【 历史 真 在 重复 ？】 德意志 帝国 的 崛起 简史 · 之 “ 第二 帝国 与 道路 自信 ” [Eng Sub] The Second German Empire vs China lìshǐ|zhēn|zài|chóngfù|déyìzhì|dìguó|de|juéqǐ|jiǎnshǐ|zhī|dìèr|dìguó|yǔ|dàolù|zìxìn|||||||| L'histoire se répète-t-elle vraiment ? Brève histoire de la montée de l'empire allemand - "Le second empire allemand contre la Chine" [Eng Sub] Le second empire allemand contre la Chine 【历史真在重复？】德意志帝国的崛起简史 · 之“第二帝国与道路自信” [Eng Sub] The Second German Empire vs China 【Is History Really Repeating Itself?】A Brief History of the Rise of the German Empire · "The Second Empire and Road Confidence" [Eng Sub] The Second German Empire vs China

欢迎 进入 一个 带 你 解读 世界 的 频道 huān yíng|jìn rù|yī gè|dài|nǐ|jiě dú|shì jiè|de|pín dào welcome|enter|one|bring|you|interpret|world|attributive marker|channel Welcome to a channel that helps you interpret the world 世界 局势 瞬息万变 shì jiè|jú shì|shùn xī wàn biàn world|situation|changing rapidly The global situation changes rapidly 很多 时候 回 想起 仅仅 两三年 前 却 如 恍若 隔世 hěn duō|shí hòu|huí|xiǎng qǐ|jǐn jǐn|liǎng sān nián|qián|què|rú|huǎng ruò|gé shì many|times|often|think of|merely|two or three years|ago|but|as if|as if|a different world Many times I think back to just two or three years ago, but it feels like a different world 我 从 去年 开讲 以来 就 尽量 从 理论 和 史实 的 角度 wǒ|cóng|qù nián|kāi jiǎng|yǐ lái|jiù|jìn liàng|cóng|lǐ lùn|hé|shǐ shí|de|jiǎo dù I|since|last year|started speaking|since|just|try to|from|theory|and|historical facts|attributive marker|perspective Since I started speaking last year, I have tried to interpret today's changes from theoretical and historical perspectives. 帮 大家 解读 当今 的 变化 bāng|dà jiā|jiě dú|dāng jīn|de|biàn huà help|everyone|interpret|present|attributive marker|changes I help everyone understand the changes happening today. 这个 世界 的 历史 一直 都 在 重复 zhè ge|shì jiè|de|lì shǐ|yī zhí|dōu|zài|chóng fù this|world|attributive marker|history|always|all|in|repeat The history of this world has always been repeating. 因为 人性 很 难 改变 yīn wèi|rén xìng|hěn|nán|gǎi biàn because|human nature|very|difficult|change Because human nature is hard to change. 但 人类 几千年 的 混沌 dàn|rén lèi|jǐ qiān nián|de|hùn dùn but|humanity|thousands of years|attributive marker|chaos But the chaos of humanity for thousands of years 却 仅仅 在 过去 三十年 内 出现 前所未有 的 繁荣 和 文明 què|jǐn jǐn|zài|guò qù|sān shí nián|nèi|chū xiàn|qián suǒ wèi yǒu|de|fán róng|hé|wén míng but|only|in|past|thirty years|within|appear|unprecedented|attributive marker|prosperity|and|civilization has only seen unprecedented prosperity and civilization in the past thirty years. 今天 我们 再来 借古 看 今 jīn tiān|wǒ men|zài lái|jiè gǔ|kàn|jīn today|we|again|borrow from the past|to see|present Today, we revisit the past to reflect on the present, 来 讲讲 当年 德国 的 崛起 lái|jiǎng jiǎng|dāng nián|dé guó|de|jué qǐ come|talk about|back then|Germany|attributive marker|rise to talk about the rise of Germany back then. 历史学 上 分 三个 德意志 帝国 lì shǐ xué|shàng|fēn|sān gè|dé yì zhì|dì guó history|on|divide|three|German|empire History is divided into three German Empires. 第一个 是 一千年 前 的 神圣 罗马帝国 dì yī gè|shì|yī qiān nián|qián|de|shén shèng|luó mǎ dì guó the first|is|one thousand years|ago|attributive marker|holy|Roman Empire The first is the Holy Roman Empire from a thousand years ago. 也 称 德意志 第一 帝国 yě|chēng|dé yì zhì|dì yī|dì guó also|known as|Germany|first|empire It is also known as the First German Empire. 第二个 是 我们 今天 要 讲 的 德意志 第二 帝国 dì èr gè|shì|wǒ men|jīn tiān|yào|jiǎng|de|dé yì zhì|dì èr|dì guó second|is|we|today|want to|talk about|attributive marker|Germany|second|empire The second is the German Empire we are going to discuss today. 第三个 是 我们 后面 会 讲 的 希特勒 的 德意志 第三 帝国 dì sān gè|shì|wǒ men|hòu miàn|huì|jiǎng|de|xī tè lēi|de|dé yì zhì|dì sān|dì guó third|is|we|later|will|talk|attributive marker|Hitler|attributive marker|Germany|third|empire The third one is the German Third Reich of Hitler that we will talk about later. 也 叫 纳粹 德国 yě|jiào|nà cuì|dé guó also|called|Nazi|Germany It is also called Nazi Germany. 相比 老牌 的 帝国 如 英法 xiāng bǐ|lǎo pái|de|dì guó|rú|yīng fǎ compared to|old-established|attributive marker|empire|such as|Britain and France Compared to the old empires like England and France, 德国 崛起 的 相当 晚 dé guó|jué qǐ|de|xiāng dāng|wǎn Germany|rise|attributive marker|quite|late Germany rose quite late. 17 世纪末 17 shì jì mò late 17th century The late 17th century “大 航海 时代 ”和 “地理 大 发现 ”已经 完成 dà|háng hǎi|shí dài|hé|dì lǐ|dà|fā xiàn|yǐ jīng|wán chéng great|navigation|era|and|geography|great|discovery|already|completed The 'Age of Exploration' and 'Great Discoveries' have been completed 18 世纪 中期 英国 开始 了 工业革命 shìjì|zhōngqī|yīngguó|kāishǐ|le|gōngyègémìng In the mid-18th century, Britain began the Industrial Revolution 在 这 之后 的 一百年 内 德国 并未 统一 zài|zhè|zhī hòu|de|yī bǎi nián|nèi|dé guó|bìng wèi|tǒng yī at|this|after|attributive marker|one hundred years|within|Germany|did not|unify In the hundred years that followed, Germany remained ununified 德意志 地区 分成 39 个 独立 的 州国 dé yì zhì|dì qū|fēn chéng|gè|dú lì|de|zhōu guó Germany|region|divided into|individual|independent|attributive marker|states The German region is divided into 39 independent states. 1870 年 众多 邦国 中 最大 的 普鲁士 nián|zhòng duō|bāng guó|zhōng|zuì dà|de|pǔ lù shì year|numerous|states|among|largest|attributive marker|Prussia In 1870, the largest among many states was Prussia. 在 普法 战争 打败 强敌 法国 zài|pǔ fǎ|zhàn zhēng|dǎ bài|qiáng dí|fǎ guó at|Franco-Prussian|war|defeated|strong enemy|France Prussia defeated the strong enemy France in the Franco-Prussian War. 攻陷 巴黎 并 俘虏 法皇 拿破仑 三世 gōng xiàn|bā lí|bìng|fú lǔ|fǎ huáng|ná pò lún|sān shì capture|Paris|and|capture|French emperor|Napoleon|III They captured Paris and took Emperor Napoleon III as a prisoner. 普 王威廉 一世 于 凡尔赛宫 加冕 pǔ|wáng wēi lián|yī shì|yú|fán ěr sài gōng|jiā miǎn 普遍|王威廉|一世|在|凡尔赛宫|加冕 King William I of Prussia was crowned at the Palace of Versailles. 史称 德意志 第二 帝国 shǐ chēng|dé yì zhì|dì èr|dì guó historically known as|Germany|second|empire Historically known as the German Empire. 普鲁士 类似 中国 的 满人 pǔ lǔ shì|lèi sì|zhōng guó|de|mǎn rén Prussia|similar|China|attributive marker|Manchu people Prussia is similar to the Manchus in China. 发源地 在 波兰 一代 fā yuán dì|zài|bō lán|yī dài origin|in|Poland|generation Its origin is in Poland. 并 不 属于 德意志 人 bìng|bù|shǔ yú|dé yì zhì|rén not|not|belong to|Germany|people does not belong to the Germans 德意志 帝国 虽 获 统一 dé yì zhì|dì guó|suī|huò|tǒng yī Germany|empire|although|obtain|unification The German Empire was unified 但 非 大一统 集权 dàn|fēi|dà yī tǒng|jí quán but|not|great unity|centralization but it is not a centralized state 属于 联邦制 shǔ yú|lián bāng zhì belong to|federal system it belongs to a federal system 首相 组阁 shǒu xiàng|zǔ gé prime minister|form a cabinet Prime Minister forms a cabinet 地方 自治 dì fāng|zì zhì place|autonomy Local autonomy 这个 联邦 由 22 个 州 、3 个 自由 市 和 1 个 直辖区 组成 zhè ge|lián bāng|yóu|gè|zhōu|gè|zì yóu|shì|hé|gè|zhí xiá qū|zǔ chéng this|federation|composed of|individual|states|individual|free|cities|and|individual|district|consists of This federation consists of 22 states, 3 free cities, and 1 directly governed district 各州 把 军事 外交 等 权力 交给 帝国 政府 gè zhōu|bǎ|jūn shì|wài jiāo|děng|quán lì|jiāo gěi|dì guó|zhèng fǔ each state|to|military|diplomatic|etc|power|hand over to|imperial|government Each state delegates powers such as military and foreign affairs to the imperial government 保留 教育 医疗 地方 行政 等 权力 bǎo liú|jiào yù|yī liáo|dì fāng|xíng zhèng|děng|quán lì retain|education|medical|local|administrative|etc|power Retain powers such as education, healthcare, and local administration. 同时 保留 自己 的 议会 tóng shí|bǎo liú|zì jǐ|de|yì huì at the same time|retain|own|attributive marker|parliament At the same time, retain their own parliament. 普鲁士 人口 占 德国 的 五分 之 三 pǔ lǔ shì|rén kǒu|zhàn|dé guó|de|wǔ fēn|zhī|sān Prussia|population|accounts for|Germany|attributive marker|one-fifth|of|three The Prussian population accounts for three-fifths of Germany. 虽然 各州 有 自己 的 货币 甚至 少数 军队 suī rán|gè zhōu|yǒu|zì jǐ|de|huò bì|shèn zhì|shǎo shù|jūn duì although|each state|have|own|attributive marker|currency|even|few|military Although each state has its own currency and even a small army. 但 在 中央 层面 dàn|zài|zhōng yāng|céng miàn but|at|central|level But at the central level 德皇 威廉二世 还是 掌控 了 大多数 的 权力 和 联邦 议会 dé huáng|wēi lián èr shì|hái shì|zhǎng kòng|le|dà duō shù|de|quán lì|hé|lián bāng|yì huì German Emperor|Wilhelm II|still|controlled|past tense marker|majority|attributive marker|power|and|federal|parliament Kaiser Wilhelm II still controlled most of the power and the federal parliament 德意志 帝国 保有 普选权 dé yì zhì|dì guó|bǎo yǒu|pǔ xuǎn quán Germany|empire|retain|universal suffrage The German Empire maintained universal suffrage 投票权 重 根据 财产 量 不同 tóu piào quán|zhòng|gēn jù|cái chǎn|liàng|bù tóng voting rights|weight|based on|property|amount|different Voting rights varied according to the amount of property 这 在 当时 的 世界 很 普遍 zhè|zài|dāng shí|de|shì jiè|hěn|pǔ biàn this|in|at that time|attributive marker|world|very|common This was very common in the world at that time. 受 德皇 重用 的 首相 冯 俾斯麦 shòu|dé huáng|zhòng yòng|de|shǒu xiàng|féng|bǐ sī mài received|German Emperor|heavy reliance|attributive marker|prime minister|von|Bismarck The Chancellor von Bismarck, who was favored by the German Emperor, 开始 了 一系列 塑造 帝国 的 举措 kāi shǐ|le|yī xì liè|sù zào|dì guó|de|jǔ cuò start|past tense marker|a series of|shape|empire|attributive marker|measures initiated a series of measures to shape the empire. 我们 先 来 说 说 经济 的 崛起 wǒ men|xiān|lái|||jīng jì|de|jué qǐ we|first|come|||economy|attributive marker|rise Let's first talk about the rise of the economy. 德国 的 工业化 起步 较晚 dé guó|de|gōng yè huà|qǐ bù|jiào wǎn Germany|attributive marker|industrialization|start|relatively late Germany's industrialization started relatively late. 19 世纪 中期 的 英国 已 是 工厂 林立 19 shì jì|zhōng qī|de|yīng guó|yǐ|shì|gōng chǎng|lín lì 19th century|mid|attributive marker|Britain|already|is|factories|stand in great numbers By the mid-19th century, Britain was already filled with factories. 但 德国 仍 以 务农 为 主 dàn|dé guó|réng|yǐ|wù nóng|wéi|zhǔ but|Germany|still|as|farming|as|main But Germany was still primarily agrarian. 1850 年 一半 的 德国 人口 从事 农业 nián|yī bàn|de|dé guó|rén kǒu|cóng shì|nóng yè year|half|attributive marker|Germany|population|engaged in|agriculture In 1850, half of Germany's population was engaged in agriculture. 统一 后 的 德国 工业化 进程 有 过 三次 浪潮 tǒng yī|hòu|de|dé guó|gōng yè huà|jìn chéng|yǒu|guò|sān cì|làng cháo unification|after|attributive marker|Germany|industrialization|process|have|experienced|three|waves The industrialization process of Germany after unification went through three waves. 铁路 浪潮 、化工 浪潮 和 电气 浪潮 tiě lù|làng cháo|huà gōng|làng cháo|hé|diàn qì|làng cháo railway|wave|chemical industry|wave|and|electrical|wave The railway wave, the chemical wave, and the electrical wave. 德国 的 工业化 比 英国 晚 了 近 70 年 dé guó|de|gōng yè huà|bǐ|yīng guó|wǎn|le|jìn|nián Germany|attributive marker|industrialization|than|Britain|late|past tense marker|nearly|years Germany's industrialization was nearly 70 years later than that of Britain. 但 借助 英国 摸索 出 的 最佳 工厂 模式 吸取 经验 dàn|jiè zhù|yīng guó|mō suǒ|chū|de|zuì jiā|gōng chǎng|mó shì|xī qǔ|jīng yàn but|with the help of|UK|explore|out|attributive marker|best|factory|model|draw|experience But it learned from the best factory models explored by Britain to gain experience. 并 有效 的 利用 其 国家 资本 bìng|yǒu xiào|de|lì yòng|qí|guó jiā|zī běn and|effectively|attributive marker|utilize|its|national|capital and effectively utilize its national capital 所谓 后发 优势 suǒ wèi|hòu fā|yōu shì so-called|latecomer|advantage the so-called latecomer advantage 德国 大量 投资 科研 dé guó|dà liàng|tóu zī|kē yán Germany|large amount|invest|scientific research Germany invests heavily in research and development 尤其 是 在 化学 电机 和 电力 等 第二次 工业革命 的 领域 yóu qí|shì|zài|huà xué|diàn jī|hé|diàn lì|děng|dì èr cì|gōng yè gé mìng|de|lǐng yù especially|is|in|chemistry|electrical machines|and|electricity|etc|second|industrial revolution|attributive marker|field especially in the fields of chemistry, electrical engineering, and power during the second industrial revolution 纺织品 和 钢铁工业 开始 成为 德国 龙头 工业 fǎng zhī pǐn|hé|gāng tiě gōng yè|kāi shǐ|chéng wéi|dé guó|lóng tóu|gōng yè textiles|and|steel industry|start|become|Germany|leading|industry Textiles and the steel industry began to become the leading industries in Germany. 接着 化学 和 电气 工业 也 相继 崛起 jiē zhe|huà xué|hé|diàn qì|gōng yè|yě|xiāng jì|jué qǐ then|chemical|and|electrical|industry|also|successively|rise Then, the chemical and electrical industries also rose successively. 工业化 的 同时 伴随 着 是 迅速 城市化 gōng yè huà|de|tóng shí|bàn suí|zhe|shì|xùn sù|chéng shì huà industrialization|attributive marker|simultaneously|accompany|ongoing action marker|is|rapid|urbanization Industrialization was accompanied by rapid urbanization. 农村 民众 涌入 城市 nóng cūn|mín zhòng|yǒng rù|chéng shì rural areas|people|surge into|cities Rural people flocked to the cities. 提供 了 大量 劳动力 tí gōng|le|dà liàng|láo dòng lì provide|past tense marker|large amount|labor force Provided a large amount of labor 人民 由 农村 无产阶级 变为 工业 无产阶级 rén mín|yóu|nóng cūn|wú chǎn jiē jí|biàn wéi|gōng yè|wú chǎn jiē jí people|from|rural areas|proletariat|become|industrial|proletariat The people transformed from the rural proletariat to the industrial proletariat 到 了 1914 年 德国 农业 人口 降 至 三分之一 dào|le|1914 nián|dé guó|nóng yè|rén kǒu|jiàng|zhì|sān fēn zhī yī to|past tense marker|year 1914|Germany|agriculture|population|decrease|to|one third By 1914, Germany's agricultural population had decreased to one third 没多久 德国 的 制造商 开始 占领 国内 市场 méi duō jiǔ|dé guó|de|zhì zào shāng|kāi shǐ|zhàn lǐng|guó nèi|shì chǎng not long after|Germany|attributive marker|manufacturer|start|occupy|domestic|market Before long, German manufacturers began to dominate the domestic market 并 在 国外 和 英国 工业 竞争 bìng|zài|guó wài|hé|yīng guó|gōng yè|jìng zhēng and|in|abroad|and|UK|industry|competition And compete with British industry abroad. 到 20 世纪 初 dào|shì jì|chū to|century|early By the early 20th century, 德国 已 成为 欧洲 主要 经济 大国 dé guó|yǐ|chéng wéi|ōu zhōu|zhǔ yào|jīng jì|dà guó Germany|already|become|Europe|major|economy|power Germany had become a major economic power in Europe, 并且 是 仅次于 英国 的 第二 大 出口国 bìng qiě|shì|jǐn cì yú|yīng guó|de|dì èr|dà|chū kǒu guó and|is|second only to|UK|attributive marker|second|largest|export country and was the second largest exporter after Britain. 工商业 发展 还 带动 了 金融 产业 的 发达 gōng shāng yè|fā zhǎn|hái|dài dòng|le|jīn róng|chǎn yè|de|fā dá industry and commerce|development|also|drive|past tense marker|finance|industry|attributive marker|prosperity The development of industry and commerce has also driven the prosperity of the financial industry. 德国 政府 设立 帝国 中央银行 dé guó|zhèng fǔ|shè lì|dì guó|zhōng yāng yín háng Germany|government|established|imperial|central bank The German government established the Imperial Central Bank. 制定 完善 的 商业法 zhì dìng|wán shàn|de|shāng yè fǎ formulate|improve|attributive marker|commercial law A comprehensive commercial law was formulated. 1873 年 帝国 铁路局 创立 nián|dìguó|tiě lù jú|chuànglì The Imperial Railway Bureau was established in 1873. 并 迅速 扩建 帝国 铁路网 bìng|xùn sù|kuò jiàn|dì guó|tiě lù wǎng and|rapidly|expand|empire|railway network And quickly expanded the imperial railway network. 德国 早年 缺乏 铁路 技术 dé guó|zǎo nián|quē fá|tiě lù|jì shù Germany|early years|lack|railway|technology Germany lacked railway technology in its early years. 需要 从 英国 进口 零配件 xū yào|cóng|yīng guó|jìn kǒu|líng pèi jiàn need|from|UK|import|spare parts It needed to import components from the UK. 但 很快 就 掌握 了 全套 技术 dàn|hěn kuài|jiù|zhǎng wò|le|quán tào|jì shù but|quickly|then|master|past tense marker|complete set|technology But soon it mastered the complete set of technology. 到 1880 年 dào|nián to|year By 1880 德国 拥有 9400 辆 机车 dé guó|yōng yǒu|liàng|jī chē Germany|has|vehicles|locomotives Germany had 9,400 locomotives 1913 年 德国 铁路 总 里程 达到 63000 公里 nián|dé guó|tiě lù|zǒng|lǐ chéng|dá dào|gōng lǐ year|Germany|railway|total|mileage|reached|kilometers In 1913, the total railway mileage in Germany reached 63,000 kilometers 是 仅次于 美国 的 最大 铁路网 shì|jǐn cì yú|měi guó|de|zuì dà|tiě lù wǎng is|second only to|United States|attributive marker|largest|railway network It was the largest railway network after the United States 除了 工业 的 奇迹 还有 科技 的 突飞猛进 chú le|gōng yè|de|qí jì|hái yǒu|kē jì|de|tū fēi méng jìn apart from|industry|attributive marker|miracle|and also|technology|attributive marker|rapid advancement In addition to the wonders of industry, there was also a tremendous advancement in technology. 当时 德国 科学家 斩获 了 三分之一 的 诺贝尔奖 dāng shí|dé guó|kē xué jiā|zhǎn huò|le|sān fēn zhī yī|de|nuò bèi ěr jiǎng at that time|Germany|scientist|won|past tense marker|one third|attributive marker|Nobel Prize At that time, German scientists won one-third of the Nobel Prizes. 涌现出 的 大师级 人物 包括 yǒng xiàn chū|de|dà shī jí|rén wù|bāo kuò emerge|attributive marker|master-level|figures|include The emergence of master-level figures included. 爱因斯坦 普朗克 赫兹 伦琴 薛定谔 等 人 ài yīn sī tǎn|pǔ lǎng kè|hè zī|lún qín|xuē dìng è|děng|rén Einstein|Planck|Hertz|Röntgen|Schrödinger|etc|people Einstein, Planck, Hertz, Röntgen, Schrödinger, and others. 自 19 世纪 中期 至 二战 结束 的 百年 间 zì|19 shì jì|zhōng qī|zhì|èr zhàn|jié shù|de|bǎi nián|jiān since|19th century|mid|to|World War II|end|attributive marker|century|period From the mid-19th century to the end of World War II. 德语 实际上 作为 西方 科学界 的 通用 语 而 存在 dé yǔ|shí jì shàng|zuò wéi|xī fāng|kē xué jiè|de|tōng yòng|yǔ|ér|cún zài German|in fact|as|Western|scientific community|attributive marker|universal|language|and|exist German actually existed as the common language of the Western scientific community. 戴姆勒 和 本茨 在 1885 年 制造 了 第一台 汽车 dài mǔ lè|hé|běn cí|zài|nián|zhì zào|le|dì yī tái|qì chē Daimler|and|Benz|in|year|manufactured|past tense marker|first|car Daimler and Benz manufactured the first automobile in 1885. 随后 创立 了 奔驰 以及 戴姆勒 发动机 公司 suí hòu|chuàng lì|le|bēn chí|yǐ jí|dài mǔ lè|fā dòng jī|gōng sī subsequently|founded|past tense marker|Mercedes-Benz|and|Daimler|engine|company They subsequently founded Mercedes and Daimler Engine Company. 维尔纳 西门子 的 电气 技术 被 后世 广泛 采用 wéi ěr nà|xī mén zǐ|de|diàn qì|jì shù|bèi|hòu shì|guǎng fàn|cǎi yòng Werner|Siemens|attributive marker|electrical|technology|passive marker|later generations|widely|adopted Werner Siemens' electrical technology has been widely adopted by later generations. 其他 突破 还有 航空 地理 医药学 领域 qí tā|tū pò|hái yǒu|háng kōng|dì lǐ|yī yào xué|lǐng yù other|breakthrough|and also|aviation|geography|medicine|field Other breakthroughs include fields such as aviation, geography, and medicine. 包括 开创 心理学 病理学 免疫学 以及 现代化 学 现代 通信 bāo kuò|kāi chuàng|xīn lǐ xué|bìng lǐ xué|miǎn yì xué|yǐ jí|xiàn dài huà|xué|xiàn dài|tōng xìn include|pioneer|psychology|pathology|immunology|and|modernization|study|modern|communication This includes the founding of psychology, pathology, immunology, as well as modern science and modern communication. 甚至 在 社科 文学 领域 也 涌现 了 shèn zhì|zài|shè kē|wén xué|lǐng yù|yě|yǒng xiàn|le even|in|social science|literature|field|also|emerge|past tense marker Even in the fields of social sciences and literature, there have been many developments. 马克思 尼采 韦伯 黑塞 等 大师 mǎ kè sī|ní cǎi|wéi bó|hēi sāi|děng|dà shī Marx|Nietzsche|Weber|Hesse|etc|masters Masters such as Marx, Nietzsche, Weber, and Hesse 可谓 遍地 开花 kě wèi|biàn dì|kāi huā can be said to be|everywhere|bloom can be said to be flourishing everywhere 而 所有 这 一切 的 推动 首要 归功 ér|suǒ yǒu|zhè|yī qiè|de|tuī dòng|shǒu yào|guī gōng but|all|this|everything|attributive marker|push|primary|attributed to and all of this progress is primarily due to 德皇 的 得力 助手 俾斯麦 dé huáng|de|dé lì|zhù shǒu|bǐ sī mài German Emperor|attributive marker|capable|assistant|Bismarck the capable assistant of the German Emperor, Bismarck 铁血 首相 俾斯麦 执政 长达 30 年 tiě xuè|shǒu xiàng|bǐ sī mài|zhí zhèng|cháng dá|30 nián iron and blood|chancellor|Bismarck|govern|lasting|30 years Iron-blooded Prime Minister Bismarck ruled for 30 years. 他 代表 着 忠于 德皇 的 保守派 地主 容克 阶级 tā|dài biǎo|zhe|zhōng yú|dé huáng|de|bǎo shǒu pài|dì zhǔ|róng kè|jiē jí he|represents|ongoing action marker|loyal to|Kaiser|attributive marker|conservative|landowner|Junker|class He represented the conservative landowning Junker class loyal to the German Emperor. 俾斯麦 来自 于 普鲁士 王国 bǐ sī mài|lái zì|yú|pǔ lù shì|wáng guó Bismarck|come from|from|Prussia|kingdom Bismarck came from the Kingdom of Prussia. 在 帝国 成立 的 十年 前 就 出任 普鲁士 首相 及 外交大臣 zài|dì guó|chéng lì|de|shí nián|qián|jiù|chū rèn|pǔ lù shì|shǒu xiàng|jí|wài jiāo dà chén at|empire|established|attributive marker|ten years|before|already|assume office|Prussia|prime minister|and|foreign minister He had already served as Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of Prussia ten years before the establishment of the Empire. 并 开始 策划 德国 的 统一大业 bìng|kāi shǐ|cè huà|dé guó|de|tǒng yī dà yè and|start|plan|Germany|attributive marker|unification cause And began to plan the unification of Germany. 随后 他 成功 发动 三场 战争 suí hòu|tā|chéng gōng|fā dòng|sān chǎng|zhàn zhēng subsequently|he|successfully|launch|three|wars Subsequently, he successfully launched three wars. 即 普丹 战争 、普奥 战争 和 普法 战争 jí|pǔ dān|zhàn zhēng|pǔ ào|zhàn zhēng|hé|pǔ fǎ|zhàn zhēng namely|普鲁士-丹麦|war|普鲁士-奥地利|war|and|普鲁士-法国|war Namely, the Prussian-Danish War, the Austro-Prussian War, and the Franco-Prussian War. 最终 攻占 巴黎 zuì zhōng|gōng zhàn|bā lí finally|capture|Paris Ultimately capturing Paris. 协助 威廉 一世 在 凡尔赛宫 登基 称帝 xié zhù|wēi lián|yī shì|zài|fán ěr sài gōng|dēng jī|chēng dì assist|William|the First|at|Versailles Palace|ascend the throne|proclaim himself emperor Assist William I in his coronation at the Palace of Versailles. 再 来 看看 国内 政治 方面 zài|lái|kàn kan|guó nèi|zhèng zhì|fāng miàn again|come|take a look|domestic|political|aspect Now let's take a look at domestic politics. 俾斯麦 表面 上 试图 效法 英国 的 君主 宪政 bǐ sī mài|biǎo miàn|shàng|shì tú|xiào fǎ|yīng guó|de|jūn zhǔ|xiàn zhèng Bismarck|on the surface|on|attempt|emulate|Britain|attributive marker|monarchy|constitutionalism Bismarck superficially tried to emulate the constitutional monarchy of Britain. 实质 上 则 威权 的 多 shí zhì|shàng|zé|wēi quán|de|duō substance|on|then|authority|attributive marker|more In essence, however, it was more authoritarian. 他 的 主要 政治 对手 是 左派 自由派 和 天主教徒 tā|de|zhǔ yào|zhèng zhì|duì shǒu|shì|zuǒ pài|zì yóu pài|hé|tiān zhǔ jiào tú he|attributive marker|main|political|opponent|is|leftist|liberal|and|Catholics His main political opponents are the leftist liberals and Catholics. 因 普鲁士 大部分 民众 信奉 新教 yīn|pǔ lǔ shì|dà bù fen|mín zhòng|xìn fèng|xīn jiào because|Prussia|most|people|profess|Protestantism Because most of the Prussian population practices Protestantism. 德意志 帝国 建立 初始 dé yì zhì|dì guó|jiàn lì|chū shǐ Germany|empire|establish|initial At the beginning of the establishment of the German Empire. 天主教徒 代表 的 中央党 便 在 选举 获得 相当 多 的 席位 tiān zhǔ jiào tú|dài biǎo|de|zhōng yāng dǎng|biàn|zài|xuǎn jǔ|huò dé|xiāng dāng|duō|de|xí wèi Catholic|representative|attributive marker|central party|then|in|election|obtain|quite|many|attributive marker|seats The Central Party, representing Catholics, gained a considerable number of seats in the elections. 俾斯麦 认为 天主教徒 忠于 教宗 而不是 德皇 bǐ sī mài|rèn wéi|tiān zhǔ jiào tú|zhōng yú|jiào zōng|ér bù shì|dé huáng Bismarck|believed|Catholics|loyal to|Pope|rather than|Kaiser Bismarck believed that Catholics were loyal to the Pope rather than the Kaiser. 于是 他 发起 了 文化 斗争 yú shì|tā|fā qǐ|le|wén huà|dòu zhēng so|he|initiated|past tense marker|cultural|struggle Thus, he initiated the Kulturkampf. 1872 年 俾斯麦 颁布 “ 学校 监督 法 ” nián|bǐsīmài|bānbù|xuéxiào|jiāndū|fǎ In 1872, Bismarck enacted the "School Supervision Law." 规定 国家 代替 教会 对 学校 监督 guī dìng|guó jiā|dài tì|jiào huì|duì|xué xiào|jiān dū regulation|state|replace|church|on|school|supervise It stipulated that the state would supervise schools instead of the church. 随后 他 颁布 一系列 法律 suí hòu|tā|bān bù|yī xì liè|fǎ lǜ subsequently|he|promulgate|a series of|laws Subsequently, he issued a series of laws. 限制 天主教徒 的 活动 xiàn zhì|tiān zhǔ jiào tú|de|huó dòng restrict|Catholics|attributive marker|activities These laws restricted the activities of Catholics. 然而 天主教徒 们 却 更加 团结 rán ér|tiān zhǔ jiào tú|men|què|gèng jiā|tuán jié however|Catholics|plural marker|but|even more|united However, the Catholics became even more united. 并 得到 广大 选民 的 支持 bìng|dé dào|guǎng dà|xuǎn mín|de|zhī chí and|gain|broad|voters|attributive marker|support And they gained the support of a large number of voters. 由于 德意志 帝国 并 不是 严控 社会 无孔不入 的 极权主义 yóu yú|dé yì zhì|dì guó|bìng|bù shì|yán kòng|shè huì|wú kǒng bù rù|de|jí quán zhǔ yì due to|German|empire|and|not|strictly control|society|pervasive|attributive marker|totalitarianism Since the German Empire was not a strictly controlled, all-pervasive totalitarian regime. 甚至 都 不算 典型 的 帝王 政治 shèn zhì|dōu|bù suàn|diǎn xíng|de|dì wáng|zhèng zhì even|all|not count as|typical|attributive marker|imperial|politics It can even be said that it is not a typical monarchy. 俾斯麦 无法 定于 一尊 bǐ sī mài|wú fǎ|dìng yú|yī zūn Bismarck|unable|be defined as|one supreme Bismarck could not be definitively categorized. 最后 文化 斗争 以 失败 告终 zuì hòu|wén huà|dòu zhēng|yǐ|shī bài|gào zhōng finally|culture|struggle|with|failure|end In the end, the culture struggle ended in failure. 俾斯麦 第二个 敌人 是 左派 的 社会民主党 人 bǐ sī mài|dì èr gè|dí rén|shì|zuǒ pài|de|shè huì mín zhǔ dǎng|rén Bismarck|second|enemy|is|left-wing|attributive marker|Social Democratic Party|people Bismarck's second enemy is the left-wing Social Democratic Party. 社会主义者 刺杀 威廉 一世 未遂 后 shè huì zhǔ yì zhě|cì shā|wēi lián|yī shì|wèi suì|hòu socialist|assassination|William|I|unsuccessful|after After the socialists' assassination attempt on William I failed, 俾斯麦 借机 颁布 法律 限制 社会民主党 bǐ sī mài|jiè jī|bān bù|fǎ lǜ|xiàn zhì|shè huì mín zhǔ dǎng Bismarck|take the opportunity|promulgate|laws|restrict|Social Democratic Party Bismarck took the opportunity to enact laws restricting the Social Democratic Party. 禁止 社会主义者 的 一切 集会 和 组织 jìn zhǐ|shè huì zhǔ yì zhě|de|yī qiè|jí huì|hé|zǔ zhī prohibit|socialist|attributive marker|all|gatherings|and|organizations He banned all gatherings and organizations of socialists. 然而 同样 的 情况 再次 发生 rán ér|tóng yàng|de|qíng kuàng|zài cì|fā shēng however|same|attributive marker|situation|again|happen However, the same situation occurred again. 国会 拒绝 禁止 社会民主党 参选 国会议员 guó huì|jù jué|jīn zhǐ|shè huì mín zhǔ dǎng|cān xuǎn|guó huì yì yuán parliament|refuse|ban|Social Democratic Party|participate in elections|parliamentary members The Congress refused to ban the Social Democratic Party from running for Congress. 俾斯麦 的 法案 未能 达到 预期 效果 bǐ sī mài|de|fǎ àn|wèi néng|dá dào|yù qī|xiào guǒ Bismarck|attributive marker|legislation|failed to|achieve|expected|effect Bismarck's bill failed to achieve the expected effect. 反而 助长 了 社会民主党 的 势力 fǎn ér|zhù zhǎng|le|shè huì mín zhǔ dǎng|de|shì lì on the contrary|foster|past tense marker|Social Democratic Party|attributive marker|power On the contrary, it strengthened the power of the Social Democratic Party. 他们 借助 1870 年代 的 经济 萧条 tā men|jiè zhù|1870 nián dài|de|jīng jì|xiāo tiáo they|by relying on|1870s|attributive marker|economic|depression They rose strongly against the backdrop of the economic recession of the 1870s. 和 贫富差距 的 大 背景 强势 崛起 hé|pín fù chā jù|de|dà|bèi jǐng|qiáng shì|jué qǐ and|wealth gap|attributive marker|big|background|strong|rise And the large gap between the rich and the poor. 此外 俾斯麦 还 推动 大一统 政策 cǐ wài|bǐ sī mài|hái|tuī dòng|dà yī tǒng|zhèng cè in addition|Bismarck|also|promote|unification|policy In addition, Bismarck also promoted the policy of unification. 强行 让 非 德意志 人 德意志 化 改 说 德语 qiáng xíng|ràng|fēi|dé yì zhì|rén|||gǎi|shuō|dé yǔ forcibly|make|non|German|people|||change|speak|German Forcibly Germanizing non-German people and making them speak German. 但 同样 不 成功 dàn|tóng yàng|bù|chéng gōng but|similarly|not|successful But also not successful 我们 再 来 看看 外交 方面 wǒ men|zài|lái|kàn kan|wài jiāo|fāng miàn we|again|come|take a look|diplomacy|aspect Let's take a look at diplomacy again 俾斯麦 避免 树立 外敌 bǐ sī mài|bì miǎn|shù lì|wài dí Bismarck|avoid|establish|external enemies Bismarck avoided establishing external enemies 他 自称 “诚实 经纪人 ”来 协调 欧洲 大国 的 纷争 tā|zì chēng|chéng shí|jīng jì rén|lái|xié tiáo|ōu zhōu|dà guó|de|fēn zhēng he|self-proclaimed|honest|broker|to|mediate|Europe|major powers|attributive marker|disputes He called himself the 'honest broker' to mediate the disputes of the European powers 表现 出 与 过往 “铁血宰相 ”完全 相反 的 姿态 biǎo xiàn|chū|yǔ|guò wǎng|tiě xuè zǎi xiàng|wán quán|xiāng fǎn|de|zī tài show|out|with|past|iron-blooded prime minister|completely|opposite|attributive marker|posture Show a completely opposite attitude to the past 'Iron-Blooded Chancellor'. 他 不 希望 对外 战争 tā|bù|xī wàng|duì wài|zhàn zhēng he|not|hope|outside world|war He does not wish for external wars. 以便 让 德国 可以 休养生息 yǐ biàn|ràng|dé guó|kě yǐ|xiū yǎng shēng xī in order to|let|Germany|can|recuperate and rest So that Germany can recuperate. 增长 国力 、韬光养晦 zēng zhǎng|guó lì|tāo guāng yǎng huì growth|national strength|bide one's time To increase national strength and bide time. 他 并 不 像 当时 欧洲 其他 大国 那样 在 外 发动 殖民 战争 tā|bìng|bù|xiàng|dāng shí|ōu zhōu|qí tā|dà guó|nà yàng|zài|wài|fā dòng|zhí mín|zhàn zhēng he|not|not|like|at that time|Europe|other|powers|that way|in|outside|launch|colonial|war He did not launch colonial wars abroad like other major European powers at that time. 俾斯麦 还 和 数个 大国 签订 了 盟友 关系 bǐ sī mài|hái|hé|shù gè|dà guó|qiān dìng|le|méng yǒu|guān xì Bismarck|also|and|several|great powers|signed|past tense marker|ally|relationship Bismarck also signed alliances with several major powers. 以 确保 不会 遭到 宿敌 法国 的 报复 yǐ|què bǎo|bù huì|zāo dào|sù dí|fǎ guó|de|bào fù in order to|ensure|will not|suffer|arch enemy|France|attributive marker|revenge To ensure that he would not face retaliation from his arch-enemy France. 在 国内 他 力主 增加 工人 福利 zài|guó nèi|tā|lì zhǔ|zēng jiā|gōng rén|fú lì at|domestic|he|advocate|increase|workers|welfare Domestically, he advocated for increasing workers' welfare. 大力 兴建 房屋 dà lì|xīng jiàn|fáng wū vigorously|construct|houses Vigorously build housing 规定 每天 工作 不得 超过 10 小时 guī dìng|měi tiān|gōng zuò|bù dé|chāo guò|xiǎo shí regulation|every day|work|must not|exceed|hours Regulate that daily work must not exceed 10 hours 让 德国 成为 世界 首个 具备 完善 社会保障 的 国家 ràng|dé guó|chéng wéi|shì jiè|shǒu gè|jù bèi|wán shàn|shè huì bǎo zhàng|de|guó jiā let|Germany|become|world|first|have|comprehensive|social security|attributive marker|country Make Germany the world's first country with a complete social security system 这种 开明 的 对内 对外 政策 zhè zhǒng|kāi míng|de|duì nèi|duì wài|zhèng cè this|open-minded|attributive marker|domestic|foreign|policy This enlightened domestic and foreign policy 给 德国 经济 的 崛起 创造 了 极其 有利 的 环境 gěi|dé guó|jīng jì|de|jué qǐ|chuàng zào|le|jí qí|yǒu lì|de|huán jìng give|Germany|economy|attributive marker|rise|create|past tense marker|extremely|favorable|attributive marker|environment Created an extremely favorable environment for the rise of the German economy. 如果 可以 类比 rú guǒ|kě yǐ|lèi bǐ if|can|analogy If a comparison can be made. 俾斯麦 时期 可 算 中国 的 邓 江湖 时代 bǐ sī mài|shí qī|kě|suàn|zhōng guó|de|dèng|jiāng hú|shí dài Bismarck|period|can|be considered|China|attributive marker|Deng|underworld|era The Bismarck era can be considered China's Deng Xiaoping era. 韬光养晦 戒急用忍 tāo guāng yǎng huì|jiè jí yòng rěn hide one's talents and bide one's time|avoid impatience and use patience Hide one's capabilities and bide one's time. 经济 在 体制 变革 中 腾飞 jīng jì|zài|tǐ zhì|biàn gé|zhōng|téng fēi economy|in|system|reform|during|take off The economy takes off during the system reform. 1888 年 威廉 一世 去世 nián|wēilián|yīshì|qùshì William I passed away in 1888. 其 子 威廉 二世 继位 qí|zǐ|wēi lián|èr shì|jì wèi its|son|William|II|ascended the throne His son, William II, ascended the throne. 时年 29 岁 shí nián|suì at the age of|years old He was 29 years old at the time. 年青 气盛 nián qīng|qì shèng young|vigorous Young and vigorous 威廉 二世 希望 掌握 实权 wēi lián|èr shì|xī wàng|zhǎng wò|shí quán William|II|hope|grasp|real power William II hopes to seize real power 不甘 受制于 俾斯麦 bù gān|shòu zhì yú|bǐ sī mài unwilling|be constrained by|Bismarck Unwilling to be constrained by Bismarck 因此 与 俾斯麦 在 很多 问题 上 出现 分歧 yīn cǐ|yǔ|bǐ sī mài|zài|hěn duō|wèn tí|shàng|chū xiàn|fēn qí therefore|with|Bismarck|on|many|issues|on|appear|differences Therefore, there were many disagreements with Bismarck on various issues 两年 后 为 帝国 奋斗 了 一生 的 俾斯麦 黯然 辞职 liǎng nián|hòu|wèi|dì guó|fèn dòu|le|yī shēng|de|bǐ sī mài|àn rán|cí zhí two years|later|for|empire|struggle|past tense marker|lifetime|attributive marker|Bismarck|sadly|resign Two years later, Bismarck, who had fought for the empire all his life, resigned in disappointment. 其 党羽 也 受到 清洗 qí|dǎng yǔ|yě|shòu dào|qīng xǐ its|party members|also|received|purging His followers were also purged. 威廉 二世 执政 期间 一共 更换 了 7 任 首相 wēi lián|èr shì|zhí zhèng|qī jiān|yī gòng|gēng huàn|le|7 rèn|shǒu xiàng William|II|in power|period|in total|replaced|past tense marker|7|prime ministers During Wilhelm II's reign, a total of 7 chancellors were replaced. 在 威廉 二世 的 亲政 下 德国 出现 沙文主义 zài|wēi lián|èr shì|de|qīn zhèng|xià|dé guó|chū xiàn|shā wén zhǔ yì at|William|II|attributive marker|direct rule|under|Germany|appear|chauvinism Under Wilhelm II's direct rule, Germany saw the rise of chauvinism. 即 大国 强权 主义 jí|dà guó|qiáng quán|zhǔ yì namely|great power|power|ism That is, great power hegemony. 其中 势力 最大 的 叫做 泛 德意志 协会 qí zhōng|shì lì|zuì dà|de|jiào zuò|fàn|dé yì zhì|xié huì among them|power|the largest|attributive marker|called|pan|German|association The one with the greatest influence is called the Pan-German Association. 该 会 宣扬 日耳曼 种族 优越 论 gāi|huì|xuān yáng|rì ěr màn|zhǒng zú|yōu yuè|lùn this|will|promote|German|race|superiority|theory This association promotes the superiority of the Germanic race. 提出 夺取 英法 等国 殖民地 tí chū|duó qǔ|yīng fǎ|děng guó|zhí mín dì propose|seize|Britain and France|and other countries|colonies It proposes to seize the colonies of countries like England and France. 再 吞并 欧美 小国 zài|tūn bìng|ōu měi|xiǎo guó again|annex|Europe and America|small country Then swallow up small European countries 以 建立 世界性 的 大 日耳曼 帝国 yǐ|jiàn lì|shì jiè xìng|de|dà|rì ěr màn|dì guó in order to|establish|global|attributive marker|great|Germanic|empire to establish a global Greater German Empire 同样 的 思潮 在 日本 为 军国主义 tóng yàng|de|sī cháo|zài|rì běn|wéi|jūn guó zhǔ yì the same|attributive marker|ideology|in|Japan|is|militarism The same ideology in Japan is militarism 本质 是 极端 右派 běn zhì|shì|jí duān|yòu pài essence|is|extreme|right-wing which is essentially extreme right-wing. 这种 思潮 和 威廉 二世 不谋而合 zhè zhǒng|sī cháo|hé|wēi lián|èr shì|bù móu ér hé this|ideology|and|William|II|coincidentally align This ideology coincides with that of Wilhelm II. 威廉 二世 不 满足 于 做 欧陆 强国 wēi lián|èr shì|bù|mǎn zú|yú|zuò|ōu lù|qiáng guó William|II|not|satisfied|with|being|continental|power Wilhelm II was not satisfied with being a continental power. 他 认为 德国 要 寻找 “太阳 下 的 位置 ” tā|rèn wéi|dé guó|yào|xún zhǎo|tài yáng|xià|de|wèi zhì he|believes|Germany|needs|to find|sun|under|attributive marker|position He believed that Germany should seek its "place in the sun." 以 对外 输出 影响 和 势力 yǐ|duì wài|shū chū|yǐng xiǎng|hé|shì lì using|outward|output|influence|and|power To project influence and power abroad. 这 与 俾斯麦 的 大陆 政策 截然 相反 zhè|yǔ|bǐ sī mài|de|dà lù|zhèng cè|jié rán|xiāng fǎn this|and|Bismarck|attributive marker|continent|policy|completely|opposite This is in stark contrast to Bismarck's continental policy. 威廉 二世 的 新时代 正式 来临 wēi lián|èr shì|de|xīn shí dài|zhèng shì|lái lín William|II|attributive marker|new era|officially|arrive The new era of Wilhelm II has officially arrived. 他 选择 积极 对外 扩张 和 干涉 tā|xuǎn zé|jī jí|duì wài|kuò zhāng|hé|gān shè he|choose|actively|externally|expansion|and|interference He chose to actively expand and intervene abroad. 1897 年 德国 占领 中国 的 山东半岛 nián|dé guó|zhàn lǐng|zhōng guó|de|shān dōng bàn dǎo year|Germany|occupied|China|attributive marker|Shandong Peninsula In 1897, Germany occupied the Shandong Peninsula in China. 1898 年 英德 签定 秘密 协定 nián|yīng dé|qiān dìng|mì mì|xié dìng year|Britain and Germany|signed|secret|agreement In 1898, Germany and Britain signed a secret agreement. 瓜分 葡属 非洲 guā fēn|pú shǔ|fēi zhōu divide up|Portuguese|Africa Dividing Portuguese Africa. 虽然 德国 分得 的 都 是 贫瘠 的 土地 suī rán|dé guó|fēn dé|de|dōu|shì|pín jié|de|tǔ dì although|Germany|distribute|attributive marker|all|is|barren|attributive marker|land Although Germany received only barren land. 1902 年 德奥意 签订 协议 nián|dé ào yì|qiān dìng|xié yì year|Germany|signed|agreement In 1902, Germany, Austria, and Italy signed an agreement. 并 将 德国 势力 渗入 奥斯曼帝国 bìng|jiāng|dé guó|shì lì|shèn rù|ào sī màn dì guó and|will|Germany|influence|infiltrate|Ottoman Empire and infiltrated German influence into the Ottoman Empire 也 就是 中东 yě|jiù shì|zhōng dōng also|that is|Middle East which is the Middle East 1905 年 摩洛哥 与 法国 发生争执 nián|móluògē|yǔ|fǎguó|fà shēng zhēng zhí In 1905, Morocco had a dispute with France 引发 第一次 摩洛哥 危机 yǐn fā|dì yī cì|mó luò gē|wēi jī trigger|first|Morocco|crisis triggering the First Moroccan Crisis 威廉 二世 宣布 支持 摩洛哥 并 派 舰 保护 wēi lián|èr shì|xuān bù|zhī chí|mó luò gē|bìng|pài|jiàn|bǎo hù William|II|announced|support|Morocco|and|send|ships|protect William II announced support for Morocco and sent ships for protection. 与 法国 的 战争 一触即发 yǔ|fǎ guó|de|zhàn zhēng|yī chù jí fā with|France|attributive marker|war|imminent War with France is imminent. 此外 德国 还 扶植 智利 在 南美 和 美国 对抗 cǐ wài|dé guó|hái|fú zhí|zhì lì|zài|nán měi|hé|měi guó|duì kàng in addition|Germany|also|support|Chile|in|South America|and|United States|confront In addition, Germany also supported Chile to confront the United States in South America. 威廉 二世 积极 扩军 wēi lián|èr shì|jī jí|kuò jūn William|II|actively|expand the military William II actively expanded the military. 尤其 是 海军 yóu qí|shì|hǎi jūn especially|is|navy Especially the Navy 德军 在 帝国 建立 初始 约 有 40 万人 dé jūn|zài|dì guó|jiàn lì|chū shǐ|yuē|yǒu|40 wàn rén German army|in|empire|establish|initial|approximately|have|400000 people The German army had about 400,000 people at the beginning of the Empire's establishment 到 了 1910 年 扩大 一倍 为 86 万 dào|le|nián|kuò dà|yī bèi|wéi|86 wàn to|past tense marker|year|expand|one time|to|860000 By 1910, it had doubled to 860,000 军费 增加 了 四倍 jūn fèi|zēng jiā|le|sì bèi military spending|increased|past tense marker|four times Military spending increased fourfold 德国 开始 下 饺子 般的 下水 大型 舰艇 dé guó|kāi shǐ|xià|jiǎo zi|bān de|xià shuǐ|dà xíng|jiàn tǐng Germany|start|launch|dumpling|like|into the water|large-scale|warships Germany began to launch large vessels like dumplings. 截止 1904 年 德国 建造 了 19 艘 战舰 jié zhǐ|1904 nián|dé guó|jiàn zào|le|19 sōu|zhàn jiàn by|the year 1904|Germany|built|past tense marker|19 ships|warships By 1904, Germany had built 19 warships. 8 艘 装甲 舰 和 42 艘 巡洋舰 pinyin: sōu|pinyin: zhuāng jiǎ|pinyin: jiàn|pinyin: hé|pinyin: sōu|pinyin: xún yáng jiàn ships|armored|ships|and|ships|cruisers 8 armored ships and 42 cruisers. 总计 高达 400 艘 战舰 zǒng jì|gāo dá|sōu|zhàn jiàn total|as high as|ships|warships A total of up to 400 warships. 德军 总参谋长 施里芬 秘密 策划 对 俄法 的 作战 计划 dé jūn|zǒng cān móu zhǎng|shī lǐ fēn|mì mì|cè huà|duì|é fǎ|de|zuò zhàn|jì huà German army|Chief of General Staff|Schlieffen|secret|plan|against|Russia and France|attributive marker|combat|plan The German Chief of General Staff Schlieffen secretly planned the operational strategy against Russia and France. 以 速战速决 为 原则 yǐ|sù zhàn sù jué|wéi|yuán zé based on|swift battle and quick resolution|as|principle The principle of swift victory was adopted. 确保 六周 内 击败 法国 què bǎo|liù zhōu|nèi|jī bài|fǎ guó ensure|six weeks|within|defeat|France Ensure the defeat of France within six weeks. 然后 4 个 月 内 击败 俄国 rán hòu|gè|yuè|nèi|jī bài|é guó then|individual|month|within|defeat|Russia Then defeat Russia within four months. 所谓 “施里芬 计划 ” suǒ wèi|shī lǐ fēn|jì huà so-called|Schlieffen|plan The so-called 'Schlieffen Plan' 德国 的 海军 扩建 引起 了 英国 关注 dé guó|de|hǎi jūn|kuò jiàn|yǐn qǐ|le|yīng guó|guān zhù Germany|attributive marker|navy|expansion|caused|past tense marker|Britain|attention Germany's naval expansion raised concerns in Britain 两 国 展开 了 军备 竞赛 liǎng|guó|zhǎn kāi|le|jūn bèi|jìng sài two|countries|launched|past tense marker|arms|race The two countries engaged in an arms race 英国 很快 下水 第一艘 无畏 舰 yīng guó|hěn kuài|xià shuǐ|dì yī sōu|wú wèi|jiàn United Kingdom|very soon|launch|first|Dreadnought|ship Britain quickly launched its first dreadnought 并 确保 总数 超过 德国 bìng|què bǎo|zǒng shù|chāo guò|dé guó and|ensure|total number|exceed|Germany And ensure that the total exceeds Germany. 除了 自身 的 野心 chú le|zì shēn|de|yě xīn apart from|oneself|attributive marker|ambition Apart from its own ambitions. 威廉 二世 对外 扩张 的 第二个 重要 原因 是 经济 wēi lián|èr shì|duì wài|kuò zhāng|de|dì èr gè|zhòng yào|yuán yīn|shì|jīng jì William|II|abroad|expansion|attributive marker|second|important|reason|is|economy The second important reason for Wilhelm II's expansion abroad is economic. 一来 德国 缺乏 殖民地 原材料 供应 yī lái|dé guó|quē fá|zhí mín dì|yuán cái liào|gōng yìng first|Germany|lack|colonies|raw materials|supply Firstly, Germany lacks a supply of raw materials from colonies. 二来 国内 严重 产能 过剩 èr lái|guó nèi|yán zhòng|chǎn néng|guò shèng secondly|domestic|serious|production capacity|surplus Secondly, there is a serious overcapacity in the domestic market. 当时 大英帝国 拥有 庞大 的 殖民 市场 dāng shí|dà yīng dì guó|yōng yǒu|páng dà|de|zhí mín|shì chǎng at that time|British Empire|had|vast|attributive marker|colonial|market At that time, the British Empire had a vast colonial market. 而 美国 庞大 的 内需 却 实行 贸易 保护 ér|měi guó|páng dà|de|nèi xū|què|shí xíng|mào yì|bǎo hù but|United States|huge|attributive marker|domestic demand|however|implement|trade|protection However, the United States implemented trade protection despite its large domestic demand. 德国 很 难 打入 世界 主要 市场 dé guó|hěn|nán|dǎ rù|shì jiè|zhǔ yào|shì chǎng Germany|very|difficult|penetrate|world|major|market Germany found it difficult to penetrate the major world markets. 我们 以前 讲过 wǒ men|yǐ qián|jiǎng guò we|before|talked about We talked about it before. 二战 之后 世界 是 基于 法规 的 自由主义 国际 秩序 èr zhàn|zhī hòu|shì jiè|shì|jī yú|fǎ guī|de|zì yóu zhǔ yì|guó jì|zhì xù World War II|after|world|is|based on|regulations|attributive marker|liberalism|international|order After World War II, the world was based on a rules-based liberal international order. 但 当时 还 属于 弱肉强食 的 丛林 法则 dàn|dāng shí|hái|shǔ yú|ruò ròu qiáng shí|de|cóng lín|fǎ zé but|at that time|still|belong to|survival of the fittest|attributive marker|jungle|rule But at that time, it still belonged to the jungle law of the survival of the fittest. 威廉 二世 决定 重新 划分 势力范围 wēi lián|èr shì|jué dìng|chóng xīn|huà fēn|shì lì fàn wéi William|II|decided|re|divide|sphere of influence William II decided to redraw the spheres of influence. 德国 国内 的 贫富差距 和 后期 的 经济 停滞 dé guó|guó nèi|de|pín fù chā jù|hé|hòu qī|de|jīng jì|tíng zhì Germany|domestic|attributive marker|wealth gap|and|later stage|attributive marker|economy|stagnation The gap between rich and poor in Germany and the subsequent economic stagnation. 让 社会主义 左翼 思潮 快速 崛起 ràng|shè huì zhǔ yì|zuǒ yì|sī cháo|kuài sù|jué qǐ let|socialism|left-wing|ideology|rapidly|rise Led to the rapid rise of socialist leftist thought. 威廉 试图 制定 法案 弥补 工人阶级 与 政府 的 关系 wēi lián|shì tú|zhì dìng|fǎ àn|mí bǔ|gōng rén jiē jí|yǔ|zhèng fǔ|de|guān xì William|attempt|formulate|bill|compensate|working class|with|government|attributive marker|relationship William attempted to draft legislation to bridge the gap between the working class and the government. 但 成效 不大 dàn|chéng xiào|bù dà but|effectiveness|not significant But the results were not significant. 这 也 坚定 了 威廉 二世 对外 扩张 的 决心 zhè|yě|jiān dìng|le|||duì wài|kuò zhāng|de|jué xīn this|also|strengthen|past tense marker|||overseas|expansion|attributive marker|determination This also strengthened Wilhelm II's determination for external expansion. 后来 很多 历史学者 认为 hòu lái|hěn duō|lì shǐ xué zhě|rèn wéi later|many|historians|believe Later, many historians believed that. 威廉 突然 改变 德国 的 对外 立场 让 外界 警惕 wēi lián|tū rán|gǎi biàn|dé guó|de|duì wài|lì chǎng|ràng|wài jiè|jǐng tì William|suddenly|change|Germany|attributive marker|foreign|stance|make|outside world|alert Wilhelm's sudden change in Germany's foreign stance alerted the outside world. 德国 虽然 是 崛起 新贵 dé guó|suī rán|shì|jué qǐ|xīn guì Germany|although|is|rise|new aristocracy Although Germany is a rising new power. 但 其 社会 和 政治 制度 的 落后性 并 不 被 外界 向往 dàn|qí|shè huì|hé|zhèng zhì|zhì dù|de|luò hòu xìng|bìng|bù|bèi|wài jiè|xiàng wǎng but|its|social|and|political|system|attributive marker|backwardness|not|not|by|outside world|yearn for But the backwardness of its social and political systems is not admired by the outside world. 威廉 对外 政策 的 强硬 及 失误 wēi lián|duì wài|zhèng cè|de|qiáng yìng|jí|shī wù William|foreign|policy|attributive marker|hardline|and|mistakes William's hardline foreign policy and mistakes. 也 让 他 的 国际 声誉 始终 低落 yě|ràng|tā|de|guó jì|shēng yù|shǐ zhōng|dī luò also|let|his|attributive marker|international|reputation|always|low Also kept his international reputation consistently low. 这 也 让 德意志 帝国 陷入 日益 孤立 的 政治 局面 zhè|yě|ràng|dé yì zhì|dì guó|xiàn rù|rì yì|gū lì|de|zhèng zhì|jú miàn this|also|make|German|empire|fall into|increasingly|isolation|attributive marker|political|situation This also led the German Empire into an increasingly isolated political situation. 并 最终 导致 了 第一次 世界大战 bìng|zuì zhōng|dǎo zhì|le|dì yī cì|shì jiè dà zhàn and|ultimately|led to|past tense marker|first|world war and ultimately led to World War I 给 德国 带来 毁灭性 的 打击 gěi|dé guó|dài lái|huǐ miè xìng|de|dǎ jī to|Germany|bring|devastating|attributive marker|blow dealt a devastating blow to Germany 1914 年 6 月 的 萨拉热窝 事件 nián|yuè|de|sàlārèwō|shìjiàn the Sarajevo incident in June 1914 让 奥 匈 帝国 对 塞尔维亚 宣战 ràng|ào|xiōng|dì guó|duì|sài ěr wéi yà|xuān zhàn let|Austria|Hungary|empire|against|Serbia|declare war prompted the Austro-Hungarian Empire to declare war on Serbia 成为 第一次 世界大战 导火线 chéng wéi|dì yī cì|shì jiè dà zhàn|dǎo huǒ xiàn become|first|world war|fuse Become the fuse of World War I 威廉 二世 立刻 向 奥 匈 帝国 表示 无条件 支持 wēi lián|èr shì|lì kè|xiàng|ào|xiōng|dì guó|biǎo shì|wú tiáo jiàn|zhī chí William|II|immediately|towards|Austria|Hungary|Empire|expressed|unconditional|support William II immediately expressed unconditional support to the Austro-Hungarian Empire 旋即 介入 战争 xuán jí|jiè rù|zhàn zhēng immediately|intervene|war Soon intervened in the war 并 实行 施里芬 计划 bìng|shí xíng|shī lǐ fēn|jì huà and|implement|Schlieffen|plan And implemented the Schlieffen Plan 同时 向 法 俄 宣战 tóng shí|xiàng|fǎ|é|xuān zhàn at the same time|towards|France|Russia|declare war At the same time, declare war on France and Russia. 第一次世界大战 是 同盟国 和 协约国 的 战斗 dì yī cì shì jiè dà zhàn|shì|tóng méng guó|hé|xié yuē guó|de|zhàn dòu World War I|is|Allies|and|Central Powers|attributive marker|battle World War I was a battle between the Allies and the Central Powers. 德国 奥 匈 帝国 奥斯曼帝国 以及 保加利亚 属于 同盟国 阵营 dé guó|ào|xiōng|dì guó|ào sī màn dì guó|yǐ jí|bǎo jiā lì yà|shǔ yú|tóng méng guó|zhèn yíng Germany|Austria|Hungary|Empire|Ottoman Empire|and|Bulgaria|belong to|Central Powers|camp Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria belonged to the Central Powers. 英法 日俄 意 美国 塞尔维亚 以及 中华民国 等 则 属于 协约国 阵营 yīng fà|rì é|yì|měi guó|sài ěr wēi yà|yǐ jí|zhōng huá mín guó|děng|zé|shǔ yú|xié yuē guó|zhèn yíng Britain and France|Japan and Russia|Italy|United States|Serbia|and|Republic of China|etc|then|belong to|Allied Powers|camp Britain, France, Japan, Russia, Italy, the United States, Serbia, and the Republic of China belonged to the Allies. 一战 见证 了 人类 历史 上 从未 有过 的 惨烈 yī zhàn|jiàn zhèng|le|rén lèi|lì shǐ|shàng|cóng wèi|yǒu guò|de|cǎn liè World War I|witnessed|past tense marker|humanity|history|on|never|had|attributive marker|brutality World War I witnessed unprecedented brutality in human history. 约 有 6500 万人 参战 yuē|yǒu|liù qiān wǔ bǎi wàn rén|cān zhàn about|have|65 million people|participate in the war About 65 million people participated in the war. 超过 1600 万人 丧生 chāo guò|yī liù líng wàn rén|sàng shēng exceed|16 million people|lost their lives Over 16 million people lost their lives. 德军 在 两线 分别 作战 dé jūn|zài|liǎng xiàn|fēn bié|zuò zhàn German army|at|two fronts|respectively|fight The German army fought on two fronts. 在 西线 遇到 英法 联合 抵抗 zài|xī xiàn|yù dào|yīng fà|lián hé|dǐ kàng at|western front|encounter|British and French|joint|resistance Encountered the Anglo-French joint resistance on the Western Front. 双方 共 伤亡 几百万 仍为 胶着状态 shuāng fāng|gòng|shāng wáng|jǐ bǎi wàn|réng wéi|jiāo zhuó zhuàng tài both sides|total|casualties|several million|still in|stalemate Both sides suffered millions of casualties and remained in a stalemate. 东线 沙皇 俄国 发动 数百万 军队 进攻 德国 dōng xiàn|shā huáng|é guó|fā dòng|shù bǎi wàn|jūn duì|jìn gōng|dé guó Eastern Front|Tsar|Russia|launch|millions|troops|attack|Germany On the Eastern Front, Tsarist Russia launched millions of troops to attack Germany. 但 农奴制 的 俄国 装备 和 人员素质 落后 dàn|nóng nú zhì|de|é guó|zhuāng bèi|hé|rén yuán sù zhì|luò hòu but|serfdom|attributive marker|Russia|equipment|and|personnel quality|backward However, the equipment and personnel quality of serfdom-era Russia were lagging behind. 不 敌 德军 bù|dí|dé jūn not|match|German army Unable to withstand the German army 1917 年 十月 革命 后 苏联 旋即 退出 一战 nián|shí yuè|gé mìng|hòu|sū lián|xuán jí|tuì chū|yī zhàn year|October|revolution|after|Soviet Union|immediately|withdraw|World War I After the October Revolution in 1917, the Soviet Union immediately withdrew from World War I 让 德国 能 专心 在 西线 作战 ràng|dé guó|néng|zhuān xīn|zài|xī xiàn|zuò zhàn let|Germany|be able to|focus|on|Western Front|fight Allowing Germany to focus on fighting on the Western Front 并 采取 潜艇 战 袭击 美国 商船 bìng|cǎi qǔ|qián tǐng|zhàn|xí jī|měi guó|shāng chuán and|take|submarine|war|attack|United States|merchant ship And to launch submarine warfare against American merchant ships 同年 美军 截获 齐默曼 电报 tóng nián|měi jūn|jié huò|qí mò màn|diàn bào the same year|US military|intercepted|Zimmermann|telegram In the same year, the U.S. military intercepted the Zimmermann telegram. 电报 称 威廉 二世 策划 与 墨西哥 结盟 攻打 美国 diàn bào|chēng|wēi lián|èr shì|cè huà|yǔ|mò xī gē|jié méng|gōng dǎ|měi guó telegram|claimed|William|II|planned|with|Mexico|alliance|attack|United States The telegram stated that Wilhelm II was planning to ally with Mexico to attack the United States. 这 促使 美国 加入 战争 zhè|cù shǐ|měi guó|jiā rù|zhàn zhēng this|prompted|America|join|war This prompted the United States to join the war. 美军 的 加入 让 德国 战败 的 命运 提前 注定 měi jūn|de|jiā rù|ràng|dé guó|zhàn bài|de|mìng yùn|tí qián|zhù dìng US military|attributive marker|joining|make|Germany|defeat|attributive marker|fate|prematurely|destined The entry of the U.S. military predetermined Germany's fate of defeat. 战争 需要 国内 的 支持 zhàn zhēng|xū yào|guó nèi|de|zhī chí war|need|domestic|attributive marker|support War requires domestic support. 长期 的 战争 和 高 伤亡 让 德国 国内 频现 暴动 cháng qī|de|zhàn zhēng|hé|gāo|shāng wáng|ràng|dé guó|guó nèi|pín xiàn|bào dòng long-term|attributive marker|war|and|high|casualties|cause|Germany|domestic|frequent occurrence|riots Long-term war and high casualties have led to frequent riots in Germany. 左翼 社会主义 运动 高涨 zuǒ yì|shè huì zhǔ yì|yùn dòng|gāo zhǎng left-wing|socialism|movement|surge The leftist socialist movement is on the rise. 德军 虽 发起 五次 抢先 攻势 dé jūn|suī|fā qǐ|wǔ cì|qiǎng xiān|gōng shì German army|although|initiate|five times|preemptive|offensive The German army has launched five preemptive offensives. 但 均 无法 抢 在 美军 登陆 前 速胜 英法 dàn|jūn|wú fǎ|qiǎng|zài|měi jūn|dēng lù|qián|sù shèng|yīng fǎ but|all|unable to|seize|before|US military|land|before|win quickly|Britain and France But none could achieve a swift victory over the British and French before the American troops landed. 随着 保加利亚 和 奥匈帝国 先后 投降 suí zhe|bǎo jiā lì yà|hé|ào xiōng dì guó|xiān hòu|tóu xiáng as|Bulgaria|and|Austro-Hungarian Empire|successively|surrender With Bulgaria and the Austro-Hungarian Empire surrendering one after another. 德国 最终 在 1918 年 11 月 11 日 投降 dé guó|zuì zhōng|zài|1918 nián|||tóu xiáng Germany|finally|at|year 1918|||surrender Germany ultimately surrendered on November 11, 1918. 几天 内 威廉 二世 和 所有 邦国 的 国王 退位 jǐ tiān|nèi|wēi lián|èr shì|hé|suǒ yǒu|bāng guó|de|guó wáng|tuì wèi several days|within|William|II|and|all|states|attributive marker|kings|abdicate Within a few days, Wilhelm II and all the kings of the states abdicated. 德国 的 贵族 制 被 彻底 废除 dé guó|de|guì zú|zhì|bèi|chè dǐ|fèi chú Germany|attributive marker|nobility|system|passive marker|completely|abolished The nobility system in Germany was completely abolished. 社民党 人 谢德曼 在 国会大楼 宣布 共和国 成立 shè mín dǎng|rén|xiè dé màn|zài|guó huì dà lóu|xuān bù|gòng hé guó|chéng lì Social Democratic Party|person|Scheidemann|at|Reichstag building|announced|republic|established Social Democrat leader Scheidemann announced the establishment of the Republic in the Reichstag. 这 就是 魏玛 共和国 zhè|jiù shì|wèi mǎ|gòng hé guó this|is|Weimar|Republic This is the Weimar Republic. 持续 了 4 年 的 一战 就此 结束 chí xù|le|sì nián|de|yī zhàn|jiù cǐ|jié shù continuous|past tense marker|4 years|attributive marker|World War I|thus|end The four-year-long World War I has now ended. 许多 历史学家 认为 德国 这 段 时期 的 “特殊 道路 ” xǔ duō|lì shǐ xué jiā|rèn wéi|dé guó|zhè|duàn|shí qī|de|tè shū|dào lù many|historians|believe|Germany|this|period|time|attributive marker|special|path Many historians believe that Germany's "special path" during this period 是 导致 纳粹主义 和 20 世纪 德国 灾难 根源 的 核心 shì|dǎo zhì|nà cuì zhǔ yì|hé|20 shì jì|dé guó|zāi nàn|gēn yuán|de|hé xīn is|cause|Nazism|and|20th century|Germany|disaster|root|attributive marker|core is the core of the roots that led to Nazism and the disasters of 20th century Germany. 当时 德国 学者 强调 德国 通往 现代化 的 独特性 dāng shí|dé guó|xué zhě|qiáng diào|dé guó|tōng wǎng|xiàn dài huà|de|dú tè xìng at that time|Germany|scholar|emphasize|Germany|towards|modernization|attributive marker|uniqueness At that time, German scholars emphasized the uniqueness of Germany's path to modernization. 认为 这 是 德国 与 英国 为 代表 的 “ 西方 道路 ” 区分 的 积极 因素 rèn wéi|zhè|shì|dé guó|yǔ|yīng guó|wéi|dài biǎo|de|xī fāng|dào lù|qū fēn|de|jī jí|yīn sù think|this|is|Germany|and|Britain|as|representative|attributive marker|Western|road|distinction|attributive marker|positive|factor They believed this was a positive factor distinguishing Germany from the "Western path" represented by Britain. 他们 认为 的 道路 自信 tā men|rèn wéi|de|dào lù|zì xìn they|believe|attributive marker|road|confidence They believe in the road of confidence. 这 包括 强大 的 官僚 国家 zhè|bāo kuò|qiáng dà|de|guān liáo|guó jiā this|includes|powerful|attributive marker|bureaucratic|state This includes a strong bureaucratic state. 俾斯麦 等 强有力 领导人 的 改革 bǐ sī mài|děng|qiáng yǒu lì|lǐng dǎo rén|de|gǎi gé Bismarck|and others|strong|leaders|attributive marker|reforms Reforms by strong leaders like Bismarck. 普鲁士人 的 奉献精神 以及 社会福利 国家 的 优越性 pǔ lǔ shì rén|de|fèng xiàn jīng shén|yǐ jí|shè huì fú lì|guó jiā|de|yōu yuè xìng Prussian|attributive marker|spirit of dedication|and|social welfare|state|attributive marker|superiority The dedication of the Prussians and the superiority of the welfare state. 但 没想到 却 走向 灾难 dàn|méi xiǎng dào|què|zǒu xiàng|zāi nàn but|didn't expect|unexpectedly|walk towards|disaster But unexpectedly, it led to disaster. 德国 历史学家 汉斯 韦勒 认为 dé guó|lì shǐ xué jiā|hàn sī|wéi lè|rèn wéi Germany|historian|Hans|Weller|believes German historian Hans Weller believes. 德意志 帝国 是 一个 混合体 dé yì zhì|dì guó|shì|yī gè|hùn hé tǐ Germany|empire|is|a|mixture The German Empire is a mixture. 它 成功 推动 了 资本主义 工业化 tā|chéng gōng|tuī dòng|le|zī běn zhǔ yì|gōng yè huà it|successfully|promote|past tense marker|capitalism|industrialization It successfully promoted the industrialization of capitalism. 但 却 残存 了 大量 封建时代 的 制度 、权力 关系 和 传统文化 dàn|què|cán cún|le|dà liàng|fēng jiàn shí dài|de|zhì dù|quán lì|guān xì|hé|chuán tǒng wén huà but|however|remain|past tense marker|a large number of|feudal era|attributive marker|system|power|relations|and|traditional culture But a large number of feudal-era systems, power relations, and traditional cultures still persist. 政治 权力 的 现代化 没有 发生 zhèng zhì|quán lì|de|xiàn dài huà|méi yǒu|fā shēng politics|power|attributive marker|modernization|did not|happen The modernization of political power has not occurred. 这 让 国内 关系 紧张 zhè|ràng|guó nèi|guān xì|jǐn zhāng this|make|domestic|relations|tense This has led to tensions in domestic relations. 因为 一方面 国家 要 对 自由派 、天主教徒 和 改革者 压制 yīn wèi|yī fāng miàn|guó jiā|yào|duì|zì yóu pài|tiān zhǔ jiào tú|hé|gǎi gé zhě|yā zhì because|on one hand|state|needs to|against|liberals|Catholics|and|reformers|suppress Because on one hand, the state needs to suppress liberals, Catholics, and reformers. 另一方面 因 国内 矛盾 奉行 高度 扩张 的 外交政策 lìng yī fāng miàn|yīn|guó nèi|máo dùn|fèng xíng|gāo dù|kuò zhāng|de|wài jiāo zhèng cè on the other hand|due to|domestic|contradictions|pursue|high|expansion|attributive marker|foreign policy On the other hand, due to domestic contradictions, it pursues a highly expansionist foreign policy. 德国 虽 有 普选 dé guó|suī|yǒu|pǔ xuǎn Germany|although|has|universal suffrage Germany, although it has universal suffrage, 但 皇帝 掌握 实权 dàn|huáng dì|zhǎng wò|shí quán but|emperor|hold|real power the emperor holds real power. 议会 软弱无力 yì huì|ruǎn ruò wú lì parliament|weak and powerless The parliament is weak and powerless. 无法 有效 制衡 wú fǎ|yǒu xiào|zhì héng unable|effectively|check and balance Unable to effectively balance 普鲁士 精英 阶层 依然 控制 着 国家 权力 pǔ lǔ shì|jīng yīng|jiē céng|yī rán|kòng zhì|zhe|guó jiā|quán lì Prussia|elite|class|still|control|ongoing action marker|state|power The Prussian elite still controls state power 柏林 自由 大学 教授 科卡 也 认为 bó lín|zì yóu|dà xué|jiào shòu|kē kǎ|yě|rèn wéi Berlin|freedom|university|professor|Koka|also|believes Berlin Free University professor Koka also believes 德国 崛起 代表 的 自上而下 国家 建设 的 过程 dé guó|jué qǐ|dài biǎo|de|zì shàng ér xià|guó jiā|jiàn shè|de|guò chéng Germany|rise|represent|attributive marker|top-down|state|construction|attributive marker|process The rise of Germany represents a top-down process of state building 具有 非常 严重 的 长期 影响 jù yǒu|fēi cháng|yán zhòng|de|cháng qī|yǐng xiǎng have|very|serious|attributive marker|long-term|impact Has very serious long-term effects 整个 社会 结构 和 官僚 体系 依然 是 工业化 前 zhěng gè|shè huì|jié gòu|hé|guān liáo|tǐ xì|yī rán|shì|gōng yè huà|qián entire|society|structure|and|bureaucratic|system|still|is|industrialization|before The entire social structure and bureaucratic system is still pre-industrial 威廉 精英 们 将 科技 经济 军事 的 现代化 与 政治 的 保守 相结合 wēi lián|jīng yīng|men|jiāng|kē jì|jīng jì|jūn shì|de|xiàn dài huà|yǔ|zhèng zhì|de|bǎo shǒu|xiāng jié hé William|elite|plural marker|will|technology|economy|military|attributive marker|modernization|and|politics|attributive marker|conservatism|combine The William elites combine the modernization of technology, economy, and military with political conservatism 最终 不可避免 的 和 外界 产生 冲突 zuì zhōng|bù kě bì miǎn|de|hé|wài jiè|chǎn shēng|chōng tū ultimately|unavoidable|attributive marker|and|outside world|produce|conflict Ultimately, it is inevitable that conflicts arise with the outside world 最终 导致 灾难 zuì zhōng|dǎo zhì|zāi nàn ultimately|cause|disaster Ultimately leads to disaster 关于 德意志 帝国 的 上期 就 说 这么多 guān yú|dé yì zhì|dì guó|de|shàng qī|jiù|shuō|zhè me duō about|Germany|empire|attributive marker|last issue|just|say|so much That's all for the previous episode about the German Empire 敬请期待 下期 jìng qǐng qī dài|xià qī please stay tuned|next issue Stay tuned for the next episode 谢谢 大家 xiè xiè|dà jiā thank you|everyone Thank you, everyone