional|se convertiría|un|importante|baluarte|de|catolicismo|y|su|| bahkan|sebelum|ini|peristiwa|apa|akan|menjadi|sebuah|utama|benteng|dari|Katolik|dan|itu|| |||||||||stronghold|||||| これらの出来事の前にも、カトリックとその反宗教改革の主要な防波堤となるものがあった。 이 사건들 이전에도, 가톨릭과 그 반종교개혁의 주요 방어선이 될 것이 형성되고 있었다. Bahkan sebelum peristiwa ini, apa yang akan menjadi benteng utama Katolik dan Kontra-Reformasi Mesmo antes desses eventos, o que se tornaria um importante baluarte do catolicismo e sua Contra-Reforma Incluso antes de estos eventos, lo que se convertiría en un importante baluarte del catolicismo y su Contrarreforma

Because in the 1520s, after being shot as a soldier in one of Spain's wars, a Spanish karena|di|tahun|1520-an|setelah|ditembak|tembak|sebagai|seorang|tentara|di|salah satu|dari|Spanyol|perang|| porque|en|los|1520|después de|ser|herido|como|un|soldado|en|una|de|España|guerras|un|español porque|em|os|anos 1520|depois de|ser|ferido|como|um|soldado|em|uma|das|espanholas|guerras|um|espanhol 왜냐하면|~에서|그|1520년대에|~한 후에|~인 것|총에 맞은|~로서|한|군인|~에서|하나|의|스페인의|전쟁들|한|스페인 というのも、1520年代、スペインのある戦争で兵士として射殺された後、スペイン人兵士が、その戦争に参加したのである。 한 스페인 귀족이 가톨릭을 강화하겠다는 도전을 받아들였기 때문이다. Karena pada tahun 1520-an, setelah terluka sebagai tentara dalam salah satu perang Spanyol, seorang Porque na década de 1520, após ser ferido como soldado em uma das guerras da Espanha, um nobre espanhol Porque en la década de 1520, después de ser herido como soldado en una de las guerras de España, un noble español

Just as Luther wrestled with his faith, Ignatius of Loyola suffered spiritual agonies and emerged assim|como|Lutero|lutou|com|sua|fé|Inácio|de|Loyola|sofreu|espiritual|agonias|e|emergiu 단지|~처럼|루터|씨름했다|~와|그의|믿음|이그나티우스|~의|로욜라|겪었다|영적인|고통|그리고|나타났다 así|como|Lutero|luchó|con|su|fe|Ignacio|de|Loyola|sufrió|espirituales|agonías|y|emergió just|seperti|Luther|bergumul|dengan|imannya|iman|Ignatius|dari|Loyola|menderita|spiritual|penderitaan|dan|muncul |||struggled||||Ignatius of Loyola||Loyola|||苦恼|| ルターが信仰と格闘したように、ロヨラのイグナチオも霊的な苦悩に苦しみ、そして立ち直った。 루터가 자신의 신앙과 씨름했던 것처럼, 이그나티우스 로욜라는 영적인 고통을 겪었고, 그 결과로 Sama seperti Luther bergumul dengan imannya, Ignatius dari Loyola mengalami penderitaan spiritual dan muncul Assim como Lutero lutou com sua fé, Inácio de Loyola sofreu agonias espirituais e emergiu Así como Lutero luchó con su fe, Ignacio de Loyola sufrió agonías espirituales y emergió

a charismatic leader--but unlike Luther, Ignatius and his followers remained loyal to the Catholic um|carismático|líder|mas|ao contrário de|Lutero|Inácio|e|seus|seguidores|permaneceram|leais|à|a|Católica 하나의|카리스마 있는|지도자|그러나|~와는 달리||이그나티우스|그리고|그의|추종자들|남았다|충실한|~에|그|가톨릭 un|carismático|líder|pero|a diferencia de|Lutero|Ignacio|y|sus|seguidores|permanecieron|leales|a|la|Católica seorang|karismatik|pemimpin|tetapi|tidak seperti|Luther|Ignatius|dan|para|pengikut|tetap|setia|kepada|Gereja|Katolik |charismatic||||||||||||| しかし、ルターとは異なり、イグナティウスとその信奉者たちはカトリックに忠誠を誓った。 카리스마 있는 지도자가 되었습니다. 그러나 루터와는 달리, 이그나티우스와 그의 추종자들은 가톨릭 sebagai pemimpin karismatik--tetapi tidak seperti Luther, Ignatius dan para pengikutnya tetap setia kepada Gereja Katolik. como um líder carismático - mas ao contrário de Lutero, Inácio e seus seguidores permaneceram leais à Igreja Católica. como un líder carismático--pero a diferencia de Lutero, Ignacio y sus seguidores permanecieron leales a la Iglesia Católica.

Church. Gereja Igreja 교회에 충성을 유지했습니다. Gereja. Igreja.

In 1540, the Pope declared Ignatius's followers a religious order called the Society of Jesus 1540年、ローマ教皇はイグナチオの信奉者たちを「イエズス会」と呼ばれる修道会と宣言した。 1540년, 교황은 이그나티우스의 추종자들을 예수회라는 종교 단체로 선언했습니다. Pada tahun 1540, Paus menyatakan pengikut Ignatius sebagai ordo religius yang disebut Serikat Yesus. Em 1540, o Papa declarou os seguidores de Inácio uma ordem religiosa chamada Companhia de Jesus. En 1540, el Papa declaró a los seguidores de Ignacio como una orden religiosa llamada la Compañía de Jesús.

or “Jesuits.” atau|Yesuit o|Jesuitas ou|“jesuítas 또는|예수회 또는 "예수회." atau "Jesuit." ou "jesuítas." o "jesuitas."

Many pre-existing Catholic religious orders were rededicating themselves to protect and muitas|||católicas|religiosas|ordens|estavam|rededicando|a si mesmas|a|proteger|e 많은|||가톨릭|종교적인|수도회들|그들은 ~하고 있었다|재헌신하고|자신들을|~에|보호하고|그리고 muchas|||católicas|religiosas|órdenes|estaban|rededicando|a sí mismos|a|proteger|y Banyak|||Katolik|religius|ordo|mereka|mendedikasikan kembali|diri mereka|untuk|melindungi|dan |||||||重新致力|||| 既存のカトリック修道会の多くは、自分たちを保護し、保護するために再献身していた。 많은 기존의 가톨릭 종교 단체들이 그들의 신앙을 보호하고 Banyak ordo religius Katolik yang sudah ada sebelumnya mendedikasikan kembali diri mereka untuk melindungi dan Muitas ordens religiosas católicas pré-existentes estavam se rededicando para proteger e Muchas órdenes religiosas católicas preexistentes se estaban rededicando para proteger y

nourish their faith. ||iman nourish|| ||신앙 信仰心を養う。 양육하기 위해 다시 헌신하고 있었다. memelihara iman mereka. nutrir sua fé. nutrir su fe.

But Loyola's approach was especially effective given the challenges from Protestantism in しかし、ロヨラのアプローチは、プロテスタンティズムからの挑戦として、特に効果的であった。 하지만 로욜라의 접근법은 개신교의 도전이 있는 상황에서 특히 효과적이었다. Namun, pendekatan Loyola sangat efektif mengingat tantangan dari Protestantisme di Mas a abordagem de Loyola foi especialmente eficaz, dadas as dificuldades do protestantismo em Pero el enfoque de Loyola fue especialmente efectivo dado los desafíos del protestantismo en

the 1520s and thereafter. itu|tahun 1520-an|dan|setelahnya los|1520|y|después de eso os|anos 1520|e|depois disso 그|1520년대|그리고|그 이후에 1520年代以降 1520년대와 그 이후. tahun 1520-an dan seterusnya. a década de 1520 e depois. la década de 1520 y después.

First, because he organized and ran his group like an army around a hierarchy of command; Primeiro|porque|ele|organizou|e|comandou|seu|grupo|como|um|exército|em torno de|uma|hierarquia|de|comando 첫째로|왜냐하면|그는|조직했다|그리고|운영했다|그의|그룹을|처럼|하나의|군대처럼|주위에|하나의|계층|의|지휘 Primero|porque|él|organizó|y|dirigió|su|grupo|como|un|ejército|alrededor de|una|jerarquía|de|mando Pertama|karena|dia|mengorganisir|dan|menjalankan|kelompoknya|kelompok|seperti|sebuah|tentara|di sekitar|sebuah|hierarki|dari|komando |||||||||||||level|| 第一に、彼は指揮系統を中心に軍隊のようにグループを組織し、運営していたからだ； 첫째, 그는 자신의 그룹을 명령 체계에 따라 군대처럼 조직하고 운영했기 때문이다; Pertama, karena dia mengorganisir dan menjalankan kelompoknya seperti sebuah angkatan bersenjata di sekitar hierarki komando; Primeiro, porque ele organizou e dirigiu seu grupo como um exército em torno de uma hierarquia de comando; Primero, porque organizó y dirigió su grupo como un ejército alrededor de una jerarquía de mando;

joining required several years of training and a strict code of discipline. ingressar|exigia|vários|anos|de|treinamento|e|um|rigoroso|código|de|disciplina 가입하는 것|필요했다|여러|년|의|훈련|그리고|하나의|엄격한|규율|의|훈련 unirse|requería|varios|años|de|entrenamiento|y|un|estricto|código|de|disciplina bergabung|memerlukan|beberapa|tahun|dari|pelatihan|dan|sebuah|ketat|kode|dari|disiplin |||||||||||discipline 入隊には数年間の訓練と厳しい規律が必要だった。 가입하려면 몇 년의 훈련과 엄격한 규율이 필요했다. bergabung memerlukan beberapa tahun pelatihan dan kode disiplin yang ketat. a adesão exigia vários anos de treinamento e um rígido código de disciplina. unirse requería varios años de entrenamiento y un estricto código de disciplina.

And all of this was timely given the Church's reputation for corruption, lax morals, and E|tudo|de|isso|foi|oportuno|dada|a|Igreja|reputação|por|corrupção|laxas|morais|e 그리고|모든|의|이것|있었다|시의적절한|고려할 때|그|교회의|명성|에 대한|부패|느슨한|도덕|그리고 y|todo|de|esto|fue|oportuno|dado|la|Iglesia|reputación|por|corrupción|laxo|moral|y dan|semua|dari|ini|adalah|tepat waktu|mengingat|reputasi|Gereja|reputasi|untuk|korupsi|longgar|moral|dan |||||appropriate||||reputation||||| 教会の腐敗、モラルの欠如、そして、そのような評判を考えると、これはすべて時宜を得たものであった。 그리고 이러한 모든 것은 교회의 부패, 느슨한 도덕성에 대한 평판을 고려할 때 시의적절했다. Dan semua ini tepat waktu mengingat reputasi Gereja yang korup, moral yang longgar, dan E tudo isso foi oportuno, dada a reputação da Igreja por corrupção, moralidade frouxa, e Y todo esto fue oportuno dada la reputación de la Iglesia por corrupción, moralidad laxa, y

in many cases, priestly incompetence, including ignorance of Latin. em|muitos|casos|sacerdotais|incompetência|incluindo|ignorância|de|latim ~에서|많은|경우들|사제의|무능력|포함하여|무지|~에 대한|라틴어 en|muchos|casos|sacerdotal|incompetencia|incluyendo|ignorancia|de|latín di|banyak|kasus|kepriestian|ketidakmampuan|termasuk|ketidaktahuan|tentang|Latin |||priestly|priestly incompetence|||| 多くの場合、ラテン語の無知を含む司祭の無能が原因である。 많은 경우, 사제의 무능력, 라틴어에 대한 무지 포함. dalam banyak kasus, ketidakmampuan para imam, termasuk ketidaktahuan tentang bahasa Latin. em muitos casos, a incompetência sacerdotal, incluindo a ignorância do latim. en muchos casos, la incompetencia sacerdotal, incluida la ignorancia del latín.

Second, the Jesuits founded schools where humanistic education thrived alongside religious segundo|os|jesuítas|fundaram|escolas|onde|humanística|educação|prosperou|ao lado de|religiosa 둘째로|그|예수회|설립했다|학교들|~하는 곳|인문주의적인|교육|번창했다|~와 함께|종교적인 segundo|los|jesuitas|fundaron|escuelas|donde|humanística|educación|prosperó|junto a|religiosa Kedua|para|Yesuit|mendirikan|sekolah|di mana|humanistik|pendidikan|berkembang|bersamaan dengan|religius ||||||||flourished|| 第二に、イエズス会は宗教教育とともに人文主義教育が盛んな学校を設立した。 둘째, 예수회는 인문 교육이 종교 교육과 함께 번창하는 학교를 설립했다. Kedua, para Yesuit mendirikan sekolah-sekolah di mana pendidikan humanistik berkembang bersama dengan Em segundo lugar, os jesuítas fundaram escolas onde a educação humanística prosperou ao lado da En segundo lugar, los jesuitas fundaron escuelas donde la educación humanística prosperó junto a la

instruction. 교육. pengajaran agama. instrução religiosa. instrucción religiosa.

These became a mechanism for combining the latest in intellectual practice with the revitalization Estos|se convirtieron|un|mecanismo|para|combinar|lo|último|en|práctica|intelectual|con|la|revitalización これらは、最新の知的実践と活性化を結びつける仕組みとなった。 이것들은 최신 지적 실천과 가톨릭 신학의 재활성화를 결합하는 메커니즘이 되었습니다. Ini menjadi mekanisme untuk menggabungkan yang terbaru dalam praktik intelektual dengan revitalisasi Esses se tornaram um mecanismo para combinar o que há de mais recente na prática intelectual com a revitalização Estos se convirtieron en un mecanismo para combinar lo último en práctica intelectual con la revitalización

and reaffirmation of Catholic theology, and it was important because one of the attractions y|reafirmación|de|católica|teología|y|eso|fue|importante|porque|una|de|las|atracciones 그리고 그것은 중요한데, 왜냐하면 개신교의 매력 중 하나는 모든 사람이 직접 성경과 연결될 수 있도록 더 넓은 문해력을 강조했기 때문입니다. dan penegasan kembali teologi Katolik, dan itu penting karena salah satu daya tarik e reafirmação da teologia católica, e isso era importante porque uma das atrações y reafirmación de la teología católica, y era importante porque una de las atracciones

of Protestantism was its emphasis on broader literacy so that everyone could directly connect de|protestantismo|fue|su|énfasis|en|más amplia|alfabetización|así|que|todos|pudiera|directamente|conectar プロテスタンティズムが重視したのは、より広範なリテラシーである。 개신교의 매력 중 하나는 모든 사람이 직접 성경과 연결될 수 있도록 더 넓은 문해력을 강조했기 때문입니다. Protestantisme adalah penekanan pada literasi yang lebih luas sehingga setiap orang dapat langsung terhubung do protestantismo era sua ênfase em uma alfabetização mais ampla para que todos pudessem se conectar diretamente del protestantismo era su énfasis en una alfabetización más amplia para que todos pudieran conectarse directamente

with scripture. con|las escrituras お経とともに。 성경과 직접 연결될 수 있도록 더 넓은 문해력을 강조했기 때문입니다. dengan kitab suci. com as escrituras. con las escrituras.

The Jesuits argued that Catholics could also spread education--which is why incidentally os|jesuítas|argumentaram|que|católicos|podiam|também|espalhar|educação|o que|é|por que|incidentalmente 그|예수회|주장했다|~라는 것을|가톨릭 신자들이|~할 수 있었다|또한|퍼뜨리다|교육을|그것은|~이다|이유는|덧붙여서 los|jesuitas|argumentaron|que|los católicos|podían|también|difundir|educación|lo|es|por qué|incidentalmente para|Yesuit|berargumen|bahwa|Katolik|bisa|juga|menyebarkan|pendidikan|yang|adalah|mengapa|kebetulan ||||||||||||by the way イエズス会は、カトリックも教育を広めることができると主張した。 예수회는 가톨릭 신자들도 교육을 전파할 수 있다고 주장했습니다. - 그래서 우연히도 Para Yesuit berpendapat bahwa umat Katolik juga dapat menyebarkan pendidikan--itulah sebabnya secara kebetulan Os jesuítas argumentaram que os católicos também poderiam espalhar a educação--o que é, por sinal, Los jesuitas argumentaron que los católicos también podían difundir la educación--lo cual es, incidentalmente,

And that brings us to our final point: In addition to reforming Catholicism in Europe, dan|itu|membawa|kita|ke|titik|akhir|poin|Dalam|tambahan|untuk|mereformasi|Katolik|di|Eropa y|eso|lleva|a nosotros|a|nuestro|final|punto|en|adición|a|reformar|el catolicismo|en|Europa e|isso|traz|nós|a|nosso|final|ponto|em|adição|a|reformar|o catolicismo|na|Europa 그리고|그것이|가져온다|우리를|~로|우리의|마지막|요점|~에|추가로|~에|개혁하는 것|가톨릭을|~에서|유럽에서 그리고 이것이 우리의 마지막 요점으로 이어집니다: 유럽에서 가톨릭을 개혁하는 것 외에도, Dan itu membawa kita ke poin terakhir kita: Selain mereformasi Katolik di Eropa, E isso nos leva ao nosso ponto final: Além de reformar o catolicismo na Europa, Y eso nos lleva a nuestro punto final: Además de reformar el catolicismo en Europa,

the Jesuits undertook globalizing the faith as a regular part of their mission. os|jesuítas|empreenderam|globalizar|a|fé|como|uma|regular|parte|de|sua|missão 그|예수회는|착수했다|세계화하는 것|그|신앙을|~로서|하나의|정기적인|부분|~의|그들의|사명으로 la|jesuitas|emprendieron|globalizar|la|fe|como|una|regular|parte|de|su|misión para|Yesuit|mengambil|mengglobalisasi|iman|iman|sebagai|bagian|reguler|bagian|dari|misi|misi |||spreading||||||||| 예수회는 그들의 사명의 일환으로 신앙을 세계화하는 일을 맡았습니다. para Yesuit melakukan globalisasi iman sebagai bagian rutin dari misi mereka. os jesuítas se dedicaram a globalizar a fé como parte regular de sua missão. los jesuitas se encargaron de globalizar la fe como parte regular de su misión.

And this Jesuit activism in establishing global relationships would eventually transform Europe e|este|jesuíta|ativismo|em|estabelecer|globais|relações|verbo auxiliar condicional|eventualmente|transformar|a Europa 그리고|이|예수회|활동|~에서|구축하며|글로벌|관계|~할 것이다|결국|변화시키다|유럽 y|este|jesuita|activismo|en|establecer|global|relaciones|verbo auxiliar condicional|eventualmente|transformaría|Europa Dan|ini|Jesuit|aktivisme|dalam|membangun|global|hubungan|akan|akhirnya|mengubah|Eropa ||耶稣会士||||||||| 그리고 이러한 예수회 활동은 글로벌 관계를 구축하는 데 있어 결국 유럽을 변화시킬 것이며, Dan aktivisme Jesuit ini dalam membangun hubungan global pada akhirnya akan mengubah Eropa E esse ativismo jesuíta na criação de relações globais acabaria por transformar a Europa Y este activismo jesuita en el establecimiento de relaciones globales eventualmente transformaría a Europa

in ways that have only recently gained the attention of historians. dalam|cara|yang|telah|hanya|baru-baru ini|mendapatkan|perhatian|perhatian|dari|sejarawan en|maneras|que|han|solo|recientemente|ganado|la|atención|de|historiadores em|maneiras|que|têm|apenas|recentemente|ganhado|a|atenção|de|historiadores ~에서|방식|~하는|~해왔다|단지|최근에|얻다|~의|주목|~의|역사학자들 이러한 변화는 최근에야 역사학자들의 주목을 받게 되었습니다. dengan cara yang baru-baru ini mendapatkan perhatian para sejarawan. de maneiras que só recentemente ganharam a atenção dos historiadores. de maneras que solo recientemente han ganado la atención de los historiadores.

Let's go to the Thought Bubble. mari kita|pergi|ke|ke|Thought|Bubble Vamos|a|la|la|Burbuja|de Pensamiento vamos|ir|para|a|Pensamento|Bolha |가다|에|그|생각|거품 생각의 거품으로 가자. Mari kita pergi ke Thought Bubble. Vamos para a Bolha de Pensamento. Vamos a la Burbuja de Pensamiento.

The Jesuits interacted worldwide with an eye on both short and long-term results--they para|Yesuit|berinteraksi|di seluruh dunia|dengan|sebuah|perhatian|pada|baik|jangka pendek|dan|||hasil|mereka los|jesuitas|interactuaron|en todo el mundo|con|un|ojo|en|ambos|corto|y|||resultados|ellos os|jesuítas|interagiram|mundialmente|com|um|olho|em|ambos|curto|e|||resultados| 그|예수회|상호작용했다|전 세계적으로|와 함께|하나의|눈|에|둘 다|단기|그리고|||결과들|그들은 イエズス会は、短期的な結果と長期的な結果の両方を視野に入れながら、世界的な交流を行った。 예수회는 단기적 및 장기적 결과를 염두에 두고 전 세계와 상호작용했다--그들은 Para Yesuit berinteraksi di seluruh dunia dengan memperhatikan hasil jangka pendek dan jangka panjang--mereka Os jesuítas interagiram mundialmente com um olhar tanto para resultados de curto quanto de longo prazo--eles Los jesuitas interactuaron en todo el mundo con un ojo tanto en los resultados a corto como a largo plazo--ellos

people learned, and thus their perspective. その結果、彼らの視点が変わった。 따라서 그들의 관점을 형성하고자 했다. belajar, dan dengan demikian perspektif mereka. aprendiam, e assim sua perspectiva. aprendían, y así su perspectiva.

It's important to remember that no education is morally neutral--what you learn about shapes itu|penting|untuk|mengingat|bahwa|tidak ada|pendidikan|adalah|secara moral|netral|apa|kamu|pelajari|tentang|membentuk es|importante|a|recordar|que|ninguna|educación|es|moralmente|neutral|lo que|tú|aprendes|sobre|forma é|importante|a|lembrar|que|nenhuma|educação|é|moralmente|neutra||||| 그것은|중요하다|~하는 것|기억하다|~라는 것을|어떤|교육|이다|도덕적으로|중립적이다|무엇|당신이|배우는|~에 대한|형성한다 どんな教育も道徳的に中立ではないことを忘れてはならない。 어떤 교육도 도덕적으로 중립적이지 않다는 것을 기억하는 것이 중요하다--당신이 배우는 것이 세상을 바라보는 방식을 형성한다. Penting untuk diingat bahwa tidak ada pendidikan yang netral secara moral--apa yang Anda pelajari membentuk É importante lembrar que nenhuma educação é moralmente neutra--o que você aprende sobre molda Es importante recordar que ninguna educación es moralmente neutral--lo que aprendes sobre moldea

the way you look at the world. cara|cara|kamu|melihat|pada|dunia|dunia la|manera|tú|miras|a|el|mundo ||você|||| 그|방식|당신이|바라보다|~에|그|세계 그들이 세상을 여행하면서, 예수회는 서로 끊임없이 연락을 주고받으며 cara Anda melihat dunia. a maneira como você vê o mundo. la forma en que miras el mundo.

And as they traveled, the Jesuits were in constant touch with one another comparing ||||a||||||||| 그리고|~할 때|그들은|여행했다|그|예수회 신부들은|~였다|~에|끊임없는|접촉|~와|서로|다른|비교하며 y|mientras|ellos|viajaban|los|jesuitas|estaban|en|constante|contacto|con|uno|otro|comparando dan|saat|mereka|bepergian|para|Jesuit|berada|dalam|kontak|kontak|dengan|satu|sama lain|membandingkan ||||||||constant||||| そして旅をしながら、イエズス会士たちは常に互いに連絡を取り合っていた。 모범 사례를 비교했고, 또한 세계의 다양한 지역에 맞게 다양한 전략을 조정했다. Dan saat mereka bepergian, para Yesuit selalu berhubungan satu sama lain membandingkan E enquanto viajavam, os jesuítas estavam em contato constante uns com os outros comparando Y mientras viajaban, los jesuitas estaban en contacto constante entre sí comparando

best practices, and they also adapted different strategies to different parts of the world praktik|terbaik|dan|mereka|juga|mengadaptasi|berbeda|strategi|untuk|bagian|dunia|dari|dunia|dunia mejores|prácticas|y|ellos|también|adaptaron|diferentes|estrategias|a|diferentes|partes|de|el|mundo ||e|eles|||||||||os| 최고의|관행|그리고|그들은|또한|적응했다|다양한|전략|~에|다양한|지역|~의|그|세계 ベストプラクティスを実践し、世界各地に異なる戦略を適応させた。 praktik terbaik, dan mereka juga mengadaptasi berbagai strategi untuk berbagai bagian dunia. as melhores práticas, e também adaptaram diferentes estratégias para diferentes partes do mundo. las mejores prácticas, y también adaptaron diferentes estrategias a diferentes partes del mundo.

local beliefs and tried to persuade those they wished to convert that Catholic beliefs lokal|kepercayaan|dan|mencoba|untuk|meyakinkan|mereka|mereka|ingin|untuk|mengkonversi|bahwa|Katolik|kepercayaan locales|creencias|y|trataron|a|persuadir|aquellos|ellos|desearon|a|convertir|que|católicas|creencias locais|crenças|e|tentaram|a|persuadir|aqueles|eles|desejavam|a|converter|que|católicas|crenças 지역의|신념들|그리고|시도했다|~하는 것|설득하다|사람들|그들이|원했다|~하는 것|개종시키다|~라는 것|| 지역 신념의 요소를 가져와서 그들이 개종시키고자 하는 사람들에게 가톨릭 신념이 kepercayaan lokal dan mencoba meyakinkan mereka yang ingin mereka ubah bahwa kepercayaan Katolik crenças locais e tentaram persuadir aqueles que desejavam converter que as crenças católicas las creencias locales e intentaron persuadir a aquellos que deseaban convertir de que las creencias católicas

And it was effective. dan|itu|adalah|efektif y|eso|fue|efectivo e|isso|foi|eficaz 그리고|그것은|~였다|효과적이었다 그리고 그것은 효과적이었다. Dan itu efektif. E foi eficaz. Y fue efectivo.

In China, there were 38,000 converts to Catholicism by 1633. em|China|houve||conversões|para|o catolicismo|até ~에서|중국에서|존재했다|~였다|개종자들|~로|가톨릭으로|~까지 en|China|allí|hubo|conversos|al|catolicismo|para di|Cina|ada|ada|konversi|ke|Katolik|pada ||||converts||| 중국에서는 1633년까지 38,000명이 가톨릭으로 개종했다. Di Cina, ada 38.000 orang yang memeluk Katolik pada tahun 1633. Na China, havia 38.000 conversões ao catolicismo até 1633. En China, había 38,000 conversos al catolicismo para 1633.

By 1650, there were over a hundred thousand. pada|ada|ada|lebih dari|seratus||ribu para|allí|había|más de|un|cien|mil até|houve|foram|mais de|uma|centena|mil ~까지|존재했다|~였다|넘는|하나의|백|천 1650년까지는 10만 명이 넘었다. Pada tahun 1650, jumlahnya lebih dari seratus ribu. Até 1650, havia mais de cem mil. Para 1650, había más de cien mil.

Once the Jesuits established these global contacts, they produced reports, first in setelah|para|Yesuit|mendirikan|kontak|global||mereka|menghasilkan|laporan|pertama|dalam una vez que|los|jesuitas|establecieron|estos|global|contactos|ellos|produjeron|informes|primero|en uma vez que|os|jesuítas|estabeleceram|esses|globais|contatos|eles|produziram|relatórios|primeiro|em 일단 ~하면|그|예수회 신부들|세웠을 때|이러한|글로벌한|연락처들|그들은|생산했다|보고서들|처음에|~에서 イエズス会がこのような世界的なコンタクトを確立すると、彼らはまず、次のような報告書を作成した。 예수회가 이러한 글로벌 연락망을 구축하자, 그들은 처음에 보고서를 작성했다. Setelah para Yesuit menjalin kontak global ini, mereka menghasilkan laporan, pertama di Uma vez que os jesuítas estabeleceram esses contatos globais, eles produziram relatórios, primeiro em Una vez que los jesuitas establecieron estos contactos globales, produjeron informes, primero en

globalization that went way beyond religion. globalización|que|fue|mucho|más allá|religión |que|foram||| 세계화|그것은|갔다|매우|초월하여|종교 宗教をはるかに超えたグローバリゼーション 세계화를 만들어냈습니다. 이는 종교를 훨씬 넘어서는 것이었습니다. globalisasi Eurocentris yang melampaui agama. da globalização que ia muito além da religião. de la globalización que iba mucho más allá de la religión.

For example, they became an early version of industrial spies when it came to producing |||||||||||||ke| por|ejemplo|ellos|se convirtieron|una|temprana|versión|de|industrial|espías|cuando|se|trató|a|producir |||||||||||||para| ~을 위해|예|그들은|되었다|하나의|초기의|버전|~의|산업|스파이들|~할 때|그것이|왔을 때|~하는 것에|생산하는 例えば、彼らは産業スパイの初期バージョンとなった。 예를 들어, 그들은 도자기 생산에 있어 초기 산업 스파이의 역할을 하게 되었고, Sebagai contoh, mereka menjadi versi awal mata-mata industri ketika datang untuk memproduksi Por exemplo, eles se tornaram uma versão inicial de espiões industriais quando se tratava de produzir Por ejemplo, se convirtieron en una versión temprana de espías industriales cuando se trataba de producir

high-quality porcelain. ||porselen alta|calidad|porcelana alta|qualidade|porcelana ||도자기 고품질 도자기. porselen berkualitas tinggi. porcelana de alta qualidade. porcelana de alta calidad.

sometimes in ways that also helped further the religion's influence around the world. às vezes|em|maneiras|que|também|ajudaram|a promover|a|da religião|influência|ao redor de|o|mundo 때때로|~에서|방법으로|~하는|또한|도왔다|더 나아가게|그|종교의|영향력을|전 세계에|그|세계 a veces|en|maneras|que|también|ayudaron|a avanzar|la|religión|influencia|alrededor|el|mundo kadang-kadang|dalam|cara|yang|juga|membantu|memperluas|pengaruh|agama|pengaruh|di sekitar|dunia|dunia ||||||||religion|||| 때때로 이러한 방식은 종교의 세계적 영향력을 더욱 확장하는 데도 도움이 되었습니다. kadang-kadang dengan cara yang juga membantu memperluas pengaruh agama di seluruh dunia. às vezes de maneiras que também ajudaram a aumentar a influência da religião ao redor do mundo. a veces de maneras que también ayudaron a aumentar la influencia de la religión en todo el mundo.

Among the most renowned was the Spanish mystic and nun Saint Teresa of Avila, who had a very entre|os|mais|renomados|foi|a|espanhola|mística|e|freira|Santa|Teresa|de|Ávila|que|teve|um|muito ~중에서|가장|유명한|유명한|~였다|그|스페인|신비가|그리고|수녀|성인|테레사|의|아빌라|~인|가졌다|하나의|매우 entre|los|más|renombrados|fue|la|española|mística|y|monja|Santa|Teresa|de|Ávila|quien|tuvo|un|muy di antara|yang|paling|terkenal|adalah|mistik|Spanyol|mistik|dan|biarawati|Santo|Teresa|dari|Avila|yang|memiliki|sebuah|sangat |||renowned||||||||||Avila|||| 最も有名なのは、スペインの神秘主義者で修道女のアビラの聖テレジアである。 가장 유명한 인물 중 한 명은 스페인 신비가이자 수녀인 아빌라의 성 테레사였으며, 그녀는 매우 Di antara yang paling terkenal adalah mistikus dan biarawati Spanyol, Santa Teresa dari Avila, yang memiliki nama lahir yang sangat Entre os mais renomados estava a mística e freira espanhola Santa Teresa de Ávila, que tinha um nome de nascimento muito Entre los más renombrados estaba la mística y monja española Santa Teresa de Ávila, que tenía un nombre de nacimiento muy

long birth name that I will not attempt to pronounce. panjang|nama lahir|nama|yang|saya|akan|tidak|mencoba|untuk|mengucapkan largo|nacimiento|nombre|que|yo|verbo auxiliar futuro|no|intentaré|a|pronunciar ||||||||a| 긴 출생 이름을 가지고 있었지만, 저는 그것을 발음하려고 시도하지 않겠습니다. panjang yang tidak akan saya coba untuk ucapkan. longo que não tentarei pronunciar. largo que no intentaré pronunciar.

I mean, mispronouncing things is my thing, but there's no reason to go down that road. eu|quero dizer|pronunciar mal|coisas|é|minha|coisa|mas|não há|nenhuma|razão|para|ir|por|aquele|caminho 나|의미하다|잘못 발음하는 것|것들|이다|나의|취미|그러나|~가 있다|없는|이유|~하기 위해|가다|아래로|그|길 yo|quiero decir|pronunciar mal|cosas|es|mi|cosa|pero|no hay||razón|para|ir|abajo|ese|camino saya|maksud|salah mengucapkan|hal-hal|adalah|saya|hal|tetapi|tidak ada|tidak|alasan|untuk|pergi|ke|jalan|jalan ||mispronouncing||||||||||||| 発音を間違えるのは僕の趣味だけど、そんなことをする理由はない。 내 말은, 발음을 잘못하는 것이 내 특기지만, 그런 길로 갈 이유는 없다. Maksud saya, salah mengucapkan hal-hal adalah ciri khas saya, tetapi tidak ada alasan untuk menempuh jalan itu. Quero dizer, pronunciar as coisas de forma errada é a minha especialidade, mas não há razão para seguir por esse caminho. Quiero decir, pronunciar mal las cosas es lo mío, pero no hay razón para ir por ese camino.

At twenty, she escaped the confines of her home where she was recuperating from one of aos|vinte|ela|escapou|os|limites|de|sua|casa|onde|ela|estava|recuperando|de|uma|de ~에서|스무 살|그녀는|탈출했다|그|한계|~의|그녀의|집|그곳에서|그녀는|있었다|회복 중이었다|~에서|하나|~의 a|veinte|ella|escapó|los|confines|de|su|casa|donde|ella|estaba|recuperándose|de|uno|de pada|dua puluh|dia|melarikan diri|dari|batasan|dari|rumahnya||di mana|dia|sedang|memulihkan diri|dari|salah satu|dari |||||boundaries|||||||recovering||| 20歳のとき、彼女は自宅から逃げ出した。 스무 살에 그녀는 여러 번의, 그리고 평생 지속된 병에서 회복 중이던 집의 경계를 벗어나 Pada usia dua puluh, dia melarikan diri dari batasan rumahnya di mana dia sedang pulih dari salah satu dari Aos vinte anos, ela escapou das limitações de sua casa, onde estava se recuperando de uma de A los veinte, escapó de los confines de su hogar donde se estaba recuperando de uno de

her many, and lifelong, bouts of illness to join the Carmelite order of nuns. ||e|||de|||||||| ||그리고|||~의|||||||| ||y|||de|||||||| |||||dari||||||||biarawati ||||episodes||||||Carmelite order|||nuns カルメル会の修道女になるために、彼女は何度も、そして生涯にわたって闘病を続けた。 카르멜 수녀회에 합류했다. banyak, dan seumur hidupnya, serangan penyakit untuk bergabung dengan ordo biarawati Karmelit. suas muitas e duradouras crises de doença, para se juntar à ordem das freiras carmelitas. sus muchos y lifelong episodios de enfermedad para unirse a la orden de monjas carmelitas.

But once there, she balked at the superficiality and high society life of constant visits and しかし一旦そこに行くと、彼女は表面的で上流社会での生活が嫌になった。 하지만 그곳에 도착하자마자, 그녀는 끊임없는 방문과 고급 사회 생활의 피상성에 반발했다. Tetapi begitu sampai di sana, dia merasa ragu dengan kesuperfisialan dan kehidupan masyarakat kelas atas yang penuh dengan kunjungan konstan dan Mas uma vez lá, ela hesitou diante da superficialidade e da vida da alta sociedade de visitas constantes e Pero una vez allí, se mostró reacia a la superficialidad y la vida de alta sociedad de visitas constantes y

fancy food. mewah|makanan elegante|comida chique|comida 고급의|음식 화려한 음식. makanan mewah. comida sofisticada. comida elegante.

She began to live out the reformed Church's rededication to faith and good works, being ela|começou|a|viver|fora|a|reformada|da igreja|rededicação|a|fé|e|boas|obras|sendo 그녀는|시작했다|~하는 것|살다|밖으로|그|개혁된|교회의|재헌신|~에|믿음|그리고|선한|행위들|~인 것 ella|comenzó|a|vivir|fuera|la|reformada|de la iglesia|rededicación|a|fe|y|buenas|obras|siendo dia|mulai|untuk|hidup|menjalani|penegasan|reformasi|Gereja|pengabdian kembali|kepada|iman|dan|baik|perbuatan|menjadi ||||||||rededication|||||| 彼女は、信仰と善行に対する改革派教会の再奉献を実践し始めた。 그녀는 개혁 교회의 신앙과 선한 행위에 대한 재헌신을 실천하기 시작했다. Dia mulai menjalani penyerahan kembali gereja yang direformasi kepada iman dan perbuatan baik, menjadi Ela começou a viver a rededicação da Igreja reformada à fé e boas obras, sendo Ella comenzó a vivir la renovación de la dedicación de la Iglesia reformada a la fe y las buenas obras, siendo

extremely strict in her practice. sangat|ketat|dalam|praktiknya| extremadamente|estricta|en|su|práctica extremamente|rigorosa|em|sua|prática 매우|엄격한|~에|그녀의|실천 그녀는 자신의 실천에 있어 극도로 엄격했다. sangat ketat dalam praktiknya. extremamente rigorosa em sua prática. extremadamente estricta en su práctica.

She was a proponent of self-flagellation ceremonies--self-flagellation being the act of hitting one's self with ela|era|uma|defensora|de|mesmo||||||||||||com 그녀는|~였다|하나의|지지자|~의|자신||||||||||||~로 ella|fue|una|defensora|de|mismo||||||||||||con dia|adalah|seorang|pendukung|dari|diri sendiri||||||||||||dengan |||支持者|||自我鞭打|仪式|||||||||| 彼女は自虐的な儀式の提唱者だった。 그녀는 자기 채찍질 의식의 지지자였다--자기 채찍질은 자신을 때리는 행위이다. Dia adalah pendukung upacara penyiksaan diri--penyiksaan diri adalah tindakan memukul diri sendiri dengan Ela era uma defensora de cerimônias de autoflagelação--autoflagelação sendo o ato de se ferir com Ella era una defensora de las ceremonias de autoflagelación--la autoflagelación siendo el acto de golpearse a uno mismo con

a whip in imitation of Christ's suffering at the cross. um|chicote|em|imitação|de|Cristo|sofrimento|na|a|cruz 하나의|채찍|~에서|모방|~의|그리스도의|고통|~에서|그|십자가 un|látigo|en|imitación|de|Cristo|sufrimiento|en|la|cruz sebuah|cambuk|dalam|tiruan|dari|Kristus|penderitaan|di|salib| |鞭子||in imitation||Christ|||| 그리스도의 십자가에서의 고난을 모방한 채찍. sebuah cambuk sebagai tiruan dari penderitaan Kristus di salib. um chicote em imitação do sofrimento de Cristo na cruz. un látigo en imitación del sufrimiento de Cristo en la cruz.

spiritual experiences in several books that have now become Counter-Reformation classics, spiritual|pengalaman|dalam|beberapa|buku|yang|telah|sekarang|menjadi|||klasik 今では反宗教改革の古典となった数冊の著書の中で、霊的な体験を語っている、 이 책들은 이제 반종교개혁 고전이 되었다, pengalaman spiritualnya dalam beberapa buku yang sekarang telah menjadi klasik Kontra-Reformasi, experiências espirituais em vários livros que agora se tornaram clássicos da Contra-Reforma, experiencias espirituales en varios libros que ahora se han convertido en clásicos de la Contrarreforma,

At the same time, she went about founding new “discalceate” (shoeless or barefoot) ao|mesmo|tempo||ela|foi|a|fundar|novas|descalças|descalço|ou|descalço 동시에|그|같은|때|그녀는|갔다|~하는 것에 대해|설립하는|새로운|신발을 신지 않는|신발을 신지 않은|또는|맨발의 a|la|misma|vez|ella|fue|acerca de|fundando|nuevas|discalceadas|descalzo|o|descalzo pada|saat|yang sama|waktu|dia|pergi|tentang|mendirikan|baru|discalceate|tanpa sepatu|atau|telanjang kaki |||||||||shoeless|shoeless||barefoot 同時に、彼女は新しい "discalceate"（靴を履かない、あるいは裸足になること）を創設した。 동시에 그녀는 새로운 "신발을 신지 않는" (맨발의) Pada saat yang sama, dia mulai mendirikan ordo religius "discalceate" (tanpa sepatu atau telanjang kaki) Ao mesmo tempo, ela começou a fundar novas ordens religiosas "descalças" (sem sapatos ou descalças) Al mismo tiempo, se dedicó a fundar nuevas órdenes religiosas "descalzas" (sin zapatos o descalzas)

awe and evoking the power and majesty of the divine. kagum|dan|membangkitkan|kekuatan|kekuatan|dan|kemegahan|dari|yang|ilahi asombro|y|evocando|el|poder|y|majestad|de|lo|divino assombro|e|evocando|o|poder|e|majestade|do|o|divino 경외감|그리고|불러일으키는|그|힘|그리고|위엄|의|그|신성한 畏敬の念を抱き、神の力と威厳を呼び起こす。 경외감을 불러일으키며 신성의 힘과 위엄을 환기시키는 것이었다. kagum dan membangkitkan kekuatan serta kemegahan ilahi. admiração e evocando o poder e a majestade do divino. asombro y evocando el poder y la majestad de lo divino.

[[TV St Peters Square]] Gian Lorenzo Bernini produced such effects, TV|St|Peters|Lapangan|Gian|Lorenzo|Bernini|menghasilkan|efek|efek TV|San|Pedro|||Lorenzo|Bernini|produjo|tales|efectos TV|São|Pedro||Gian|Lorenzo|Bernini|produziu|tais|efeitos TV|성|베드로의|광장|지안|로렌조|베르니니|만들어냈다|그런|효과 [テレビ・サンクトペテルス広場]]。ジャン・ロレンツォ・ベルニーニがこのような効果を生み出した、 [[TV 성 베드로 광장]] 지안 로렌조 베르니니는 이러한 효과를 만들어냈다, [[TV Lapangan St Peters]] Gian Lorenzo Bernini menghasilkan efek semacam itu, [[TV Praça de São Pedro]] Gian Lorenzo Bernini produziu tais efeitos, [[TV Plaza de San Pedro]] Gian Lorenzo Bernini produjo tales efectos,

for example in the piazza in front of St. Peter's Basilica. por|ejemplo|en|la|plaza|en|frente|de|San|Pedro|Basílica} por|exemplo|em|a|praça|em|frente|de|São|Pedro|Basílica 例えば、サン・ピエトロ大聖堂前の広場で。 예를 들어 성 베드로 대성당 앞의 광장에서. misalnya di piazza di depan Basilika St. Peter. por exemplo, na piazza em frente à Basílica de São Pedro. por ejemplo, en la plaza frente a la Basílica de San Pedro.

Protestants had smashed ornate statuary of saints and the holy family and instead created orang-orang Protestan|telah|menghancurkan|berornamen|patung|dari|santo|dan|keluarga|kudus||dan|sebagai gantinya|menciptakan los protestantes|habían|destrozado|ornamentadas|estatuas|de|santos|y|la|santa|familia|y|en lugar de|crearon protestantes|tinham|destruído|ornamentadas|estátuas|de|santos|e|a|santa|família|e|em vez|criaram 개신교도들은|~했었다|부수었다|화려한|조각상|~의|성인들|그리고|그|성스러운|가족|그리고|대신에|만들었다 プロテスタントは、聖人や聖家族の華麗な彫像を壊し、その代わりに次のような彫像を作った。 개신교도들은 성인과 성가족의 화려한 조각상을 부수고 대신 Protestan telah menghancurkan patung-patung indah dari para santo dan keluarga suci dan sebaliknya menciptakan Os protestantes destruíram estátuas ornamentadas de santos e da sagrada família e, em vez disso, criaram Los protestantes habían destrozado estatuas ornamentadas de santos y de la sagrada familia y en su lugar crearon

the use of light and shade in paintings of Jesus, angels, saints, and the royalty surrounding penggunaan|penggunaan|dari|cahaya|dan|bayangan|dalam|lukisan|tentang|Yesus|malaikat|santo|dan|para|bangsawan|yang mengelilingi el|uso|de|luz|y|sombra|en|pinturas|de|Jesús|ángeles|santos|y|la|realeza|que rodea o|uso|de|luz|e|sombra|em|pinturas|de|Jesus|anjos|santos|e|a|realeza|cercando 그|사용|의|빛|그리고|그늘|에서|그림들|의|예수|천사들|성인들|그리고|그|왕족|둘러싼 イエス、天使、聖人、王族を取り囲む絵画における光と影の使い方 예수, 천사, 성인 및 그를 둘러싼 왕족의 그림에서 빛과 그림자의 사용 penggunaan cahaya dan bayangan dalam lukisan Yesus, malaikat, santo, dan kerajaan yang mengelilingi o uso de luz e sombra em pinturas de Jesus, anjos, santos e a realeza ao redor el uso de luz y sombra en pinturas de Jesús, ángeles, santos y la realeza que los rodea

baroque. barok barroco barroco 바로크 バロック。 바로크. barok. barroco. barroco.

Indeed, it is the Infant of Prague, or at least a three dollar recreation of it... de hecho|eso|es|el|Infante|de|Praga|o|al|menos|una|tres|dólar|recreación|de|eso de fato|isso|é|o|Menino|de|Praga|ou|a|menos|uma|três|dólar|recriação|de|isso 確かに、プラハの幼子、あるいは少なくともそれを3ドルで再現したものなのだが......。 실제로, 그것은 프라하의 아기 예수님이거나, 적어도 3달러짜리 복제품입니다... Memang, itu adalah Bayi Praha, atau setidaknya rekreasi seharga tiga dolar dari itu... De fato, é o Menino de Praga, ou pelo menos uma recriação de três dólares dele... De hecho, es el Niño de Praga, o al menos una recreación de tres dólares de él...

were a tiny baby Jesus, I would wear this fancy dress, but if you've read the gospels, fuera|un|pequeño|bebé|Jesús|yo|verbo auxiliar condicional|llevaría|este|elegante|vestido|pero|si||leído|los|evangelios fosse|um|pequeno|bebê|Jesus|eu|verbo auxiliar condicional|usaria|este|chique|vestido|mas|se|você tem|lido|os|evangelhos 작은 아기 예수님이라면, 이 화려한 드레스를 입을 것입니다. 하지만 복음서를 읽어보셨다면, adalah bayi Yesus kecil, saya akan mengenakan gaun mewah ini, tetapi jika Anda telah membaca injil, fosse um pequeno bebê Jesus, eu usaria este vestido elegante, mas se você leu os evangelhos, fuera un pequeño bebé Jesús, llevaría este vestido elegante, pero si has leído los evangelios,

And religious statuary like this also expressed the intensity of the Counter-Reformation and dan|religius|patung|seperti|ini|juga|mengekspresikan|ke|intensitas|dari|yang|||dan y|religiosa|estatuaria|como|esta|también|expresó|la|intensidad|de|la|||y e|religiosa|estatuária|como|esta|também|expressou|a|intensidade|da|a|||e 그리고|종교적인|조각상|~와 같은|이것도|또한|표현했다|그|강도|의|그||| そして、このような宗教的彫像もまた、反宗教改革の激しさを表現していた。 그리고 이런 종교 조각상은 반종교개혁의 강렬함과 Dan patung religius seperti ini juga mengekspresikan intensitas Kontra-Reformasi dan E a estatuária religiosa como esta também expressava a intensidade da Contra-Reforma e Y la escultura religiosa como esta también expresó la intensidad de la Contrarreforma y

asceticism of rejecting ones shoes. asketisme|dari|menolak|sepatu|sepatu ascetismo|de|rechazar|los|zapatos ascetismo|de|rejeitar|seus|sapatos |의||| 靴を拒否する禁欲主義。 신발을 거부하는 금욕주의와 모순되는 것처럼 보일 것이다. asketisme menolak sepatu. ascetismo de rejeitar os próprios sapatos. ascetismo de rechazar los zapatos.

Yet it expressed the ecstatic relationship with the divine and an overflow of feeling Namun|itu|mengekspresikan|hubungan|ekstatis|hubungan|dengan|yang|ilahi|dan|sebuah|limpahan|dari|perasaan sin embargo|eso|expresó|la|extática|relación|con|lo|divino|y|un|desbordamiento|de|sentimiento no entanto|isso|expressou|a|extática|relação|com|o|divino|e|um|transbordamento|de|sentimento |||||||||그리고|||| しかし、それは神との恍惚とした関係と溢れ出る感情を表現していた。 그럼에도 불구하고 그것은 신성과의 황홀한 관계와 감정의 넘침을 표현했다. Namun, itu mengekspresikan hubungan ekstatis dengan yang ilahi dan melimpahnya perasaan No entanto, expressava a relação extática com o divino e um transbordamento de sentimentos Sin embargo, expresaba la relación extática con lo divino y un desbordamiento de sentimientos

and belief. dan|keyakinan y|creencia e|crença 그리고|믿음 そして信念。 그리고 믿음을. dan keyakinan. e crença. y creencias.

One artist who took up the baroque style, some would say with a vengeance, was Artemisia satu|seniman|yang|mengambil|gaya|barok||gaya|beberapa|akan|mengatakan|dengan|sebuah|dendam|adalah|Artemisia un|artista|que|adoptó|el|el|barroco|estilo|algunos|verbo auxiliar condicional|dirían|con|una|venganza|fue|Artemisia um|artista|que|adotou|para cima|o|barroco|estilo|alguns|verb auxiliar condicional|diriam|com|uma|vingança|foi|Artemísia 한|예술가|~하는|취했다|시작했다|그|바로크|스타일|어떤|~할 것이라고|말하다|~으로|한|복수심|~였다|아르테미시아 バロック様式を取り入れた画家の一人、アルテミシアは、復讐に燃えていたとも言える。 바로크 스타일을 채택한 한 예술가는, 어떤 이들은 복수심을 가지고 그렇게 했다고 말할 수 있는, 아르테미시아 Salah satu seniman yang mengadopsi gaya barok, beberapa orang akan mengatakan dengan semangat, adalah Artemisia. Uma artista que adotou o estilo barroco, alguns diriam com vingança, foi Artemisia Una artista que adoptó el estilo barroco, algunos dirían con venganza, fue Artemisia

Gentileschi. ジェンティレスキ 젠틸레스키였다. Gentileschi. Gentileschi. Gentileschi.

her additional instruction. dia|tambahan|instruksi le|adicional|instrucción a ela|| 그녀에게|추가적인|교육 彼女の追加指導である。 그녀는 추가 교육을 받기 위해 고용된 남자에게 성폭행을 당했다. instruksi tambahan. aulas adicionais. instrucción adicional.

From the dramatic imagery to the high contrast of dark and light, this painting is exemplary Dari|gambar|dramatis|citra|hingga|kontras|tinggi||antara|gelap|dan|terang|lukisan ini||adalah|contoh yang baik de|la|dramática|imaginería|a|el|alto|contraste|de|oscuro|y|luz|esta|pintura|es|ejemplar de|a|dramática|imagem|a|o|alto|contraste|de|escuro|e|claro|esta|pintura|é|exemplar ~로부터|그|극적인|이미지|~까지|그|높은|대비|의|어두운|그리고|밝은|이|그림|이다|모범적이다 ドラマチックなイメージから明暗のコントラストの高さまで、この絵は模範的である。 극적인 이미지에서 어둠과 빛의 강한 대비에 이르기까지, 이 그림은 전형적입니다. Dari citra dramatis hingga kontras tinggi antara gelap dan terang, lukisan ini adalah contoh yang luar biasa. Desde a imagem dramática até o alto contraste entre claro e escuro, esta pintura é exemplar. Desde la dramática imaginería hasta el alto contraste entre la oscuridad y la luz, esta pintura es ejemplar.

of counter-reformation art--it evokes the senses and an emotional connection to God's dari|||seni|itu|membangkitkan||indera|dan|sebuah|emosional|koneksi|kepada|Tuhan de|||arte|eso|evoca|los|sentidos|y|una|emocional|conexión|a|Dios da|||arte|isso|evoca|os|sentidos|e|uma|emocional|conexão|a|Deus 의|||예술|그것|불러일으킨다|그|감각|그리고|하나의|감정적인|연결|에 대한|하나님의 それは五感を呼び起こし、神への感情的なつながりを呼び起こす。 반종교개혁 예술의--감각을 불러일으키고 신의 seni kontra-reformasi--itu membangkitkan indera dan koneksi emosional dengan firman Tuhan da arte da contra-reforma--evoca os sentidos e uma conexão emocional com a palavra de Deus del arte de la contrarreforma--evoca los sentidos y una conexión emocional con la palabra de Dios,

word, and it ain't subtle. |dan||| |y||| |e|isso|não é|sutil 말씀|그리고|그것|아니다|미묘한 という言葉がある。 말씀에 대한 감정적 연결을 만들어냅니다, 그리고 그것은 미묘하지 않습니다. , dan itu tidak halus. , e não é sutil. y no es sutil.

So, between the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation, people obsessively confronted some of the つまり、宗教改革と反宗教改革の間に、人びとは執拗なまでに、ある種の "問題 "と向き合ったのである。 그래서, 종교개혁과 반종교개혁 사이에 사람들은 인간 존재의 주요 문제들에 집착적으로 직면했습니다, 맞죠? Jadi, antara Reformasi dan Kontra-Reformasi, orang-orang secara obsesif menghadapi beberapa Então, entre a Reforma e a Contra-Reforma, as pessoas confrontaram obsessivamente algumas das Así que, entre la Reforma y la Contrarreforma, la gente se enfrentó obsesivamente a algunos de los

major issues of human existence, right? 人間存在の大きな問題だろう？ masalah utama dari keberadaan manusia, kan? principais questões da existência humana, certo? principales problemas de la existencia humana, ¿verdad?

Faith, the divine, and the human conduct that should accompany religious belief, and we're fé|o|divino|e|a|humana|conduta|que|deve|acompanhar|religiosa|crença|e|estamos 믿음|그|신성한|그리고|그|인간의|행동|그|해야 한다|동반하다|종교적|믿음|그리고|우리는 fe|el|divino|y|la|humana|conducta|que|debe|acompañar|religiosa|creencia|y|estamos iman|yang|ilahi|dan|yang|manusia|perilaku|yang|harus|menyertai|religius|keyakinan|dan|kami adalah ||||the||||||||| 信仰、神、そして宗教的信念に付随すべき人間的行為。 신앙, 신성, 그리고 종교적 믿음에 동반되어야 할 인간의 행동, 그리고 우리는 Iman, yang ilahi, dan perilaku manusia yang harus menyertai keyakinan agama, dan kita A fé, o divino e a conduta humana que deve acompanhar a crença religiosa, e nós estamos La fe, lo divino y la conducta humana que debe acompañar la creencia religiosa, y estamos

PAR_TRANS:gpt-4o-mini=5.3 PAR_CWT:AuedvEAa=7.63 PAR_TRANS:gpt-4o-mini=6.09 PAR_CWT:B7ebVoGS=7.66 PAR_TRANS:gpt-4o-mini=4.44 PAR_CWT:B7ebVoGS=6.94 PAR_TRANS:gpt-4o-mini=5.26 PAR_CWT:AudnYDx4=7.36 PAR_TRANS:gpt-4o-mini=2.64 PAR_CWT:AuedvEAa=4.97 ko:B7ebVoGS: id:B7ebVoGS: pt:AudnYDx4:250504 es:AuedvEAa:250514 openai.2025-02-07 ai_request(all=96 err=0.00%) translation(all=189 err=0.53%) cwt(all=2011 err=9.55%)