俄罗斯 “ 民主 失败 重返 威权 ” 的 真正 原因 | Why did Russia's Democratization Fail? [Eng Sub]
éluósī|mínzhǔ|shībài|chóngfǎn|wēiquán|de|zhēnzhèng|yuányīn|||||||
Warum ist die Demokratisierung Russlands gescheitert?
Pourquoi la démocratisation de la Russie a-t-elle échoué ?
ロシアの民主化はなぜ失敗したのか?
The Real Reason Behind Russia's 'Democratic Failure and Return to Authoritarianism' | Why did Russia's Democratization Fail? [Eng Sub]
欢迎 进入 一个 带 你 解读 世界 的 频道 。
huān yíng|jìn rù|yī gè|dài|nǐ|jiě dú|shì jiè|de|pín dào
welcome|enter|one|bring|you|interpret|world|attributive marker|channel
Welcome to a channel that helps you interpret the world.
今天 我们 再 来 解答 一个 困扰 很多 国人 的问题 。
jīn tiān|wǒ men|zài|lái|jiě dá|yī gè|kùn rǎo|hěn duō|guó rén|de wèn tí
today|we|again|come|answer|one|troubled|many|citizens|question
Today, we will answer a question that troubles many people in our country.
也 就是 为什么 俄罗斯 在 民主化 后
yě|jiù shì|wèi shén me|é luó sī|zài|mín zhǔ huà|hòu
also|that is|why|Russia|in|democratization|after
That is, why did Russia, after democratization,
似乎 表现 的 不 怎么样 ,
sì hū|biǎo xiàn|de|bù|zěn me yàng
seems|performance|attributive marker|not|good
It seems that the performance is not very good,
民主 好像 也 没 什么 用 。
mín zhǔ|hǎo xiàng|yě|méi|shén me|yòng
democracy|seems|also|not|anything|use
and democracy doesn't seem to be of much use.
俄罗斯 这些 年 又 走 回 老路 ,
é luó sī|zhè xiē|nián|yòu|zǒu|huí|lǎo lù
Russia|these|years|again|walk|back|old path
Russia has returned to its old ways in recent years,
回到 了 普京 大帝 的 一言堂 时代 。
huí dào|le|pǔ jīng|dà dì|de|yī yán táng|shí dài
return to|past tense marker|Putin|emperor|attributive marker|one-man rule|era
going back to the era of Tsar Putin's autocracy.
我们 尽量 用 通俗易懂 的 语言 ,
wǒ men|jìn liàng|yòng|tōng sú yì dǒng|de|yǔ yán
we|as much as possible|use|simple and easy to understand|attributive marker|language
We try to use simple and easy-to-understand language,
让 你 一 听 就 懂 ,
ràng|nǐ|yī|tīng|jiù|dǒng
let|you|one|listen|just|understand
so that you can understand it at a glance,
今后 不再 困惑 。
jīn hòu|bù zài|kùn huò
from now on|no longer|confusion
and no longer be confused in the future.
我们 知道 ,
wǒ men|zhī dào
we|know
We know that,
俄罗斯 在 苏联 时代 是 高度 的 计划经济 ,
é luó sī|zài|sū lián|shí dài|shì|gāo dù|de|jì huà jīng jì
Russia|during|Soviet Union|era|is|highly|attributive marker|planned economy
Russia was a highly planned economy during the Soviet era,
经济 的 各个 方面 包括 产品 价格 、
jīng jì|de|gè gè|fāng miàn|bāo kuò|chǎn pǐn|jià gé
economy|attributive marker|various|aspects|include|product|price
with all aspects of the economy including product prices,
为 谁 生产 、
wèi|shéi|shēng chǎn
for|whom|produce
who to produce for,
企业 所有权 都 是 中央 计划 指定 。
qǐ yè|suǒ yǒu quán|dōu|shì|zhōng yāng|jì huà|zhǐ dìng
enterprise|ownership|all|is|central|plan|designated
and ownership of enterprises being determined by central planning.
当然 全 社会 也 是 社会主义 高福利 ,
dāng rán|quán|shè huì|yě|shì|shè huì zhǔ yì|gāo fú lì
of course|whole|society|also|is|socialism|high welfare
Of course, the whole society also has high welfare under socialism.
大部分 国企 员工 从 育儿 到 养老 都 是 国家 供给 ,
dà bù fen|guó qǐ|yuán gōng|cóng|yù ér|dào|yǎng lǎo|dōu|shì|guó jiā|gōng jǐ
most|state-owned enterprise|employees|from|childcare|to|elderly care|all|are|state|provide
Most employees of state-owned enterprises have their childcare and elderly care provided by the state.
熟悉 中国 国企 的 朋友 应该 不会 陌生 。
shú xī|zhōng guó|guó qǐ|de|péng yǒu|yīng gāi|bù huì|mò shēng
familiar|China|state-owned enterprise|attributive marker|friend|should|not be|unfamiliar
Friends who are familiar with Chinese state-owned enterprises should not find this unfamiliar.
在 这种 制度 下 ,
zài|zhè zhǒng|zhì dù|xià
in|this kind of|system|under
Under this system,
人们 的 积极性 就 无法 被 调动 ,
rén men|de|jī jí xìng|jiù|wú fǎ|bèi|tiáo dòng
people|attributive marker|enthusiasm|emphasis marker|cannot|passive marker|mobilize
People's enthusiasm cannot be mobilized,
也 就 谈不上 创新 和 创业 。
yě|jiù|tán bù shàng|chuàng xīn|hé|chuàng yè
also|just|cannot talk about|innovation|and|entrepreneurship
so there can be no talk of innovation and entrepreneurship.
这套 违背 市场 规律 的 模式 越到 后来 越 无法 运转 。
zhè tào|wéi bèi|shì chǎng|guī lǜ|de|mó shì|yuè dào|hòu lái|yuè|wú fǎ|yùn zhuàn
this set|violate|market|rules|attributive marker|model|the more|later|more|unable to|operate
This model, which goes against market laws, becomes increasingly unworkable over time.
苏联 经济 还 大量 依赖 能源 。
sū lián|jīng jì|hái|dà liàng|yī lài|néng yuán
Soviet Union|economy|still|heavily|rely on|energy
The Soviet economy still heavily relied on energy.
1984 年 能源 出口 占 外汇收入 的 比重 高 达 50%。
nián|néngyuán|chūkǒu|zhān|wài huì shōu rù|de|bǐzhòng|gāo|dá
In 1984, energy exports accounted for as much as 50% of foreign exchange income.
到 了 80 年代 末 90 年代 初 ,
dào|le|nián dài|mò|nián dài|chū
to|past tense marker|decade|end|decade|beginning
By the late 1980s and early 1990s,
加上 世界 能源 危机 和 军费 严重 超支 的 后遗症 ,
jiā shàng|shì jiè|néng yuán|wēi jī|hé|jūn fèi|yán zhòng|chāo zhī|de|hòu yí zhèng
in addition to|world|energy|crisis|and|military expenditure|seriously|overspending|attributive marker|aftereffects
along with the aftermath of the global energy crisis and serious overspending on military expenses,
卢布 出现 严重 贬值 ,
lú bù|chū xiàn|yán zhòng|biǎn zhí
ruble|appear|serious|devaluation
the ruble experienced severe depreciation.
国民 购买力 严重 下降 ,
guó mín|gòu mǎi lì|yán zhòng|xià jiàng
national|purchasing power|seriously|decline
The purchasing power of the people has severely declined,
国内 物资 、商品 尤其 是 生活用品 极度 匮乏 。
guó nèi|wù zī|shāng pǐn|yóu qí|shì|shēng huó yòng pǐn|jí dù|kuì fá
domestic|supplies|goods|especially|is|daily necessities|extremely|scarce
and domestic materials and goods, especially daily necessities, are extremely scarce.
1991 年 苏联 解体 ,
nián|sūlián|jiětǐ
In 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed,
戈尔巴乔夫 和 苏共 退出 历史 舞台 。
gē ěr bā qiáo fū|hé|sū gòng|tuì chū|lì shǐ|wǔ tái
Gorbachev|and|Soviet Union|exit|history|stage
and Gorbachev and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union exited the historical stage.
此时 的 俄罗斯 人 认为
cǐ shí|de|é luó sī|rén|rèn wéi
at this time|attributive marker|Russia|people|believe
At this time, the Russian people believe
只有 资本主义 和 民主制度 才能 救 俄罗斯 。
zhǐ yǒu|zī běn zhǔ yì|hé|mín zhǔ zhì dù|cái néng|jiù|é luó sī
only|capitalism|and|democratic system|can|save|Russia
that only capitalism and democracy can save Russia.
我们 这里 要 强调 一下 ,
wǒ men|zhè lǐ|yào|qiáng diào|yī xià
we|here|need to|emphasize|a bit
We want to emphasize here,
资本主义 是 经济 制度 ,
zī běn zhǔ yì|shì|jīng jì|zhì dù
capitalism|is|economic|system
that capitalism is an economic system,
民主 是 政治 制度 ,
mín zhǔ|shì|zhèng zhì|zhì dù
democracy|is|political|system
Democracy is a political system.
分析 问题 的 时候 要 分开 看 。
fēn xī|wèn tí|de|shí hòu|yào|fēn kāi|kàn
analyze|problem|attributive marker|time|need to|separately|look
When analyzing problems, it is important to look at them separately.
其实 刚 独立 的 俄罗斯 从 很多 方面 看 都 挺 民主 ,
qí shí|gāng|dú lì|de|é luó sī|cóng|hěn duō|fāng miàn|kàn|dōu|tǐng|mín zhǔ
actually|just|independent|attributive marker|Russia|from|many|aspects|view|all|quite|democratic
In fact, newly independent Russia was quite democratic in many respects.
俄罗斯 开始 几个 选举 是 竞争 激烈 且 公开 透明 ,
é luó sī|kāi shǐ|jǐ gè|xuǎn jǔ|shì|jìng zhēng|jī liè|qiě|gōng kāi|tòu míng
Russia|start|several|elections|are|competition|fierce|and|public|transparent
The initial elections in Russia were highly competitive and transparent.
俄罗斯 的 司法 系统 运行 良好 。
é luó sī|de|sī fǎ|xì tǒng|yùn xíng|liáng hǎo
Russia|attributive marker|judicial|system|operate|well
Russia's judicial system operates well.
毕竟 刚 从 共产主义 阴霾 中 走出 ,
bì jìng|gāng|cóng|gòng chǎn zhǔ yì|yīn mái|zhōng|zǒu chū
after all|just|from|communism|haze|in|walk out
After all, it has just emerged from the shadow of communism,
所有人 都 想 好好 的 重新 开始 。
suǒ yǒu rén|dōu|xiǎng|hǎo hǎo|de|chóng xīn|kāi shǐ
everyone|all|want|well|attributive marker|start over|begin
and everyone wants to start anew.
在 1991 年 的 俄罗斯 首次 总统 选举 中 ,
zài|1991 nián|de|é luó sī|shǒu cì|zǒng tǒng|xuǎn jǔ|zhōng
in|1991 year|attributive marker|Russia|first|president|election|in
In the first presidential election in Russia in 1991,
叶利钦 以 57% 的 选票 当选 首任 总统 。
yè lì qīn|yǐ|de|xuǎn piào|dāng xuǎn|shǒu rèn|zǒng tǒng
Yeltsin|with|attributive marker|votes|elected|first|president
Yeltsin was elected as the first president with 57% of the votes.
不过 ,选举 和 言论 开放 短时间 容易 做到 ,
bú guò|xuǎn jǔ|hé|yán lùn|kāi fàng|duǎn shí jiān|róng yì|zuò dào
however|election|and|speech|openness|short time|easy|achieve
However, elections and the openness of speech can be easily achieved in a short time,
但 俄罗斯 的 经济 和 社会 的 方方面面
dàn|é luó sī|de|jīng jì|hé|shè huì|de|fāng fāng miàn miàn
but|Russia|attributive marker|economy|and|society|attributive marker|aspects
but all aspects of Russia's economy and society
依然 还 停留 在 苏联 模式 。
yī rán|hái|tíng liú|zài|sū lián|mó shì
still|still|linger|in|Soviet Union|model
still remain in the Soviet model.
资本主义 企业 制度 金融 制度 劳工 制度 社保 制度 ,
zī běn zhǔ yì|qǐ yè|zhì dù|jīn róng|zhì dù|láo gōng|zhì dù|shè bǎo|zhì dù
capitalism|enterprise|system|financial|system|labor|system|social security|system
Capitalism, enterprise system, financial system, labor system, social security system,
这些 都 不是 一朝一夕 就 可以 有 ,
zhè xiē|dōu|bù shì|yī zhāo yī xī|jiù|kě yǐ|yǒu
these|all|not|overnight|just|can|have
none of these can be established overnight,
都 需要 慢慢 的 设计 和 改革 。
dōu|xū yào|màn màn|de|shè jì|hé|gǎi gé
all|need|slowly|attributive marker|design|and|reform
they all require gradual design and reform.
那么 叶利钦 上台 后 又 做 了 些 什么 呢 ?
nà me|yè lì qīn|shàng tái|hòu|yòu|zuò|le|xiē|shén me|ne
then|Yeltsin|take office|after|again|do|past tense marker|some|what|emphasis marker
So, what did Yeltsin do after he came to power?
这里 我们 需要 先 简单 讲 一个 概念 ,
zhè lǐ|wǒ men|xū yào|xiān|jiǎn dān|jiǎng|yī gè|gài niàn
here|we|need|first|simple|talk|one|concept
Here, we need to briefly explain a concept,
叫做 国家 能力 。
jiào zuò|guó jiā|néng lì
called|country|ability
called national capacity.
国家 能力 指 的 是 政府 有 多大 的 能力
guó jiā|néng lì|zhǐ|de|shì|zhèng fǔ|yǒu|duō dà|de|néng lì
country|ability|refer to|attributive marker|is|government|has|how much|attributive marker|ability
National capacity refers to how much power the government has
确保 秩序 和 执行 政策 ,
què bǎo|zhì xù|hé|zhí xíng|zhèng cè
ensure|order|and|execute|policy
to ensure order and implement policies,
包括 公务员 以及 司法 系统 等等 。
bāo kuò|gōng wù yuán|yǐ jí|sī fǎ|xì tǒng|děng děng
including|civil servants|as well as|judicial|system|etc
Including civil servants and the judicial system, etc.
这个 国家 能力 不能 太 弱 ,
zhè ge|guó jiā|néng lì|bù néng|tài|ruò
this|country|ability|cannot|too|weak
This country's capacity cannot be too weak,
太弱 你 连 保障 言论 自由 法治 这些 民主 元素 都 难 ,
tài ruò|nǐ|lián|bǎo zhàng|yán lùn|zì yóu|fǎ zhì|zhè xiē|mín zhǔ|yuán sù|dōu|nán
too weak|you|even|guarantee|speech|freedom|rule of law|these|democracy|elements|all|difficult
If it's too weak, you can hardly guarantee elements of democracy like freedom of speech and the rule of law,
甚至 保障 基本 的 治安 和 政策 执行 都 无法 完成 。
shèn zhì|bǎo zhàng|jī běn|de|zhì ān|hé|zhèng cè|zhí xíng|dōu|wú fǎ|wán chéng
even|guarantee|basic|attributive marker|security|and|policy|execution|all|unable to|complete
and you won't even be able to ensure basic public safety and policy implementation.
你 像 非洲 拉美 的 一些 国家 ,
nǐ|xiàng|fēi zhōu|lā měi|de|yī xiē|guó jiā
you|like|Africa|Latin America|attributive marker|some|countries
You are like some countries in Africa and Latin America,
毒贩 甚至 可以 把持 一方 。
dú fàn|shèn zhì|kě yǐ|bǎ chí|yī fāng
drug dealer|even|can|control|one side
where drug traffickers can even control a region.
但是 国家 能力 太 强 ,
dàn shì|guó jiā|néng lì|tài|qiáng
but|country|ability|too|strong
However, if the state's power is too strong,
则 又 常常 触犯 到 公民 的 基本 权利 ,
zé|yòu|cháng cháng|chù fàn|dào|gōng mín|de|jī běn|quán lì
then|also|often|violate|to|citizen|attributive marker|basic|rights
it often infringes on the basic rights of citizens.
如 当年 的 共产 和 法西斯 政府 ,
rú|dāng nián|de|gòng chǎn|hé|fǎ xī sī|zhèng fǔ
like|back then|attributive marker|communist|and|fascist|government
Like the communist and fascist governments of the past,
包括 现在 国内 的 越来越 高 的 天网 和 大数据 监控 。
bāo kuò|xiàn zài|guó nèi|de|yuè lái yuè|gāo|de|tiān wǎng|hé|dà shù jù|jiān kòng
include|now|domestic|attributive marker|increasingly|high|attributive marker|SkyNet|and|big data|surveillance
including the increasingly high levels of SkyNet and big data surveillance in the country now.
苏联 可以 分 分钟 把 不听话 的 人民 送到 古拉格 。
sū lián|kě yǐ|fēn|fēn zhōng|bǎ|bù tīng huà|de|rén mín|sòng dào|gǔ lā gé
Soviet Union|can|minute|minute|to|disobedient|attributive marker|people|send to|Gulag
The Soviet Union could send disobedient citizens to the Gulag in minutes.
所以 你 需要 一个 折中 。
suǒ yǐ|nǐ|xū yào|yī gè|zhé zhōng
so|you|need|one|compromise
So you need a compromise.
你 像 欧美 以及 韩日 台新 等 国家 ,
nǐ|xiàng|ōu měi|yǐ jí|hán rì|tái xīn|děng|guó jiā
you|like|Europe and America|as well as|Korea and Japan|Taiwan and Singapore|etc|countries
You are like countries such as Europe, the United States, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and Singapore,
他们 的 国家 能力 可以 说 是 比较 适中 ,
tā men|de|guó jiā|néng lì|kě yǐ|shuō|shì|bǐ jiào|shì zhōng
they|attributive marker|country|capability|can|say|is|relatively|moderate
Their national capabilities can be said to be relatively moderate,
确保 政策 执行 的 同时 权力 也 被 约束 。
què bǎo|zhèng cè|zhí xíng|de|tóng shí|quán lì|yě|bèi|yuē shù
ensure|policy|execution|attributive marker|at the same time|power|also|be|constrained
ensuring that while policies are implemented, power is also constrained.
那么 既然 苏联 有 较 强 的 国家 能力 ,
nà me|jì rán|sū lián|yǒu|jiào|qiáng|de|guó jiā|néng lì
then|since|Soviet Union|has|relatively|strong|attributive marker|national|capability
So since the Soviet Union had a relatively strong national capability,
只要 一步步 的 稳步 改革 ,
zhǐ yào|yī bù bù|de|wěn bù|gǎi gé
as long as|step by step|attributive marker|steadily|reform
As long as there are steady reforms step by step,
成功 就 可以 预期 。
chéng gōng|jiù|kě yǐ|yù qī
success|then|can|expect
success can be expected.
然而 ,叶利钦 一心 模仿 资本主义 ,
rán ér|yè lì qīn|yī xīn|mó fǎng|zī běn zhǔ yì
however|Yeltsin|wholeheartedly|imitate|capitalism
However, Yeltsin was determined to imitate capitalism,
他 认为 苏联 太过 集权 ,
tā|rèn wéi|sū lián|tài guò|jí quán
he|believes|Soviet Union|too|centralized power
he believed that the Soviet Union was too centralized,
需要 大量 放权 。
xū yào|dà liàng|fàng quán
need|a large amount of|delegate power
There is a need for significant decentralization.
比如 他 和 州政府 签订 了 协议 ,
bǐ rú|tā|hé|zhōu zhèng fǔ|qiān dìng|le|xié yì
for example|he|and|state government|signed|past tense marker|agreement
For example, he signed an agreement with the state government,
尽量 减少 干涉 ,
jìn liàng|jiǎn shǎo|gān shè
as much as possible|reduce|interference
to minimize interference,
允许 私人 积累 财富 。
yǔn xǔ|sī rén|jī lěi|cái fù
allow|private|accumulate|wealth
and allow individuals to accumulate wealth.
这些 其实 也 没 大 问题 ,
zhè xiē|qí shí|yě|méi|dà|wèn tí
these|actually|also|no|big|problem
These actually aren't a big problem,
欧美 的 联邦制 也 是 如此 ,
ōu méi|de|lián bāng zhì|yě|shì|rú cǐ
Europe and America|attributive marker|federal system|also|is|such
the federal systems in Europe and America are also like this,
但 两者 却 有 很大 的 区别 。
dàn|liǎng zhě|què|yǒu|hěn dà|de|qū bié
but|both|however|have|significant|attributive marker|difference
but there are significant differences between the two.
欧美 的 政治 和 经济 制度 已经 健全 ,
ōu měi|de|zhèng zhì|hé|jīng jì|zhì dù|yǐ jīng|jiàn quán
Europe and America|attributive marker|political|and|economic|system|already|sound
The political and economic systems in Europe and America are already well-established,
需 政府 尽量 不 干预 市场 。
xū|zhèng fǔ|jìn liàng|bù|gān yù|shì chǎng
need|government|as much as possible|not|intervene|market
The government should try not to intervene in the market.
而 俄罗斯 百足之虫 急需 改革 ,
ér|é luó sī|bǎi zú zhī chóng|jí xū|gǎi gé
but|Russia|centipede|urgently need|reform
Meanwhile, Russia's centipede is in urgent need of reform,
过度 削弱 国家 能力 显然 不行 。
guò dù|xuē ruò|guó jiā|néng lì|xiǎn rán|bù xíng
excessive|weaken|national|capability|obviously|not acceptable
and excessively weakening the state's capabilities is clearly not feasible.
此外 ,苏联 的 精英 层 也 就是 当年 的 苏共 干部 ,
cǐ wài|sū lián|de|jīng yīng|céng|yě|jiù shì|dāng nián|de|sū gòng|gàn bù
in addition|Soviet Union|attributive marker|elite|level|also|is|back then|attributive marker|Soviet Communist Party|cadres
In addition, the elite class of the Soviet Union was essentially the cadres of the Soviet Communist Party back then.
这批 官僚 集团 加上 亲属 共有 300 万 ,
zhè pī|guān liáo|jí tuán|jiā shàng|qīn shǔ|gòng yǒu|300 wàn
this batch|bureaucrats|group|plus|relatives|total|3 million
This group of bureaucrats and their relatives totals 3 million,
约 占 全国 人口 的 1.5% 。
yuē|zhàn|quán guó|rén kǒu|de
approximately|account for|national|population|attributive marker
which accounts for about 1.5% of the national population.
他们 对 俄罗斯 这 条 大船 到底 要 往 哪 走 并不 清楚 。
tā men|duì|é luó sī|zhè|tiáo|dà chuán|dào dǐ|yào|wǎng|nǎ|zǒu|bìng bù|qīng chǔ
they|towards|Russia|this|measure word for long objects|big ship|exactly|want|towards|where|go|not at all|clear
They are unclear about where this great ship of Russia is headed.
他们 怕 未来 失去 权力 ,
tā men|pà|wèi lái|shī qù|quán lì
they|afraid|future|lose|power
They fear losing power in the future,
便 自发 的 选择 了 集体 削弱 政府 职能 ,
biàn|zì fā|de|xuǎn zé|le|jí tǐ|xuē ruò|zhèng fǔ|zhí néng
then|spontaneously|attributive marker|choose|past tense marker|collective|weaken|government|functions
Voluntarily chose to collectively weaken government functions,
懒政 怠政 中饱私囊 ,
lǎn zhèng|dài zhèng|zhōng bǎo sī náng
lazy governance|neglect of duty|pocketing personal gains
engaging in lazy governance and filling their own pockets,
导致 俄罗斯 的 国家 能力 再次 削弱 。
dǎo zhì|é luó sī|de|guó jiā|néng lì|zài cì|xuē ruò
lead to|Russia|attributive marker|national|capability|again|weaken
resulting in the further weakening of Russia's national capacity.
苏联 后期 经济 几乎 崩溃 ,
sū lián|hòu qī|jīng jì|jī hū|bēng kuì
Soviet Union|later period|economy|almost|collapse
The economy in the late Soviet period was almost in collapse,
不再 公布 经济 数据 。
bù zài|gōng bù|jīng jì|shù jù
no longer|publish|economic|data
No longer publish economic data.
俄罗斯 继承 了 苏联 的 衣钵 ,
é luó sī|jì chéng|le|sū lián|de|yī bō
Russia|inherited|past tense marker|Soviet Union|attributive marker|legacy
Russia has inherited the legacy of the Soviet Union,
内 外债 高筑 ,
nèi|wài zhài|gāo zhù
domestic|external debt|high build-up
with high internal and external debts,
一堆 半死不活 的 国企 。
yī duī|bàn sǐ bù huó|de|guó qǐ
a pile of|half-dead|attributive marker|state-owned enterprises
and a bunch of half-dead state-owned enterprises.
由于 生产 积极性 的 缺失 ,
yóu yú|shēng chǎn|jī jí xìng|de|quē shī
due to|production|enthusiasm|attributive marker|lack
Due to the lack of production enthusiasm,
社会 总供给 严重 匮乏 ,
shè huì|zǒng gòng jǐ|yán zhòng|kuì fá
society|total supply|serious|scarcity
the overall social supply is severely lacking,
再 加上 恶性 通胀 ,
zài|jiā shàng|è xìng|tōng zhàng
again|plus|vicious|inflation
and coupled with vicious inflation,
所有 物品 都 得 凭 票证 定额 供应 。
suǒ yǒu|wù pǐn|dōu|děi|píng|piào zhèng|dìng é|gōng yìng
all|items|all|must|with|tickets|quota|supply
all items must be supplied according to rationing tickets.
叶利钦 此时 认为 俄罗斯 的 改革 不能 再 小打小闹 ,
yè lì jīn|cǐ shí|rèn wéi|é luó sī|de|gǎi gé|bù néng|zài|xiǎo dǎ xiǎo nào
Yeltsin|at this time|believes|Russia|attributive marker|reform|cannot|anymore|petty squabbling
Yeltsin at this time believed that Russia's reforms could no longer be half-hearted.
必须 100 天 跑步 进入 资本主义 。
bì xū|tiān|pǎo bù|jìn rù|zī běn zhǔ yì
must|days|run|enter|capitalism
It must sprint into capitalism in 100 days.
这个 说法 听 起来 是不是 很 熟悉 ?
zhè ge|shuō fǎ|tīng|qǐ lái|shì bú shì|hěn|shú xī
this|statement|sound|like|is it|very|familiar
Doesn't this statement sound very familiar?
上次 提出 类似 说法 的 是 中国 1958 年 开始 的 大跃进 ,
shàng cì|tí chū|lèi sì|shuō fǎ|de|shì|zhōng guó|1958 nián|kāi shǐ|de|dà yuè jìn
last time|propose|similar|statement|attributive marker|is|China|year 1958|started|attributive marker|Great Leap Forward
The last time a similar statement was made was during China's Great Leap Forward that started in 1958.
结果 造成 了 悲惨 的 三年 饥荒 。
jié guǒ|zào chéng|le|bēi cǎn|de|sān nián|jī huāng
result|caused|past tense marker|tragic|attributive marker|three years|famine
The result caused a tragic three-year famine.
所以 听到 类似 说法 需 保持 警惕 。
suǒ yǐ|tīng dào|lèi sì|shuō fǎ|xū|bǎo chí|jǐng tì
so|hear|similar|statement|need|maintain|vigilance
So one must remain vigilant when hearing similar statements.
叶利钦 联合 少壮派 35 岁 的 盖达尔 ,
yè lì qīn|lián hé|shào zhuàng pài|suì|de|gài dá ěr
Yeltsin|united|young reformers|years old|attributive marker|Gaidar
Yeltsin united with the young reformer 35-year-old Gaidar,
设计 了 一套 休克 疗法 方案 ,
shè jì|le|yī tào|xiū kè|liáo fǎ|fāng àn
design|past tense marker|one set|shock|therapy|plan
and designed a shock therapy program.
准备 给 俄罗斯 来 一次 大 手术 。
zhǔn bèi|gěi|é luó sī|lái|yī cì|dà|shǒu shù
prepare|for|Russia|to|one|major|surgery
Prepare to give Russia a major operation.
我们 简单 说 下 这个 休克 疗法 。
wǒ men|jiǎn dān|shuō|xià|zhè ge|xiū kè|liáo fǎ
we|simple|talk|about|this|shock|therapy
Let's briefly discuss this shock therapy.
休克 疗法 是 芝加哥 经济 学派 提出 的
xiū kè|liáo fǎ|shì|zhī jiā gē|jīng jì|xué pài|tí chū|de
shock|therapy|is|Chicago|economics|school of thought|proposed|attributive marker
Shock therapy was proposed by the Chicago School of Economics.
针对 通货膨胀 严重 的 国家 ,
zhēn duì|tōng huò péng zhàng|yán zhòng|de|guó jiā
targeting|inflation|serious|attributive marker|country
It is aimed at countries with severe inflation.
尤其 是 原 计划经济 国家 。
yóu qí|shì|yuán|jì huà jīng jì|guó jiā
especially|is|original|planned economy|country
Especially in countries with a planned economy.
当 一国 出现 供需 严重 失衡 和 恶性 通胀 的 时候 ,
dāng|yī guó|chū xiàn|gōng xū|yán zhòng|shī héng|hé|è xìng|tōng zhàng|de|shí hòu
when|one country|appear|supply and demand|serious|imbalance|and|vicious|inflation|attributive marker|time
When a country experiences severe supply and demand imbalances and hyperinflation,
可以 采取 主动 放松 价格 管制 ,
kě yǐ|cǎi qǔ|zhǔ dòng|fàng sōng|jià gé|guǎn zhì
can|take|proactive|relax|price|control
it can take proactive measures to relax price controls,
减少 国家 补助 以及 快速 贸易 自由化 ,
jiǎn shǎo|guó jiā|bǔ zhù|yǐ jí|kuài sù|mào yì|zì yóu huà
reduce|country|subsidy|and|rapid|trade|liberalization
reduce state subsidies, and rapidly liberalize trade.
让 经济 系统 恢复 平衡 和 自我 调节 ,
ràng|jīng jì|xì tǒng|huī fù|píng héng|hé|zì wǒ|tiáo jié
let|economy|system|restore|balance|and|self|regulate
Let the economic system restore balance and self-regulation,
当然 这 需要 一定 的 时间 和 短期 阵痛 。
dāng rán|zhè|xū yào|yī dìng|de|shí jiān|hé|duǎn qī|zhèn tòng
of course|this|need|certain|attributive marker|time|and|short-term|pain
Of course, this requires a certain amount of time and short-term pain.
休克 疗法 在 七 八十年代 的 智利 和 玻利维亚 ,
xiū kè|liáo fǎ|zài|qī|bā shí nián dài|de|zhì lì|hé|bō lì wēi yà
shock|therapy|in|seven|1980s|attributive marker|Chile|and|Bolivia
Shock therapy was successfully implemented in Chile and Bolivia in the 1970s and 1980s,
以及 后来 的 东欧国家 如 波兰 都 成功 的 实施 过 。
yǐ jí|hòu lái|de|dōng ōu guó jiā|rú|bō lán|dōu|chéng gōng|de|shí shī|guò
and|later|attributive marker|Eastern European countries|such as|Poland|all|successfully|attributive marker|implement|past experience marker
as well as later in Eastern European countries like Poland.
当然 俄罗斯 体量 更 大 ,
dāng rán|é luó sī|tǐ liàng|gèng|dà
of course|Russia|size|bigger|larger
Of course, Russia is larger in scale,
计划经济 程度 更高 ,
jì huà jīng jì|chéng dù|gèng gāo
planned economy|degree|higher
and has a higher degree of planned economy,
通过 休克 疗法 来 稳定 系统 的 难度 显然 要 比 波兰 高 得 多 。
tōng guò|xiū kè|liáo fǎ|lái|wěn dìng|xì tǒng|de|nán dù|xiǎn rán|yào|bǐ|bō lán|gāo|de|duō
through|shock|therapy|to|stabilize|system|attributive marker|difficulty|obviously|to be|than|Poland|high|degree marker|much
the difficulty of stabilizing the system through shock therapy is obviously much higher than in Poland.
1992 年 1 月 2 日 ,
nián|yuè|rì
year|month|day
On January 2, 1992,
俄罗斯 正式 实施 休克 疗法 。
é luó sī|zhèng shì|shí shī|xiū kè|liáo fǎ
Russia|officially|implement|shock|therapy
Russia officially implements shock therapy.
第一 ,价格 自由化 。
dì yī|jià gé|zì yóu huà
first|price|liberalization
First, price liberalization.
俄罗斯 一次性 放开 了 大约 90% 的 消费品 的 价格 。
é luó sī|yī cì xìng|fàng kāi|le|dà yuē|de|xiāo fèi pǐn|de|jià gé
Russia|once and for all|lift|past tense marker|approximately|attributive marker|consumer goods|attributive marker|prices
Russia has once and for all released about 90% of consumer goods prices.
第二 ,实行 紧缩 的 财政 货币 政策 。
dì èr|shí xíng|jǐn suō|de|cái zhèng|huò bì|zhèng cè
second|implement|tight|attributive marker|fiscal|monetary|policy
Second, a tight fiscal and monetary policy is implemented.
俄罗斯 政府 提高 税率 增加 预算 收入 ,
é luó sī|zhèng fǔ|tí gāo|shuì lǜ|zēng jiā|yù suàn|shōu rù
Russia|government|increase|tax rate|increase|budget|revenue
The Russian government is raising tax rates to increase budget revenue,
并且 大力 压缩 政府 投资 ,
bìng qiě|dà lì|yā suō|zhèng fǔ|tóu zī
and|vigorously|compress|government|investment
and is significantly cutting government investment,
大幅度 削减 各种 补贴 和 援助 。
dà fú dù|xuē jiǎn|gè zhǒng|bǔ tiē|hé|yuán zhù
large-scale|cut|various|subsidies|and|aid
drastically reducing various subsidies and aid.
第三 ,大规模 私有化 。
dì sān|dà guī mó|sī yǒu huà
third|large-scale|privatization
Thirdly, large-scale privatization.
这 包括 各类 小型 商业 和 工业 的 私有化 ,
zhè|bāo kuò|gè lèi|xiǎo xíng|shāng yè|hé|gōng yè|de|sī yǒu huà
this|includes|various types|small-scale|business|and|industrial|attributive marker|privatization
This includes the privatization of various small businesses and industries,
以及 大中型 国有企业 的 私有化 。
yǐ jí|dà zhōng xíng|guó yǒu qǐ yè|de|sī yǒu huà
and|large and medium-sized|state-owned enterprises|attributive marker|privatization
as well as the privatization of large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises.
这 三点 看上去 的确 很 美好 ,
zhè|sān diǎn|kàn shàng qù|dí què|hěn|měi hǎo
this|three points|seem|indeed|very|beautiful
These three points do indeed look very promising,
但是 问题 又 来 了 。
dàn shì|wèn tí|yòu|lái|le
but|problem|again|come|emphasis marker
but then the problems arise.
前面 我们 讲到 的 俄罗斯 的 国家 能力 被 大大 削弱 ,
qián miàn|wǒ men|jiǎng dào|de|é luó sī|de|guó jiā|néng lì|bèi|dà dà|xuē ruò
in front|we|talked about|attributive marker|Russia|attributive marker|national|capability|passive marker|greatly|weaken
Earlier, we talked about how Russia's national power has been greatly weakened,
而且 各类 机构 和 制度 还是 苏联 时代 ,
ér qiě|gè lèi|jī gòu|hé|zhì dù|hái shì|sū lián|shí dài
moreover|various types|institutions|and|systems|still|Soviet Union|era
and various institutions and systems are still from the Soviet era,
面对 如此 巨大 的 政策 调整 ,
miàn duì|rú cǐ|jù dà|de|zhèng cè|tiáo zhěng
face|such|huge|attributive marker|policy|adjustment
facing such a huge policy adjustment,
你 要 如何 去 执行 呢 ?
nǐ|yào|rú hé|qù|zhí xíng|ne
you|want|how|to|execute|emphasis marker
how are you going to implement it?
举个 例子 ,货币 自由化 ,
jǔ gè|lì zi|huò bì|zì yóu huà
give a|example|currency|liberalization
For example, currency liberalization,
俄罗斯 当时 连 央行 以及 商业银行 的 基本 职能 和 设施 都 不 完备 ,
é luó sī|dāng shí|lián|yāng háng|yǐ jí|shāng yè yín háng|de|jī běn|zhí néng|hé|shè shī|dōu|bù|wán bèi
Russia|at that time|even|central bank|and|commercial bank|attributive marker|basic|functions|and|facilities|all|not|complete
At that time, Russia's central bank and commercial banks did not even have basic functions and facilities,
还是 共产 时代 的 老 系统 ,
hái shì|gòng chǎn|shí dài|de|lǎo|xì tǒng
still|communist|era|attributive marker|old|system
still the old system from the communist era,
你 让 一个 共产主义 系统 如何 去 执行 货币 自由化 呢 ?
nǐ|ràng|yī gè|gòng chǎn zhǔ yì|xì tǒng|rú hé|qù|zhí xíng|huò bì|zì yóu huà|ne
you|let|one|communist|system|how|to|implement|currency|liberalization|emphasis marker
How can you expect a communist system to implement currency liberalization?
另外 体制 内 精英 层 都 在 想着 如何 中饱私囊 ,
lìng wài|tǐ zhì|nèi|jīng yīng|céng|dōu|zài|xiǎng zhe|rú hé|zhōng bǎo sī náng
additionally|system|within|elite|level|all|are|thinking about|how|line their own pockets
Moreover, the elite within the system are all thinking about how to line their own pockets.
你 这时候 突然 说 要 放任不管 鼓励 私有化 ,
nǐ|zhè shí hòu|tū rán|shuō|yào|fàng rèn bù guǎn|gǔ lì|sī yǒu huà
you|at this time|suddenly|say|want|laissez-faire|encourage|privatization
At this time, if you suddenly say you want to laissez-faire and encourage privatization,
那 国企 老总 自然 就 摇身一变 都 变成 私有 寡头 。
nà|guó qǐ|lǎo zǒng|zì rán|jiù|yáo shēn yī biàn|dōu|biàn chéng|sī yǒu|guǎ tóu
that|state-owned enterprise|boss|naturally|then|transform|all|become|private|oligarch
then the heads of state-owned enterprises will naturally transform into private oligarchs.
这种 现象 在 朱镕基 “国企改革” 的 时候 也 有 很多 。
zhè zhǒng|xiàn xiàng|zài|zhū róng jī|guó qǐ gǎi gé|de|shí hòu|yě|yǒu|hěn duō
this|phenomenon|at|Zhu Rongji|'state-owned enterprise reform'|attributive marker|time|also|have|many
This phenomenon was also very common during Zhu Rongji's "state-owned enterprise reform."
俄罗斯 的 休克 疗法 结果 自然 是 很 悲惨 的 。
é luó sī|de|xiū kè|liáo fǎ|jié guǒ|zì rán|shì|hěn|bēi cǎn|de
Russia|attributive marker|shock|therapy|result|naturally|is|very|tragic|attributive marker
The results of Russia's shock therapy were naturally very tragic.
凤凰 涅槃 没 实现 ,
fèng huáng|niè pán|méi|shí xiàn
phoenix|nirvana|not|achieve
The phoenix did not rise from the ashes,
国民经济 与 人民 生活 水平 一落千丈 。
guó mín jīng jì|yǔ|rén mín|shēng huó|shuǐ píng|yī luò qiān zhàng
national economy|and|people's|living|standard|plummet drastically
and the national economy and people's living standards plummeted.
此后 俄罗斯 经济 连续 7 年 负增长 ,
cǐ hòu|é luó sī|jīng jì|lián xù|7 nián|fù zēng zhǎng
after this|Russia|economy|continuously|7 years|negative growth
After that, the Russian economy experienced negative growth for seven consecutive years.
生产总值 累计 下降 40% ,
shēng chǎn zǒng zhí|lěi jì|xià jiàng
gross domestic product|cumulative|decline
Gross domestic product has decreased by 40% cumulatively.
广大 工薪阶层 的 收入 更是 剧减 。
guǎng dà|gōng xīn jiē céng|de|shōu rù|gèng shì|jù jiǎn
vast|wage earners|attributive marker|income|even more|drastically reduce
The income of the vast working class has also drastically reduced.
俄罗斯 老百姓 纷纷 举行 各种 抗议 活动 。
é luó sī|lǎo bǎi xìng|fēn fēn|jǔ xíng|gè zhǒng|kàng yì|huó dòng
Russia|common people|one after another|hold|various|protest|activities
The Russian people have been holding various protest activities.
然而 此时 的 叶利钦 却 对 他们 进行 血腥 镇压 。
rán ér|cǐ shí|de|yè lì qīn|què|duì|tā men|jìn xíng|xuè xīng|zhèn yā
however|at this time|attributive marker|Yeltsin|but|towards|them|carry out|bloody|suppression
However, at this time, Yeltsin brutally suppressed them.
别忘了 叶利钦 可是 当年 俄罗斯联邦 最高 苏维埃 主席 ,
bié wàng le|yè lì qīn|kě shì|dāng nián|é luó sī lián bāng|zuì gāo|sū wéi āi|zhǔ xí
don't forget|Yeltsin|but|back then|Russian Federation|highest|Soviet|chairman
Don't forget that Yeltsin was the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation back then.
身上 免不了 有 那个 时代 的 印记 ,
shēn shàng|miǎn bù liǎo|yǒu|nà gè|shí dài|de|yìn jì
on the body|unavoidable|have|that|era|attributive marker|mark
He inevitably carries the marks of that era.
共产 国家 领导人 都 比较 擅长 镇压 民众 。
gòng chǎn|guó jiā|lǐng dǎo rén|dōu|bǐ jiào|shàn cháng|zhèn yā|mín zhòng
communist|country|leader|all|relatively|good at|suppress|people
Leaders of communist countries are generally more adept at suppressing the populace.
在 1992 年 初 到 1993 年 上半年 ,
zài|nián|chū|dào|nián|shàng bàn nián
at|year|beginning|to|year|first half of the year
In early 1992 to the first half of 1993,
俄罗斯 发生 了 多起 军警 暴力 镇压 群众 集会 的 流血事件 。
é luó sī|fā shēng|le|duō qǐ|jūn jǐng|bào lì|zhèn yā|qún zhòng|jí huì|de|liú xuè shì jiàn
Russia|happen|past tense marker|multiple|military police|violence|suppress|crowd|assembly|attributive marker|bloody incidents
Russia has experienced multiple bloody incidents of military and police violently suppressing public gatherings.
此时 叶利钦 也 已 意识 到 国家 能力 的 不足 ,
cǐ shí|yè lì qīn|yě|yǐ|yì shí|dào|guó jiā|néng lì|de|bù zú
at this time|Yeltsin|also|already|realize|to|country|capability|attributive marker|inadequacy
At this time, Yeltsin also realized the inadequacy of the country's capabilities,
自己 还 处处 受到 宪法 和 议会 的 限制 。
zì jǐ|hái|chù chù|shòu dào|xiàn fǎ|hé|yì huì|de|xiàn zhì
oneself|still|everywhere|be subject to|constitution|and|parliament|attributive marker|restrictions
and that he was constantly restricted by the constitution and the parliament.
于是 他 想到 了 修宪 ,
yú shì|tā|xiǎng dào|le|xiū xiàn
so|he|thought of|past tense marker|constitutional amendment
So he thought of amending the constitution,
想要 一次性 扩大 总统 的 权力 (并非 要求 终身 )。
xiǎng yào|yī cì xìng|kuò dà|zǒng tǒng|de|quán lì|bìng fēi|yāo qiú|zhōng shēn
want|one-time|expand|president|attributive marker|power|not|demand|lifetime
Want to expand the president's powers all at once (not a demand for a lifetime).
但 这 提法 遭到 了 议会 的 强烈 反对 。
dàn|zhè|tí fǎ|zāo dào|le|yì huì|de|qiáng liè|fǎn duì
but|this|proposal|faced|past tense marker|parliament|attributive marker|strong|opposition
But this proposal faced strong opposition from the parliament.
1993 年 9 月 21 日 ,
nián|yuè|rì
year|month|day
On September 21, 1993,
叶利钦 发表 电视 讲话 ,
yè lì qīn|fā biǎo|diàn shì|jiǎng huà
Yeltsin|deliver|television|speech
Yeltsin delivered a televised speech,
宣布 解散 人民代表大会 ,
xuān bù|jiě sàn|rén mín dài biǎo dà huì
announce|dissolve|People's Congress
Announce the dissolution of the People's Congress,
提前 举行 新 议会 的 选举 。
tí qián|jǔ xíng|xīn|yì huì|de|xuǎn jǔ
ahead of schedule|hold|new|parliament|attributive marker|election
and hold early elections for the new parliament.
随后 最高 苏维埃 则 宣布 叶利钦 违宪 ,
suí hòu|zuì gāo|sū wéi āi|zé|xuān bù|yè lì qīn|wéi xiàn
subsequently|supreme|Soviet|then|announced|Yeltsin|unconstitutional
Subsequently, the Supreme Soviet declared Yeltsin unconstitutional,
由 支持 议会 的 副 总统 鲁茨 科依任 代 总统 。
yóu|zhī chí|yì huì|de|fù|zǒng tǒng|lǔ cí|kē yī rèn|dài|zǒng tǒng
by|support|parliament|attributive marker|vice|president|Lutz|Koyren|acting|president
and Vice President Rutskoy, who supported the parliament, assumed the presidency.
总统 和 议会 斗争 达到 白热化 。
zǒng tǒng|hé|yì huì|dòu zhēng|dá dào|bái rè huà
president|and|parliament|struggle|reach|boiling point
The struggle between the president and the parliament has reached a fever pitch.
叶利钦 作为 前 共产 领导人 自然 也 不 吃素 ,
yè lì qīn|zuò wéi|qián|gòng chǎn|lǐng dǎo rén|zì rán|yě|bù|chī sù
Yeltsin|as|former|communist|leader|naturally|also|not|vegetarian
Yeltsin, as a former Communist leader, naturally does not hold back.
他 派 军队 包围 了 议会 所在地 ,
tā|pài|jūn duì|bāo wéi|le|yì huì|suǒ zài dì
he|sent|army|surrounded|past tense marker|parliament|location
He surrounded the parliament's location with troops.
切断 了 议会 同 外界 的 联系 。
qiē duàn|le|yì huì|tóng|wài jiè|de|lián xì
cut off|past tense marker|parliament|with|outside world|attributive marker|connection
He cut off the parliament's contact with the outside world.
但 议会 得到 越来越 多 的 群众 前来 保卫 。
dàn|yì huì|dé dào|yuè lái yuè|duō|de|qún zhòng|qián lái|bǎo wèi
but|parliament|receive|more and more|many|attributive marker|crowd|come to|defend
But the parliament is receiving more and more crowds coming to defend it.
在 双方 对峙 的 十余天 后 ,
zài|shuāng fāng|duì zhì|de|shí yú tiān|hòu
at|both sides|confront|attributive marker|more than ten days|after
After more than ten days of standoff between the two sides,
部署 在 附近 的 坦克 开始 进行 炮击 ,
bù shǔ|zài|fù jìn|de|tǎn kè|kāi shǐ|jìn xíng|pào jī
deploy|at|nearby|attributive marker|tank|start|conduct|shelling
the tanks deployed nearby began shelling,
议会 被 攻陷 ,
yì huì|bèi|gōng xiàn
parliament|by|attacked and captured
and the parliament was breached.
数百人 丧生 。
shù bǎi rén|sàng shēng
hundreds of people|lost their lives
Hundreds of people lost their lives.
这 就是 所谓 的 ”十月 事件 “。
zhè|jiù shì|suǒ wèi|de|shí yuè|shì jiàn
this|is|so-called|attributive marker|October|event
This is what is known as the 'October Incident'.
“十月 事件 ”后 ,
shí yuè|shì jiàn|hòu
October|event|after
After the 'October Incident',
叶利钦 加速 集权 。
yè lì qīn|jiā sù|jí quán
Yeltsin|accelerate|centralization
Yeltsin accelerated the centralization of power.
他 发表 一系列 命令 ,
tā|fā biǎo|yī xì liè|mìng lìng
he|issue|a series of|orders
He issued a series of commands,
暂停 宪法 法院 以及 各级 议会 的 活动 ,
zàn tíng|xiàn fǎ|fǎ yuàn|yǐ jí|gè jí|yì huì|de|huó dòng
suspend|constitutional|court|and|all levels|parliament|attributive marker|activities
suspending the activities of the constitutional court and various levels of parliament,
改变 地方 自治 制度 ,
gǎi biàn|dì fāng|zì zhì|zhì dù
change|local|autonomy|system
changing the local autonomy system,
修改 一系列 现行 的 法律 和 法规 。
xiū gǎi|yī xì liè|xiàn xíng|de|fǎ lǜ|hé|fǎ guī
modify|a series of|current|attributive marker|laws|and|regulations
and amending a series of existing laws and regulations.
与此同时 ,叶利钦 于 1993 年 12 月 通过 新 的 宪法 草案 ,
yǔ zhòng tóng shí|yè lì qīn|yú|1993 nián|12 yuè|tōng guò|xīn|de|xiàn fǎ|cǎo àn
at the same time|Yeltsin|at|year 1993|December|through|new|attributive marker|constitution|draft
At the same time, Yeltsin passed a new draft constitution in December 1993,
大大 扩大 了 总统 的 权限 ,
dà dà|kuò dà|le|zǒng tǒng|de|quán xiàn
greatly|expand|past tense marker|president|attributive marker|powers
which greatly expanded the powers of the president,
并 极大 的 限制 议会 。
bìng|jí dà|de|xiàn zhì|yì huì
and|greatly|attributive marker|restrict|parliament
and significantly restricted the parliament.
至此 ,叶利钦 把 俄罗斯 带入 了 准 专制 色彩 的 资本主义 制度 。
zhì cǐ|yè lì qīn|bǎ|é luó sī|dài rù|le|zhǔn|zhuān zhì|sè cǎi|de|zī běn zhǔ yì|zhì dù
up to this point|Yeltsin|bring|Russia|lead into|past tense marker|quasi|authoritarian|color|attributive marker|capitalism|system
By this point, Yeltsin had led Russia into a quasi-authoritarian capitalist system.
经济 的 大幅 倒退 加上 叶利钦 的 独断专行 ,
jīng jì|de|dà fú|dào tuì|jiā shàng|yè lì qīn|de|dú duàn zhuān xíng
economy|attributive marker|significantly|regression|plus|Yeltsin|attributive marker|autocratic rule
The significant economic recession combined with Yeltsin's autocratic rule,
到 了 1996 年 总统 选举 前夕 ,
dào|le|1996 nián|zǒng tǒng|xuǎn jǔ|qián xī
to|emphasis marker|year 1996|president|election|eve
by the eve of the 1996 presidential election,
叶利钦 的 支持率 下降 到 2% 的 最低点 。
yè lì qīn|de|zhī chí lǜ|xià jiàng|dào|de|zuì dī diǎn
Yeltsin|attributive marker|support rate|decline|to|attributive marker|lowest point
Yeltsin's approval rating had dropped to a low of 2%.
在 同年 的 议会 选举 中 ,
zài|tóng nián|de|yì huì|xuǎn jǔ|zhōng
in|same year|attributive marker|parliament|election|during
In the parliamentary elections of the same year,
俄共 取得 了 重大 胜利 ,
é gòng|qǔ dé|le|zhòng dà|shèng lì
Russian Communist Party|achieve|past tense marker|significant|victory
The Communist Party of Russia achieved a significant victory,
成为 议会 第一 大 党 。
chéng wéi|yì huì|dì yī|dà|dǎng
become|parliament|first|major|party
becoming the largest party in parliament.
接着 俄共 领导人 久加诺夫 宣布 参加 总统 竞选 ,
jiē zhe|é gòng|lǐng dǎo rén|jiǔ jiā nuò fū|xuān bù|cān jiā|zǒng tǒng|jìng xuǎn
then|Russian Communist Party|leader|Zyuganov|announced|to participate|presidential|election
Then, the leader of the Communist Party, Zyuganov, announced his candidacy for the presidential election,
这 对 叶利钦 形成 了 极大 的 威胁 。
zhè|duì|yè lì qīn|xíng chéng|le|jí dà|de|wēi xié
this|to|Yeltsin|form|past tense marker|great|attributive marker|threat
which posed a great threat to Yeltsin.
随后 ,叶利钦 通过 垄断 电视台 的 寡头 裙带 大肆 攻击 俄共 ,
suí hòu|yè lì qīn|tōng guò|lǒng duàn|diàn shì tái|de|guǎ tóu|qún dài|dà sì|gōng jī|é gòng
subsequently|Yeltsin|through|monopoly|television station|attributive marker|oligarch|nepotism|rampantly|attack|Communist Party of the Russian Federation
Subsequently, Yeltsin launched a fierce attack on the Communist Party of Russia through the oligarchs who monopolized the television stations,
试图 唤起 人们 对 那个 时代 的 厌恶 。
shì tú|huàn qǐ|rén men|duì|nà ge|shí dài|de|yàn wù
attempt|evoke|people|towards|that|era|attributive marker|disgust
attempting to evoke people's disdain for that era.
同时 西方 政府 不 希望 共产党 再次 上台 ,
tóng shí|xī fāng|zhèng fǔ|bù|xī wàng|gòng chǎn dǎng|zài cì|shàng tái
at the same time|Western|government|not|hope|Communist Party|again|come to power
At the same time, Western governments did not want the Communist Party to come to power again,
也 宣布 支持 叶利钦 。
yě|xuān bù|zhī chí|yè lì qīn
also|announce|support|Yeltsin
and also declared their support for Yeltsin.
叶利钦 的 策略 被 证明 的确 有效 ,
yè lì qīn|de|cè lüè|bèi|zhèng míng|dí què|yǒu xiào
Yeltsin|attributive marker|strategy|passive marker|prove|indeed|effective
Yeltsin's strategy has indeed proven effective,
在 首轮 的 总统大选 中 ,
zài|shǒu lún|de|zǒng tǒng dà xuǎn|zhōng
in|first round|attributive marker|presidential election|during
in the first round of the presidential election,
叶利钦 得票率 35% ,
yè lì qīn|dé piào lǜ
Yeltsin|vote rate
Yeltsin received 35% of the votes,
和 久加诺夫 同时 进入 第二轮 ,
hé|jiǔ jiā nuò fū|tóng shí|jìn rù|dì èr lún
and|Kovalchuk|simultaneously|enter|second round
and entered the second round alongside Zyuganov,
并 在 第二轮 的 对决 中 ,
bìng|zài|dì èr lún|de|duì jué|zhōng
and|in|second round|attributive marker|duel|in
And in the second round of the showdown,
叶利钦 以 54% 的 优势 当选 俄罗斯联邦 第二任 总统 。
yè lì qiàn|yǐ|de|yōu shì|dāng xuǎn|é luó sī lián bāng|dì èr rèn|zǒng tǒng
Yeltsin|with|attributive marker|advantage|elected|Russian Federation|second|president
Yeltsin was elected as the second president of the Russian Federation with a 54% advantage.
选举 获胜 后 ,叶利钦 论功行赏 ,
xuǎn jǔ|huò shèng|hòu|yè lì qīn|lùn gōng xíng shǎng
election|win|after|Yeltsin|reward based on merit
After winning the election, Yeltsin rewarded his supporters,
寡头 波塔宁 被 任命 为 第一 副 总理 ,
guǎ tóu|bō tǎ níng|bèi|rèn mìng|wéi|dì yī|fù|zǒng lǐ
oligarch|Potanin|was|appointed|as|first|deputy|prime minister
and oligarch Potanin was appointed as the first deputy prime minister,
主管 经济部 。
zhǔ guǎn|jīng jì bù
supervisor|economic department
Head of the Economic Department.
另 一 寡头 别列佐 夫斯基 被 任命 为 负责 国家 安全 事务 副 秘书 ,
lìng|yī|guǎ tóu|||bèi|rèn mìng|wéi|fù zé|guó jiā|ān quán|shì wù|fù|mì shū
another|one|oligarch|||was|appointed|as|responsible for|national|security|affairs|deputy|secretary
Another oligarch, Berezovsky, was appointed as Deputy Secretary responsible for national security affairs,
由此 开 了 寡头 直接 参政 的 先例 。
yóu cǐ|kāi|le|guǎ tóu|zhí jiē|cān zhèng|de|xiān lì
from this|opened|past tense marker|oligarch|directly|participate in politics|attributive marker|precedent
thus setting a precedent for oligarchs to directly participate in politics.
选后 没多久 叶利钦 突然 病倒 ,
xuǎn hòu|méi duō jiǔ|yè lì qīn|tū rán|bìng dǎo
after the election|not long after|Yeltsin|suddenly|fell ill
Not long after the election, Yeltsin suddenly fell ill,
并动 了 心脏 大 手术 。
bìng dòng|le|xīn zàng|dà|shǒu shù
also performed|past tense marker|heart|major|surgery
And underwent major heart surgery.
在 这 前后 相当 长 的 一段 时间 内 ,
zài|zhè|qián hòu|xiāng dāng|cháng|de|yī duàn|shí jiān|nèi
at|this|around|quite|long|attributive marker|a period|time|within
During this relatively long period of time,
名义 上 总统 职务 由 总理 切尔诺梅尔金 代理 ,
míng yì|shàng|zǒng tǒng|zhí wù|yóu|zǒng lǐ|qiē ěr nuò méi ěr jīn|dài lǐ
nominal|on|president|position|by|prime minister|Chernomyrdin|acting
the nominal presidential duties were acted by Prime Minister Chernomyrdin,
实权 却 掌握 在 和 叶利钦 亲近 的 “家族 ”手里 。
shí quán|què|zhǎng wò|zài|hé|yè lì qīn|qīn jìn|de|jiā zú|shǒu lǐ
real power|but|controlled|in|and|Yeltsin|close|attributive marker|family|hands
but real power was held by the 'family' close to Yeltsin.
在 叶利钦 第二 任期 的 最后 一年 ,
zài|yè lì qīn|dì èr|rèn qī|de|zuì hòu|yī nián
at|Yeltsin|second|term|attributive marker|last|year
In the last year of Yeltsin's second term,
他 选择 了 普京 为 接班人 ,
tā|xuǎn zé|le|pǔ jīng|wéi|jiē bān rén
he|choose|past tense marker|Putin|as|successor
he chose Putin as his successor,
并 刻意 培养 普京 。
bìng|kè yì|péi yǎng|pǔ jīng
and|deliberately|cultivate|Putin
and deliberately groomed Putin.
普京 的 强人 形象 带给 俄罗斯 百姓 一丝 希望 ,
pǔ jīn|de|qiáng rén|xíng xiàng|dài gěi|é luó sī|bǎi xìng|yī sī|xī wàng
Putin|attributive marker|strongman|image|bring to|Russia|common people|a trace of|hope
Putin's strongman image brought a glimmer of hope to the Russian people,
并 在 次年 大选 获胜 。
bìng|zài|cì nián|dà xuǎn|huò shèng
and|in|next year|election|win
And won the election the following year.
在 2004 年 别斯兰 人质 危机 后 普京 威望 进一步 提升 ,
zài|2004 nián|bié sī lán|rén zhì|wēi jī|hòu|pǔ jīng|wēi wàng|jìn yī bù|tí shēng
at|year 2004|Beslan|hostage|crisis|after|Putin|prestige|further|enhance
After the Beslan hostage crisis in 2004, Putin's prestige further increased,
他 决定 进一步 集权 ,
tā|jué dìng|jìn yī bù|jí quán
he|decide|further|centralize power
he decided to further centralize power,
并 废除 州级 领导人 的 选举 ,
bìng|fèi chú|zhōu jí|lǐng dǎo rén|de|xuǎn jǔ
and|abolish|state-level|leaders|attributive marker|elections
and abolished the elections for regional leaders,
改由 他 亲自 任命 。
gǎi yóu|tā|qīn zì|rèn mìng
change to|he|personally|appoint
Changed to be appointed by him personally.
对此 就 连 叶利钦 与 戈尔巴乔夫 都 看不下去 ,
duì cǐ|jiù|lián|yè lì qīn|yǔ|gē ěr bā qiáo fū|dōu|kàn bù xià qù
regarding this|even|including|Yeltsin|and|Gorbachev|all|could not stand to watch
In this regard, even Yeltsin and Gorbachev could not stand it,
他们 出来 批评 普京 是 民主 倒退 ,
tā men|chū lái|pī píng|pǔ jīng|shì|mín zhǔ|dào tuì
they|come out|criticize|Putin|is|democracy|regression
they came out to criticize Putin for being a regression of democracy,
是 返回 苏联 时代 。
shì|fǎn huí|sū lián|shí dài
is|return|Soviet Union|era
a return to the Soviet era.
然而 此时 的 普京 并 不 给予 理睬 ,
rán ér|cǐ shí|de|pǔ jīng|bìng|bù|jǐ yǔ|lǐ cǎi
however|at this time|attributive marker|Putin|not|not|give|attention
However, at this time, Putin did not pay any attention,
继续 我行我素 ,
jì xù|wǒ xíng wǒ sù
continue|I do things my way
and continued to act according to his own will,
并 进一步 限制 言论 和 反对 势力 。
bìng|jìn yī bù|xiàn zhì|yán lùn|hé|fǎn duì|shì lì
and|further|restrict|speech|and|opposition|forces
further restricting speech and opposition forces.
后来 的 事 我们 也 都 知道 ,
hòu lái|de|shì|wǒ men|yě|dōu|zhī dào
later|attributive marker|things|we|also|all|know
We all know what happened later,
梅普 二人 把 俄罗斯 重新 带回 了 独裁 时期 。
méi pǔ|èr rén|bǎ|é luó sī|chóng xīn|dài huí|le|dú cái|shí qī
Medvedev|two people|emphasis marker|Russia|again|bring back|past tense marker|dictatorship|period
Meipu and the two brought Russia back to the dictatorship era.
纵观 俄罗斯 民主化 后 的 失败 表现 ,
zòng guān|é luó sī|mín zhǔ huà|hòu|de|shī bài|biǎo xiàn
in view of|Russia|democratization|after|attributive marker|failure|performance
Looking at the failures of Russia's post-democratization,
主要 原因 一目了然 。
zhǔ yào|yuán yīn|yī mù liǎo rán
main|reason|clear at a glance
the main reason is obvious.
第一 ,苏联 七十年 的 计划经济 积重难返 ,
dì yī|sū lián|qī shí nián|de|jì huà jīng jì|jī zhòng nán fǎn
first|Soviet Union|seventy years|attributive marker|planned economy|deeply entrenched problems are hard to change
First, the planned economy of the Soviet Union for seventy years is difficult to change.
导致 改革 一 开始 就 异常 艰巨 。
dǎo zhì|gǎi gé|yī|kāi shǐ|jiù|yì cháng|jiān jù
lead to|reform|one|start|already|exceptionally|arduous
The reform was exceptionally difficult from the very beginning.
第二 ,叶利钦 推进 改革 的 政策 和 方法 出现 严重 失误 ,
dì èr|yè lì qīn|tuī jìn|gǎi gé|de|zhèng cè|hé|fāng fǎ|chū xiàn|yán zhòng|shī wù
second|Yeltsin|promote|reform|attributive marker|policy|and|method|appear|serious|mistakes
Second, Yeltsin's policies and methods for advancing reform had serious mistakes,
导致 俄罗斯 的 民主 徒有其表 ,
dǎo zhì|é luó sī|de|mín zhǔ|tú yǒu qí biǎo
lead to|Russia|attributive marker|democracy|only for show
which led to a superficial democracy in Russia,
国家 能力 不足 ,
guó jiā|néng lì|bù zú
country|ability|insufficient
and the state's capacity was insufficient.
休克 疗法 给 下方 支撑 民主 的 经济 制度 造成 极大 伤害 。
xiū kè|liáo fǎ|gěi|xià fāng|zhī chēng|mín zhǔ|de|jīng jì|zhì dù|zào chéng|jí dà|shāng hài
shock|therapy|to|below|support|democracy|attributive marker|economic|system|cause|great|harm
Shock therapy caused great harm to the economic system that supports democracy.
第三 ,随着 俄罗斯 百姓 和 精英 的 信心 丧失 ,
dì sān|suí zhe|é luó sī|bǎi xìng|hé|jīng yīng|de|xìn xīn|sàng shī
third|with|Russia|common people|and|elites|attributive marker|confidence|loss
Third, with the loss of confidence among the Russian people and elites,
叶利钦 没 能 继续 一步一个脚印 的 推进 改革 ,
yè lì qīn|méi|néng|jì xù|yī bù yī gè jiǎo yìn|de|tuī jìn|gǎi gé
Yeltsin|not|able to|continue|step by step|attributive marker|advance|reform
Yeltsin was unable to continue advancing reforms step by step,
普京 上台 后 进一步 集权 ,
pǔ jīng|shàng tái|hòu|jìn yī bù|jí quán
Putin|take office|after|further|centralize power
and after Putin came to power, further centralization occurred.
俄罗斯 又 重新 倒退 回 威权 时代 。
é luó sī|yòu|chóng xīn|dǎo tuì|huí|wēi quán|shí dài
Russia|again|anew|regress|back|authoritarian|era
Russia has once again regressed back to an authoritarian era.
所以 俄罗斯 当前 的 困境 严格 说 不是 民主 的 锅 ,
suǒ yǐ|é luó sī|dāng qián|de|kùn jìng|yán gé|shuō|bú shì|mín zhǔ|de|guō
so|Russia|current|attributive marker|predicament|strictly|speaking|is not|democracy|attributive marker|pot
So, the current predicament of Russia is strictly not the fault of democracy,
民主 都 没 实行 几天 。
mín zhǔ|dōu|méi|shí xíng|jǐ tiān
democracy|all|not|implement|few days
as democracy was hardly implemented for a few days.
这个 锅 属于 近 一个 世纪 的 共产 集权 和 迅速 倒退 回 威权 。
zhè ge|guō|shǔ yú|jìn|yī gè|shì jì|de|gòng chǎn|jí quán|hé|xùn sù|dào tuì|huí|wēi quán
this|pot|belongs to|nearly|one|century|attributive marker|communist|centralization|and|rapid|regression|back|authoritarianism
This predicament belongs to nearly a century of communist centralization and a rapid regression back to authoritarianism.
反观 一些 东欧 国家 如 波兰 捷克 ,
fǎn guān|yī xiē|dōng ōu|guó jiā|rú|bō lán|jié kè
in contrast|some|Eastern Europe|countries|such as|Poland|Czech Republic
In contrast, some Eastern European countries like Poland and the Czech Republic,
他们 在 转型 阵痛 之后 稳扎稳打 的 推进 改革 ,
tā men|zài|zhuǎn xíng|zhèn tòng|zhī hòu|wěn zhā wěn dǎ|de|tuī jìn|gǎi gé
they|at|transformation|growing pains|after|steadily and surely|attributive marker|advance|reform
have steadily advanced reforms after the pains of transition,
目前 波兰 匈牙利 人均 已 接近 两万 美元 。
mù qián|bō lán|xiōng yá lì|rén jūn|yǐ|jiē jìn|liǎng wàn|měi yuán
currently|Poland|Hungary|per capita|already|close to|twenty thousand|US dollars
with Poland and Hungary's per capita income now approaching twenty thousand dollars.
我们 对比 俄罗斯 反观 中国 。
wǒ men|duì bǐ|é luó sī|fǎn guān|zhōng guó
we|compare|Russia|in contrast|China
We compare Russia and reflect on China.
在 1978 年 经济 崩溃 后 ,
zài|1978 nián|jīng jì|bēng kuì|hòu
at|year 1978|economy|collapse|after
After the economic collapse in 1978,
邓小平 赵紫阳 等 人 慢慢 的 推进 各项 改革 ,
dèng xiǎo píng|zhào zǐ yáng|děng|rén|màn màn|de|tuī jìn|gè xiàng|gǎi gé
Deng Xiaoping|Zhao Ziyang|etc|people|slowly|attributive marker|advance|various|reforms
Deng Xiaoping, Zhao Ziyang, and others gradually promoted various reforms,
到 朱镕基 完成 国企 改制 ,
dào|zhū róng jī|wán chéng|guó qǐ|gǎi zhì
until|Zhu Rongji|complete|state-owned enterprise|reform
until Zhu Rongji completed the restructuring of state-owned enterprises,
整整 花 了 二十年 ,
zhěng zhěng|huā|le|èr shí nián
exactly|spend|past tense marker|twenty years
it took a full twenty years,
中国 的 经济 制度 已经 基本上 对标 西方 ,
zhōng guó|de|jīng jì|zhì dù|yǐ jīng|jī běn shàng|duì biāo|xī fāng
China|attributive marker|economic|system|already|basically|benchmark|Western
China's economic system has basically aligned with the West.
我 在 中国 经济 崛起 之 谜 里 挖掘 了 整段 经济史 。
wǒ|zài|zhōng guó|jīng jì|jué qǐ|zhī|mí|lǐ|wā jué|le|zhěng duàn|jīng jì shǐ
I|in|China|economy|rise|of|mystery|in|excavate|past tense marker|entire|economic history
I have explored a whole segment of economic history in the mystery of China's economic rise.
如今 学界 公认 中国 的 崛起 靠 的 并 不是 威权 ,
rú jīn|xué jiè|gōng rèn|zhōng guó|de|jué qǐ|kào|de|bìng|bù shì|wēi quán
now|academic community|widely recognized|China|attributive marker|rise|rely on|attributive marker|not|is not|authoritarianism
Today, it is widely recognized in academia that China's rise is not based on authoritarianism.
有 太多 的 威权 国家 最后 人亡 政息 。
yǒu|tài duō|de|wēi quán|guó jiā|zuì hòu|rén wáng|zhèng xī
there are|too many|attributive marker|authoritarian|countries|ultimately|people die|government collapses
There are too many authoritarian countries that ultimately fall with the death of their leaders.
中国 是 靠着 对标 西方 逐步 完善 的 经济 制度 ,
zhōng guó|shì|kào zhe|duì biāo|xī fāng|zhú bù|wán shàn|de|jīng jì|zhì dù
China|is|relying on|benchmarking|West|gradually|improve|attributive marker|economic|system
China has gradually improved its economic system by benchmarking against the West,
并且 带有 不少 民主制 的 特色 ,
bìng qiě|dài yǒu|bù shǎo|mín zhǔ zhì|de|tè sè
and|carry|many|democratic system|attributive marker|characteristics
and it has many characteristics of a democratic system,
如 官员 公务员 责任制 ,
rú|guān yuán|gōng wù yuán|zé rèn zhì
such as|officials|public servants|responsibility system
such as the accountability system for officials and civil servants,
干部 任期制 ,
gàn bù|rèn qī zhì
cadre|term system
and the term system for cadres,
个人 财产 严格 保护 等等 。
gè rén|cái chǎn|yán gé|bǎo hù|děng děng
personal|property|strict|protection|etc
Personal property is strictly protected, etc.
当然 中国 政治 则 是 另 一个 话题 ,
dāng rán|zhōng guó|zhèng zhì|zé|shì|lìng|yī gè|huà tí
of course|China|politics|then|is|another|one|topic
Of course, Chinese politics is another topic.
目前 政治 的 进一步 集权 更是 为了 统治者 自己 服务 。
mù qián|zhèng zhì|de|jìn yī bù|jí quán|gèng shì|wèi le|tǒng zhì zhě|zì jǐ|fú wù
currently|politics|attributive marker|further|centralization of power|even more|for the purpose of|rulers|themselves|serve
Currently, the further centralization of politics is more for the benefit of the rulers themselves.
不过 也 有 学者 认为 ,
bú guò|yě|yǒu|xué zhě|rèn wéi
however|also|there are|scholars|believe
However, there are also scholars who believe that,
对比 苏联 ,
duì bǐ|sū lián
compare|Soviet Union
In comparison to the Soviet Union,
中国 的 改革 实际上 更 类似 日 韩 台 等 发展中国家 模式 ,
zhōng guó|de|gǎi gé|shí jì shàng|gèng|lèi sì|rì|hán|tái|děng|fā zhǎn zhōng guó jiā|mó shì
China|attributive marker|reform|in fact|more|similar to|Japan|Korea|Taiwan|etc|developing countries|model
China's reforms are actually more similar to the models of developing countries like Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan,
因为 中国 除 东北 的 大部分 地区 ,
yīn wèi|zhōng guó|chú|dōng běi|de|dà bù fen|dì qū
because|China|except|northeast|attributive marker|most|areas
because most regions in China, except for Northeast China,
在 改革 之初 并 不是 国企 占 多 且 高 福利 ,
zài|gǎi gé|zhī chū|bìng|bù shì|guó qǐ|zhàn|duō|qiě|gāo|fú lì
at|reform|at the beginning|not|is not|state-owned enterprises|account for|many|and|high|welfare
did not have a predominance of state-owned enterprises and high welfare at the beginning of the reforms.
而是 一穷二白 的 局面 ,
ér shì|yī qióng èr bái|de|jú miàn
but|completely impoverished|attributive marker|situation
Instead, it is a situation of being completely impoverished.
这 和 俄罗斯 以及 东欧 不同 。
zhè|hé|é luó sī|yǐ jí|dōng ōu|bù tóng
this|and|Russia|and|Eastern Europe|different
This is different from Russia and Eastern Europe.
中国 的 东北地区 更 类似 俄罗斯 ,
zhōng guó|de|dōng běi dì qū|gèng|lèng sì|é luó sī
China|attributive marker|northeast region|more|similar|Russia
Northeast China is more similar to Russia.
至今 发展 的 并 不好 。
zhì jīn|fā zhǎn|de|bìng|bù hǎo
until now|development|attributive marker|actually|not good
It has not developed well to this day.
所以 说 计划经济 包袱 太重 是 失败 的 一个 重要 因素 。
suǒ yǐ|shuō|jì huà jīng jì|bāo fu|tài zhòng|shì|shī bài|de|yī gè|zhòng yào|yīn sù
so|say|planned economy|burden|too heavy|is|failure|attributive marker|one|important|factor
So, the heavy burden of planned economy is an important factor in its failure.
以上 就是 关于 俄罗斯 民主化 的 相关 讨论 ,
yǐ shàng|jiù shì|guān yú|é luó sī|mín zhǔ huà|de|xiāng guān|tǎo lùn
above|just|about|Russia|democratization|attributive marker|relevant|discussion
The above is a discussion related to the democratization of Russia.
欢迎 大家 点赞 订阅 ,
huān yíng|dà jiā|diǎn zàn|dìng yuè
welcome|everyone|like|subscribe
Everyone is welcome to like and subscribe.
谢谢 大家 。
xiè xiè|dà jiā
thank you|everyone
Thank you all.
ai_request(all=360 err=0.00%) translation(all=288 err=0.00%) cwt(all=1973 err=1.47%)
en:AsVK4RNK
openai.2025-02-07
SENT_CWT:AsVK4RNK=5.85 PAR_TRANS:gpt-4o-mini=7.54