Case

Case- कारक (Kārak)

Hindi grammar, "कारक" (Kārak) refers to grammatical cases, which are used to indicate the relationship between nouns (or pronouns) and other words in a sentence. There are eight main cases (कारक) in Hindi:

Name of the Case	Definition	Example
1. कर्ता (Karta)	The subject of the action is often the "doer" of the verb.	राम खा रहा है। (Ram is eating.) Here, "राम" (Ram) is the कर्ता (subject/doer).
2. कर्म (Karma)	The direct object of the action. The entity being acted upon.	राम ने खाना खाया। (Ram ate food.) Here, "खाना" (food) is the कर्म (direct object).
3. करण (Karaṇa)	The instrument or means by which an action is performed.	राम ने हाथ से खाना खाया। (Ram ate food with his hand.) Here, "हाथ" (hand) is the करण (instrument).
4. संबंध (Sambandh)	Indicates possession or association.	राम की किताब। (Ram's book.) Here, "राम की" (Ram's) indicates possession.
5. आपदान (Āpadāna)	Indicates the source or origin.	यह किताब लाइब्रेरी से है। (This book is from the library.) Here, "लिब्रेरी से" (from the library) indicates the source.
6. संबंध(Sāmbandh)	Indicates connection or relation.	राम अपने दोस्त से मिला। (Ram met his friend.) Here, "अपने दोस्त से" (with his friend) indicates the relation.
7. अधिकरण (Adhikaraṇa)	Indicates the location or place.	राम मंदिर में है। (Ram is in the temple.) Here, "मंदिर में" (in the temple) indicates the location.
8.संबोधन (Samboḍhana)	Used for addressing or invoking someone.	हेलो राम, तुम कहाँ हो? (Hey Ram, where are you?) Here, "हे राम" (Hey Ram) is the संबोधन (address).