Corona-vaccine: Derfor tager det så lang tid Corona vaccine: Why it takes so long

Denne mand er ikke hvem som helst. This man is not just anyone.

Det er lægen Edward Jenner, og i 1796 ændrede han verden. That's doctor Edward Jenner, and in 1796 he changed the world.

Han lavede verdens første vaccine. He created the world's first vaccine.

Vacciner er et kæmpe interessepunkt. Vaccines are a huge point of interest.

Det kan være det bedste forsvar mod coronapandemien. It may be the best defense against the coronavirus pandemic.

Det minder om andet, vi kan vaccinere imod. It's similar to other things we can vaccinate against.

Virustrusler er ikke nyt. Virus threats are nothing new.

Både før, under og efter Jenners tid var kopper en frygtet sygdom. Before, during and after Jenner's time, smallpox was a dreaded disease.

Og med god grund. Dødeligheden var op til 30 %. And with good reason. Mortality rates were up to 30%.

Det var en ærgerlig sygdom at få. It was an unfortunate disease to get.

Men der fandtes også den mildere virus, kokopper. But there was also the milder virus, cowpox.

Det var blevet bemærket, at personer, der havde haft kokopper - It had been noticed that people who had had cowpox

- sjældent fik menneskekopper, og hvis de gjorde, blev de ikke så hårdt ramt. - rarely got human smallpox, and if they did, they weren't affected as badly.

Jenner bliver kaldt immunologiens fader, men der blev lavet vaccineforsøg før. Jenner is called the father of immunology, but vaccine trials were done before.

I 1774 gjorde landmand Benjamin Jesty noget drastisk. In 1774, farmer Benjamin Jesty did something drastic.

Han stak en nål i et sår på et koyver - He stuck a needle in a wound on a cow's udder

- og kom pusset i rifter på sin kone og sønners arme. - and came plastered in scratches on his wife and sons' arms.

Da kopper senere hærgede i området, blev de ikke smittet. When smallpox later ravaged the area, they were not infected.

De var blevet immune for sygdommen. They had become immune to the disease.

Men metoden blev først udbredt af Jenner. But the method was first popularized by Jenner.

I 1796 smurte han væske fra en kokoppersmittets sår - In 1796, he smeared liquid from a cowpox-infected wound

- ind i et snit på overarmen af den 8-årige James Phipps, der fik kokopper. - into a cut on the upper arm of 8-year-old James Phipps, who got cowpox.

Da han blev rask igen, forsøgte Jenner at smitte ham med menneskekopper. When he recovered, Jenner tried to infect him with human smallpox.

Men Phipps blev ikke syg. But Phipps didn't get sick.

Edward Jenners metode blev anerkendt og udbredt. Edward Jenner's method was recognized and widely used.

Derfor har vi ikke kopper i dag. Sygdommen er udryddet. That's why we don't have smallpox today. The disease has been eradicated.

Han fandt selv på "vaccine". Det stammer fra det latinske "vacca", ko. He came up with "vaccine" himself. It comes from the Latin "vacca", cow.

Så virker det måske simpelt nok at skulle fremstille en coronavaccine. So it might seem simple enough to make a coronavirus vaccine.

Få fat i en mild udgave af virusset, og giv det til mennesker. Get a mild version of the virus and give it to humans.

Hvorfor kan vi ikke fyre noget virus ind i os mennesker? Why can't we put a virus into humans?

Den sygdom, flagermusen har, er den samme, som mennesker får. The disease that bats have is the same one that humans get.

Så vil vi bare påføre sygdom og ikke vaccinere. Then we will just inflict disease and not vaccinate.

Vaccinen skal lære immunforsvaret at genkende og bekæmpe fx virusser. The vaccine is designed to teach the immune system to recognize and fight viruses, for example.

Derfor skal kroppen udsættes for lidt af virusset, så vi lærer at bekæmpe det. Therefore, the body needs to be exposed to some of the virus so that we learn to fight it.

Det fungerer sådan her: Here's how it works:

Når vaccinen kommer ind i kroppen, opdages det af immunforsvaret. When the vaccine enters the body, it is detected by the immune system.

Immuncellerne deler sig og sender celler og antistoffer mod den ubudne gæst. The immune cells divide and send cells and antibodies against the intruder.

Immunforsvaret husker fjenden - The immune system remembers the enemy

- og hvis virusset kommer tilbage, er kroppen parat til at nedkæmpe det. - and if the virus comes back, the body is prepared to fight it off.

Så vi skal finde ud af, hvad man skal sprøjte ind i kroppen. So we need to figure out what to inject into the body.

Vi har alle komponenterne. We have all the components.

Vi kender virus. Vi ved, hvordan det er bygget. We know the virus. We know how it's built.

Men der er en del testfaser for at finde ud af - But there are a number of testing phases to find out

- og formulere vaccinen rigtigt. - and formulate the vaccine correctly.

Her findes der i grove træk fire tilgange. Broadly speaking, there are four approaches.

Levende vacciner: Her indsprøjtes en lille dosis svækket virus ind. Live vaccines: Here, a small dose of weakened virus is injected.

Døde eller inaktive vacciner: Her bruges en virus - Dead or inactive vaccines: Here's where a virus is used

- der er død eller gjort inaktiv med kemikalier, stråler eller varme. - that has died or been rendered inactive by chemicals, radiation or heat.

Ved toksoid-vacciner bruger man de giftstoffer - Toxoid vaccines use the toxins

- bakterien laver for at skabe sygdommen. - the bacterium makes to cause the disease.

Ved gensplejsede vacciner stikkes en viruslignende partikel ind i folk - In genetically engineered vaccines, a virus-like particle is inserted into people

- hvor virussets protein stimulerer immunsystemet. - where the protein of the virus stimulates the immune system.

Når en vaccine er fundet, skal den testes. Once a vaccine is found, it needs to be tested.

Testfasen tager normalt flere år. The testing phase usually takes several years.

Den testes først på dyr. It is first tested on animals.

Først testes sikkerhed og bivirkninger - First, safety and side effects are tested

- og så øges antallet af testpersoner, til man har statistisk bevis for - - and then increase the number of test subjects until you have statistical evidence of

- at vaccinen virker, men den fase er for coronavirus speedet op. - that the vaccine works, but that phase is accelerated for coronavirus.

På Oxford University tester de allerede en vaccine på mennesker. At Oxford University, they are already testing a vaccine on humans.

Så hvor langt er vi fra en coronavaccine? So how far are we from a coronavirus vaccine?

Hvis man ser på Oxford -

- så tror jeg på, inden for et års tid, halvandet måske - - I believe that within a year, maybe a year and a half...

- at de vil kunne levere de første produkter, man kan vaccinere folk med. - that they will be able to deliver the first products to vaccinate people.

Hvornår vi får vaccinen, må vi se, men Jenners opdagelser har ændret verden. When we will get the vaccine remains to be seen, but Jenner's discoveries have changed the world.

Ser man på verdensbilledet, så får 86 % af alle børn vacciner. Looking at the global picture, 86% of children receive vaccines.

Vacciner er fantastiske. Vaccines are amazing.

Man kan behandle folk, inden de udsættes for sygdom. You can treat people before they are exposed to disease.