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Kurzgesagt (In a Nutshell), The Beginning of Everything -- The Big Bang

The Beginning of Everything -- The Big Bang

The beginning of everything.

The Big Bang.

The idea that the universe was suddenly born and is not infinite.

Up to the middle of the 20th century, most scientists thought of the universe

as infinite and ageless.

Until Einstein's theory of relativity gave us a better understanding of gravity,

and Edwin Hubble discovered that galaxies are moving apart from one another

in a way that fits previous predictions.

In 1964, by accident, cosmic background radiation was discovered,

a relic of the early universe,

which, together with other observational evidence, made the Big Bang

the accepted theory in science.

Since then, improved technology like the Hubble telescope

has given us a pretty good picture of the Big Bang and the structure of the cosmos.

Recent observations even seem to suggest that the expansion of the universe

is accelerating.

But how did this Big Bang work?

How can something come from nothing?

Let's explore what we know.

We can ignore the beginning part for now.

First of all, the Big Bang was not an explosion.

It was all space stretching everywhere all at once.

The universe started very, very, very small

and quickly expanded to the size of a football.

The universe didn't expand into anything, space was just expanding into itself.

The universe cannot expand into anything because the universe has no borders;

there is, by definition, no “outside” the universe.

The universe is all there is.

In this hot, dense environment, energy manifested itself

in particles that existed only for the tiniest glimpses of time. [01:52.317] perhaps after giving off more gluons.

These found other short-lived quarks to interact with,

forming new quark pairs and gluons again.

Matter and energy were not just theoretically equivalent,

it was so hot they were practically the same stuff.

Somewhere around this time, matter won over antimatter.

Today, we're left with almost all matter and nearly no antimatter at all.

Somehow, one billion and one matter particles were formed

for every one billion particles of antimatter.

Instead of one massive ultimate force in the universe,

there were now several refined versions of it acting under different rules.

By now the universe has stretched to a billion kilometers in diameter,

which leads to a decrease in temperature.

The cycle of quarks being born and converted back to energy

suddenly stops. [02:46.594] Quarks begin forming new particles, hadrons, like protons and neutrons.

There are many, many combinations of quarks that can form all sorts of hadrons,

but only very few are reasonably stable for any length of time.

Please take a moment to appreciate that by now, only one second has passed

since the beginning of everything.

The universe, which has grown to one hundred billion kilometers,

is now cold enough to allow most of the neutrons to decay into protons

and form the first atom, hydrogen.

Imagine the universe at this point as an extremely hot soup,

ten billion degrees Celsius, filled with countless particles and energy.

Over the next few minutes, things cooled and settled down very fast.

Atoms formed out of hadrons and electrons,

making for a stable and electrically neutral environment.

Some call this period the Dark Age, because there were no stars

and the hydrogen gas didn't allow visible light to move around.

But what's the meaning of visible light, anyway, when there's nothing alive yet

that could have eyes?

When the hydrogen gas clumped together after millions of years and

gravity put it under great pressure, stars and galaxies began to form.

Their radiation dissolved the stable hydrogen gas into a plasma

that still permeates the universe today and allows visible light to pass.

Finally, there was light!

Okay, but what about the part we didn't talk about?

What happened right at the beginning?

This part can be defined as the Big Bang.

We don't know at all what happened here.

At this point, our tools break down.

Natural laws stop making sense, time itself becomes wibbly-wobbly.

To understand what happened here, we need a theory that unifies

Einstein's relativity and quantum mechanics, something countless

scientists are working on right now.

But this leaves us with lots of unanswered questions.

Were there universes before our own?

Is this the first and only universe?

What started the Big Bang, or did it just occur naturally,

based on laws we don't understand yet?

We don't know, and maybe we never will.

But what we do know is that the universe as we know it started here

and gave birth to particles, galaxies, stars, the Earth, and you.

Since were ourselves are made of dead stars, we are not separate

from the universe; we are part of it.

You could even say that we are the universe's way of experiencing itself.

So, let's keep on experiencing it, until there are no more questions to ask.

Subtitles by the Amara.org community

The Beginning of Everything -- The Big Bang بداية كل شيء - الانفجار العظيم Der Anfang von allem - Der Urknall Η αρχή των πάντων -- Η Μεγάλη Έκρηξη El principio de todo: el Big Bang Le début de tout -- Le Big Bang すべてのもののはじまり--ビッグバン Het begin van alles -- De oerknal Początek wszystkiego - Wielki Wybuch O início de tudo -- O Big Bang Начало всего - Большой взрыв Her Şeyin Başlangıcı -- Büyük Patlama 一切的开始——宇宙大爆炸

The beginning of everything. بداية كل شيء.

The Big Bang.

The idea that the universe was suddenly born and is not infinite. فكرة أن الكون ولد فجأة وليس لانهائي. L'idée que l'univers est né soudainement et qu'il n'est pas infini. A ideia de que o universo nasceu de repente e não é infinito.

Up to the middle of the 20th century, most scientists thought of the universe حتى منتصف القرن العشرين، اعتقد معظم العلماء بأن الكون Até meados do século 20, a maioria dos cientistas pensava no universo

as infinite and ageless. لا نهاية له ولا عمر له. comme infini et sans âge. como infinito e sem idade.

Until Einstein's theory of relativity gave us a better understanding of gravity, حتى جاءت نظرية النسبية لأينشتاين لتمنحنا فهمًا أفضل للجاذبية,

and Edwin Hubble discovered that galaxies are moving apart from one another واكتشف إدوين هابل أن المجرات تتحرك بعيدًا عن بعضها البعض et Edwin Hubble découvrent que les galaxies s'éloignent les unes des autres e Edwin Hubble descobriram que as galáxias estão se afastando umas das outras

in a way that fits previous predictions. بطريقة تناسب التوقعات السابقة. de uma forma que se encaixa nas previsões anteriores.

In 1964, by accident, cosmic background radiation was discovered, في عام 1964 ، عن طريق الصدفة ، تم اكتشاف إشعاع الخلفية الكونية ، En 1964, on a découvert par hasard le rayonnement cosmique de fond, Em 1964, por acidente, a radiação cósmica de fundo foi descoberta,

a relic of the early universe, من بقايا الكون المبكر ، une relique de l'univers primitif, uma relíquia do universo primitivo,

which, together with other observational evidence, made the Big Bang التي ، إلى جانب أدلة المراقبة الأخرى ، جعلت الانفجار العظيم qui, avec d'autres éléments d'observation, ont fait du Big Bang une réalité. que, juntamente com outras evidências observacionais, fez o Big Bang

the accepted theory in science. النظرية المقبولة في العلم.

Since then, improved technology like the Hubble telescope منذ ذلك الحين، التكنولوجيا المحسنة مثل تلسكوب هابل Desde então, tecnologias aprimoradas como o telescópio Hubble

has given us a pretty good picture of the Big Bang and the structure of the cosmos. قدمت لنا صورة جيدة جدًا عن الانفجار العظيم وبنية الكون.

Recent observations even seem to suggest that the expansion of the universe الملاحظات الحديثة تبدو حتى تقترح أن توسع الكون Observações recentes parecem até sugerir que a expansão do universo

is accelerating.

But how did this Big Bang work? Mas como esse Big Bang funcionou?

How can something come from nothing? ¿Cómo puede surgir algo de la nada?

Let's explore what we know.

We can ignore the beginning part for now. يمكننا تجاهل الجزء الأول الآن. Podemos ignorar a parte inicial por enquanto.

First of all, the Big Bang was not an explosion. قبل كل شيء، لم يكن الانفجار العظيم انفجارًا.

It was all space stretching everywhere all at once. كانت كل المساحة تتمدد في كل مكان في نفس الوقت. C'était tout l'espace qui s'étendait partout à la fois. Era todo o espaço se estendendo por toda parte ao mesmo tempo. Это было все пространство, простирающееся повсюду одновременно.

The universe started very, very, very small

and quickly expanded to the size of a football. e rapidamente se expandiu para o tamanho de uma bola de futebol.

The universe didn't expand into anything, space was just expanding into itself. لم يتمدد الكون إلى أي شيء، الفضاء كان يتمدد داخل نفسه. L'univers ne s'est pas dilaté dans quoi que ce soit, l'espace s'est simplement dilaté en lui-même. O universo não se expandiu em nada, o espaço estava apenas se expandindo em si mesmo.

The universe cannot expand into anything because the universe has no borders; الكون لا يمكن أن يتمدد إلى أي شيء لأن ليس للكون حدود؛ L'univers ne peut s'étendre à quoi que ce soit, car il n'a pas de frontières ; O universo não pode se expandir em nada porque o universo não tem fronteiras;

there is, by definition, no “outside” the universe. لا يوجد، بموجب التعريف، أي "خارج" الكون. il n'y a pas, par définition, d'"extérieur" à l'univers. não existe, por definição, nenhum “fora” do universo.

The universe is all there is. الكون هو كل ما هو موجود.

In this hot, dense environment, energy manifested itself في هذا البيئة الساخنة والكثيفة، ظهرت الطاقة بذاتها En este ambiente caliente y denso, la energía se manifestaba Dans cet environnement chaud et dense, l'énergie s'est manifestée Nesse ambiente quente e denso, a energia se manifestou

in particles that existed only for the tiniest glimpses of time. [01:52.317] في جسيمات كانت موجودة فقط للحظات أقصر من الوقت. [01:52.317] en partículas que sólo existieron durante pequeñísimos lapsos de tiempo. [01:52.317] dans des particules qui n'ont existé que pendant de minuscules instants. [01:52.317] em partículas que existiam apenas para os mais ínfimos vislumbres do tempo. [01:52.317] perhaps after giving off more gluons. ربما بعد إطلاق المزيد من الجلونات. quizás después de emitir más gluones. peut-être après avoir émis plus de gluons. talvez depois de liberar mais glúons.

These found other short-lived quarks to interact with, عثرت هذه على أنواع أخرى من الكواركات ذات العمر القصير للتفاعل معها، Estos encontraron otros quarks de vida corta con los que interactuar, Estes encontraram outros quarks de curta duração para interagir,

forming new quark pairs and gluons again. وتكوين أزواج كوارك جديدة وجلونات مرة أخرى. formando de nuevo pares de quarks y gluones. formando novos pares de quarks e glúons novamente.

Matter and energy were not just theoretically equivalent, لم تكن المادة والطاقة مكافئتين نظريا فقط، Materia y energía no sólo eran teóricamente equivalentes,

it was so hot they were practically the same stuff. كانت درجة حرارتها مرتفعة جدًا لدرجة أنها كانت تقريبًا نفس المادة. hacía tanto calor que eran prácticamente lo mismo. il faisait si chaud qu'ils étaient pratiquement de la même matière.

Somewhere around this time, matter won over antimatter. في هذا الوقت تقريبًا، فازت المادة على مكافحة المادة. En algún momento, la materia se impuso a la antimateria. C'est à peu près à cette époque que la matière l'a emporté sur l'antimatière. Por volta dessa época, a matéria venceu a antimatéria.

Today, we're left with almost all matter and nearly no antimatter at all. اليوم، نحن نترك مع معظم المادة وتقريبًا لا يوجد أي مكافحة للمادة على الإطلاق. Hoy nos queda casi toda la materia y casi nada de antimateria. Aujourd'hui, il ne reste pratiquement plus que de la matière et presque plus d'antimatière. Hoje, ficamos com quase toda a matéria e quase nenhuma antimatéria.

Somehow, one billion and one matter particles were formed بطريقة ما تم تشكيل مليار واحد جسيم مادي De alguna manera, mil millones y una partículas de materia se formaron D'une manière ou d'une autre, un milliard et une particule de matière ont été formées De alguma forma, um bilhão e uma partículas de matéria foram formadas Каким-то образом образовался один миллиард и одна частица материи.

for every one billion particles of antimatter. لكل مليار جسيم من المضادات. pour chaque milliard de particules d'antimatière.

Instead of one massive ultimate force in the universe, بدلاً من قوة نهائية ضخمة في الكون, En lugar de una fuerza última masiva en el universo, Au lieu d'une force ultime massive dans l'univers, Em vez de uma força final massiva no universo,

there were now several refined versions of it acting under different rules. هناك الآن عدة نسخ مصقولة منه تعمل بقواعد مختلفة. ahora había varias versiones refinadas de la misma que actuaban bajo reglas diferentes. il existe maintenant plusieurs versions raffinées de ce système qui agissent selon des règles différentes. havia agora várias versões refinadas dele agindo sob regras diferentes.

By now the universe has stretched to a billion kilometers in diameter, في الوقت الحالي، امتد الكون لمسافة تبلغ مليار كيلومتر في القطر، A estas alturas, el universo se ha estirado hasta alcanzar los mil millones de kilómetros de diámetro, Até agora o universo se estendeu para um bilhão de quilômetros de diâmetro,

which leads to a decrease in temperature. مما يؤدي إلى انخفاض درجة الحرارة. o que leva a uma diminuição da temperatura.

The cycle of quarks being born and converted back to energy دورة الكواركات التي يتم ولادتها وتحويلها مرة أخرى إلى طاقة El ciclo de los quarks que nacen y se convierten de nuevo en energía O ciclo de quarks nascendo e convertido de volta em energia

suddenly stops. [02:46.594] تتوقف فجأة. [02:46.594] pára de repente. [02:46.594] Quarks begin forming new particles, hadrons, like protons and neutrons. الكواركات تبدأ في تشكيل جسيمات جديدة، هادرونات، مثل البروتونات والنيوترونات. Quarks beginnen nieuwe deeltjes te vormen, hadronen, zoals protonen en neutronen. Quarks começam a formar novas partículas, hádrons, como prótons e nêutrons.

There are many, many combinations of quarks that can form all sorts of hadrons, Existem muitas, muitas combinações de quarks que podem formar todos os tipos de hádrons,

but only very few are reasonably stable for any length of time. لكن القليل جدًا مستقرة بصورة معقولة لأي فترة من الزمن. pero sólo unos pocos son razonablemente estables durante algún tiempo. mas apenas muito poucos são razoavelmente estáveis por qualquer período de tempo.

Please take a moment to appreciate that by now, only one second has passed يرجى أن تستغرق لحظة لتقدير أنه حتى الآن، مرت ثانية واحدة فقط Por favor, tome um momento para apreciar que agora, apenas um segundo se passou

since the beginning of everything. منذ بداية كل شيء.

The universe, which has grown to one hundred billion kilometers, O universo, que cresceu para cem bilhões de quilômetros,

is now cold enough to allow most of the neutrons to decay into protons تكون الآن باردة بما فيه الكفاية للسماح لمعظم النيترونات بالتحلل إلى بروتونات agora está frio o suficiente para permitir que a maioria dos nêutrons decaia em prótons

and form the first atom, hydrogen. وتشكيل أول ذرة هيدروجين.

Imagine the universe at this point as an extremely hot soup, تخيل الكون في هذه النقطة كحساء ساخنة للغاية Imagine o universo neste ponto como uma sopa extremamente quente,

ten billion degrees Celsius, filled with countless particles and energy. dez bilhões de graus Celsius, cheios de inúmeras partículas e energia.

Over the next few minutes, things cooled and settled down very fast. في الدقائق القليلة القادمة، تبردت الأمور واستقرت بسرعة كبيرة. En los minutos siguientes, las cosas se enfriaron y se calmaron muy rápido. Nos minutos seguintes, as coisas esfriaram e se acalmaram muito rápido.

Atoms formed out of hadrons and electrons, تكوّنت الذرات من الهدرونات والإلكترونات، Átomos formados de hádrons e elétrons,

making for a stable and electrically neutral environment. مما أدى إلى بيئة مستقرة وكهربائياً محايدة. criando um ambiente estável e eletricamente neutro.

Some call this period the Dark Age, because there were no stars Algunos llaman a este período la Edad Oscura, porque no había estrellas

and the hydrogen gas didn't allow visible light to move around. y el gas hidrógeno no permitía el paso de la luz visible. e o gás hidrogênio não permitia que a luz visível se movesse.

But what's the meaning of visible light, anyway, when there's nothing alive yet Pero, ¿cuál es el significado de la luz visible, de todos modos, cuando no hay nada vivo todavía Mais quelle est la signification de la lumière visible, alors qu'il n'y a encore rien de vivant ? Mas qual é o significado da luz visível, afinal, quando não há nada vivo ainda

that could have eyes? que pudiera tener ojos? que poderia ter olhos?

When the hydrogen gas clumped together after millions of years and عندما تجمعت غاز الهيدروجين معًا بعد ملايين السنين و Cuando el gas hidrógeno se agrupó tras millones de años y Quando o gás hidrogênio se agrupou depois de milhões de anos e

gravity put it under great pressure, stars and galaxies began to form. وضعته الجاذبية تحت ضغط هائل، بدأت تتشكل النجوم والمجرات. a gravidade a colocou sob grande pressão, estrelas e galáxias começaram a se formar.

Their radiation dissolved the stable hydrogen gas into a plasma إشعاعهم حلَّّ غاز الهيدروجين الثابت إلى بلازما. Su radiación disolvió el gas hidrógeno estable en un plasma Sua radiação dissolveu o gás hidrogênio estável em um plasma

that still permeates the universe today and allows visible light to pass. الذي ما زال يتخلل الكون اليوم ويسمح بمرور الضوء المرئي. que aún hoy impregna el universo y permite el paso de la luz visible. que ainda hoje permeia o universo e permite a passagem da luz visível.

Finally, there was light! أخيرًا، كان هناك نور!

Okay, but what about the part we didn't talk about? حسنًا، ولكن ماذا عن الجزء الذي لم نتحدث عنه؟ Vale, pero ¿y la parte de la que no hemos hablado? Ok, mas e a parte sobre a qual não falamos?

What happened right at the beginning? ماذا حدث في البداية؟ ¿Qué pasó al principio? O que aconteceu logo no início?

This part can be defined as the Big Bang. يمكن تعريف هذا الجزء بأنه الانفجار الكبير.

We don't know at all what happened here. لا نعرف على الإطلاق ما حدث هنا. Nous ne savons pas du tout ce qui s'est passé ici.

At this point, our tools break down. Llegados a este punto, nuestras herramientas se estropean. Neste ponto, nossas ferramentas quebram.

Natural laws stop making sense, time itself becomes wibbly-wobbly. تتوقف القوانين الطبيعية عن أن تكون منطقية، والزمن نفسه يصبح غامض المظهر. Las leyes naturales dejan de tener sentido, el tiempo se tambalea. Les lois naturelles n'ont plus de sens, le temps lui-même devient bancal. Natuurwetten zijn niet meer logisch, de tijd zelf wordt wiebelig-wiebelig. As leis naturais param de fazer sentido, o próprio tempo se torna vacilante.

To understand what happened here, we need a theory that unifies لنفهم ما حدث هنا، نحتاج نظرية توحد Para entender o que aconteceu aqui, precisamos de uma teoria que unifique

Einstein's relativity and quantum mechanics, something countless نظرية النسبية لأينشتاين والميكانيكا الكمية، شيء يعد لا حصر له A relatividade de Einstein e a mecânica quântica, algo incontável

scientists are working on right now. العلماء يعملون عليه الآن.

But this leaves us with lots of unanswered questions. ولكن هذا يترك لنا الكثير من الأسئلة دون إجابة. Mas isso nos deixa com muitas perguntas sem resposta.

Were there universes before our own? هل كانت هناك كواكب أخرى قبل عالمنا الخاص؟ ¿Hubo universos anteriores al nuestro? Existiram universos antes do nosso?

Is this the first and only universe? هل هذا الكون الأول والوحيد؟

What started the Big Bang, or did it just occur naturally, ما الذي بدأ الانفجار العظيم، أو هل حدث بطبيعة الحال، Qu'est-ce qui a déclenché le Big Bang, ou est-ce qu'il s'est produit naturellement ? O que começou o Big Bang, ou apenas ocorreu naturalmente,

based on laws we don't understand yet? بناءً على قوانين لا نفهمها بعد؟ baseado em leis que ainda não entendemos?

We don't know, and maybe we never will.

But what we do know is that the universe as we know it started here

and gave birth to particles, galaxies, stars, the Earth, and you. e deu à luz partículas, galáxias, estrelas, a Terra e você.

Since were ourselves are made of dead stars, we are not separate منذ أن نحن أنفسنا مصنوعون من النجوم الميتة ، فنحن لسنا منعزلين Como nosotros mismos estamos hechos de estrellas muertas, no estamos separados... Puisque nous sommes nous-mêmes constitués d'étoiles mortes, nous ne sommes pas séparés Como nós mesmos somos feitos de estrelas mortas, não estamos separados

from the universe; we are part of it. عن الكون ؛ نحن جزء منه. do universo; nós fazemos parte disso.

You could even say that we are the universe's way of experiencing itself. يمكنك حتى القول أننا طريقة الكون لتجربة نفسه. Incluso podría decirse que somos la forma que tiene el universo de experimentarse a sí mismo. On pourrait même dire que nous sommes la façon dont l'univers fait l'expérience de lui-même. Você poderia até dizer que somos a maneira do universo de experimentar a si mesmo.

So, let's keep on experiencing it, until there are no more questions to ask. لذا، دعونا نستمر في تجربتها، حتى لا تبقى أية أسئلة لنطرحها. Así que sigamos experimentándolo, hasta que no haya más preguntas que hacer. Então, vamos continuar experimentando, até que não haja mais perguntas a fazer.

Subtitles by the Amara.org community الترجمة بواسطة مجتمع Amara.org