The Persians & Greeks #5 Die Perser und Griechen #5 Persas y griegos #5 Les Perses et les Grecs #5 ペルシャとギリシャ #5 페르시아인과 그리스인 #5 Os persas e os gregos #5 Персы и греки #5 Persler ve Yunanlılar #5 Перси та греки #5 波斯人和希腊人#5 波斯人和希腊人 #5

Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course World History, and today we're going to Hallo, ik ben John Green, dit is Crash Course Wereldgeschiedenis, en vandaag gaan we dat doen

do some legitimate comp. civ., for those of you into that kind of thing. Stan, I can't fare un po' di comp. civ. legittimo, per chi è appassionato di questo genere di cose. Stan, non posso

help but feel that we have perhaps too many globes. That's better.

Today we're going to learn about the horrible totalitarian Persians and the saintly, democracy-loving

Greeks. But of course we already know this story — there were some wars in which no

one wore any shirts, and everyone was reasonably fit. The Persians were bad; the Greeks were

good. Socrates and Plato were awesome; the Persians didn't even philosophize. The West

is the Best; Go Team! Yeah, well, no.

[theme music]

Let's start with the Persian empire, which became the model for pretty much all land-based

empires throughout the world. Except for — wait for it — the Mongols. [Mongoltage]

Much of what we know about the Persians and their empire comes from an outsider writing

about them, which is something we now call history, and one of the first true historians

was Herodotus, whose famous book The Persian Wars talks about the Persians quite a bit.

Now the fact that Herodotus was a Greek is important because it introduces us to the

idea of historical bias. But more on that in a second.

So the Persian Achaemenid dynasty... Achaemenid? Hold on...

HowJSay: AkEEmenid or AkEHmenid

They're both right? I was right twice!?

Right, so the Persian AkEEmenid or AkEHmenid dynasty was founded in 539 BCE by King Cyrus

the Great. Cyrus took his nomadic warriors and conquered most of Mesopotamia, including

the Babylonians, which ended a sad period in Jewish history called The Babylonian Exile,

thus ensuring that Cyrus got great press in the Bible.

But his son, Darius the First, was even greater, he extended Persian control east to our old

friend the Indus Valley, west to our new friend Egypt, and north to Crash Course newcomer

Anatolia. By the way, there were Greeks in Anatolia called Ionian Greeks who will become relevant shortly.

So even if you weren't Persian, the Persian Empire was pretty dreamy. For one thing, the

Persians ruled with a light touch, like, conquered kingdoms were allowed to keep their kings

and their elites as long as they pledged allegiance to the Persian King and paid taxes, which

is why the Persian king was known as The King of Kings.

Plus, taxes weren't too high, and the Persians improved infrastructure with better roads

and they had this pony express-like mail service of which Herodotus said: “...they are stayed

neither by snow nor rain nor heat nor darkness from accomplishing their appointed course with all speed.” ni por la nieve, ni por la lluvia, ni por el calor, ni por la oscuridad, de cumplir con toda celeridad su curso señalado".

And the Persians embraced freedom of religion. Like they were Zoroastrian, which has a claim

to being the world's first monotheistic religion. It was really Zoroastrianism that

introduced to the good/evil dualism we all know so well. You know: god and Satan, or

Harry and Voldemort... But the Persians weren't very concerned about converting people of

the empire to their faith. Plus, Zoroastrianism forbid slavery, and so slavery was almost

unheard of in the Persian Empire.

All in all, if you had to live in the 5th century BCE, the Persian Empire was probably

the best place to do it. Unless, that is, you believe Herodotus and the Greeks. We all

know about the Greeks: architecture, philosophy, literature. The very word music comes from

Greek, as does so much else in contemporary culture. Greek poets and mathematicians playwrights

and architects and philosophers founded a culture we still identify with. And they introduced

us to many ideas, from democracy to fart jokes. And the

Greeks gave the west our first dedicated history, they gave us our vocabulary for talking about politics.

Plus they gifted us our idealization of democracy, which comes from the government they had in Athens. К тому же они подарили нам нашу идеализацию демократии, исходящую от правительства, которое у них было в Афинах.

Past John: Mr. Green, Mr. Green, Mr. Green, Mr. Green — did you say fart jokes?

Present John: Uhh. You don't ask about Doric, Ionian, or Corinthian columns. You don't

ask about Plato's allegory of the cave. It's all scatological humor with you — It's

time for the open letter? Really? Already? Alright.

An open letter [the whoopee cushion sounds]... Stan! To Aristophanes. Dear Aristophanes...

Oh right, I have to check the secret compartment. Stan, what... oh. Thank you, Stan. It's

fake dog poo. How thoughtful.

So, good news and bad news, Aristophanes.

2,300 years after your death — this is the good news — you're still a reasonably

famous. Only eleven of your forty plays survived, but even so, you're called the Father of

Comedy; there are scholars devoted to your work.

Now, the bad news: Even though your plays are well-translated and absolutely hilarious,

students don't like to read them in schools. There always like, why do we gotta read this

boring crap? And this must be particularly galling to you, because so much of what you

did in your career was make fun of boring crap, specifically in the form of theatrical

tragedies. Plus, you frequently used actual crap to make jokes. Such as when you had the

chorus in The Acharnians imagining a character in your play throwing crap at a real poet you didn't like. coro en Los Acarnienses imaginando a un personaje de tu obra tirando mierda a un poeta real que no te gustaba.

You, Aristophanes, who wrote that under every stone lurks a politician, who called wealth Вы, Аристофан, который писал, что под каждым камнем скрывается политик, который называл богатство

the most excellent of all the gods... You, who are responsible for the following conversation:

"Praxagora: I want all to have a share of everything and everything to be in common; "Praxágora: Quiero que todos tengan parte de todo y que todo sea en común; «Праксагора: Я хочу, чтобы у всех была доля всего, и все было общим;

there will no longer be either rich or poor; [...] I shall begin by making land, money, не будет больше ни богатых, ни бедных; [...] Я начну с зарабатывания земли, денег,

everything that is private property, common to all. [...] все, что является частной собственностью, общим для всех. [...]

Blepyrus: But who will till the soil? Блепир: А кто возделывает землю?

Praxagora: The slaves.

Blepyrus: Oh."

And yet you're seen as homework! Drudgery! That, my friend, is a true tragedy. On the

upside, we did take care of slavery. It only took us two thousand years.

Best wishes, John Green

When we think about the high point of Greek culture, exemplified by the Parthenon and

the plays of Aeschylus, what we're really thinking about is Athens in the fourth century

BCE, right after the Persian Wars. But Greece was way more than Athens; Greeks lived in

city-states which consisted of a city and its surrounding area. Most of these city-states

featured at least some form of slavery, and in all of them citizenship was limited to males. Sorry ladies...

Also, each of the city-states had its own form of government, ranging from very democratic

— unless you were a woman or a slave — to completely dictatorial. And the people who

lived in these cities considered themselves citizens of that city, not of anything that

would ever be called Greece. At least until the Persian wars.

So between 490 and 480 BCE, the Persians made war on the Greek City states. This was the

war that featured the battle of Thermopylae where three hundred brave Spartans battled

— if you believe Herodotus — five million Persians.

And also the battle of Marathon, which is a plain about 26.2 miles away from Athens.

The whole war started because Athens supported those aforementioned Ionian Greeks when they Toda la guerra empezó porque Atenas apoyó a esos griegos jónicos antes mencionados cuando

were rebelling in Anatolia against the Persians. That made the Persian king Xerxes mad, so

he led two major campaigns against the Athenians, and the Athenians enlisted the help of all

the other Greek city-states. And in the wake of that shared Greek victory, the Greeks began

to see themselves as Greeks, rather than as Spartans, or Athenians or whatever.

And then Athens emerged as the de facto capital of Greece and then got to experience a Golden

Age, which is something that historians make up. But a lot of great things did happen during

the Golden Age, including the Parthenon, a temple that became a church and then a mosque

and then an armory until finally settling into its current gig as a ruin.

You also had statesmen like Pericles, whose famous funeral oration brags about the golden У вас также были такие государственные деятели, как Перикл, чья знаменитая похоронная речь хвастается золотой

democracy of Athens with rhetoric that wouldn't sound out of place today. “If we look to демократия Афин с риторикой, которая сегодня не звучала бы неуместно. «Если мы посмотрим на

the laws, they afford equal justice to all in their private differences... if a man is законы, они обеспечивают равную справедливость для всех в своих личных различиях ... если мужчина

able to serve the state, he is not hindered by the obscurity of his condition.” способный служить государству, ему не мешает безвестность своего положения ». здатний служити державі, йому не заважає невідомість його стану».

When you combine that high-minded rhetoric with the undeniable power and beauty of the

art and philosophy that was created in ancient Athens, it's not hard to see it as the foundation

of Western civilization. And if you buy into this, you have to be glad that the Greeks

won the Persian Wars. But even if you put aside the slavery and other injustices in

Greek society, there's still trouble.

Do I have to say it, seriously? FINE. TROUBLE RIGHT HERE IN RIVER CITY WITH A CAPITAL T

AND THAT RHYMES WITH P AND THAT STANDS FOR PELOPONNESE.

Pericles's funeral oration comes from a later war, The Peloponnesian War, a thirty

year conflict between the Athenians and the Spartans. The Spartans did not embrace democracy

but instead embraced a kingship that functioned only because of a huge class of brutally mistreated но вместо этого принял королевскую власть, которая функционировала только из-за огромного класса жестоко обращающихся

slaves. But to be clear, the war was not about Athens trying to get Sparta to embrace democratic

reform; wars rarely are. It was about resources and power. And the Athenians were hardly saintly

in all of this, as evidenced by the famous Melian Dialogue. Let's go to the Thought Bubble.

So in one of the most famous passages of Thucydides' history of the Peloponnesian War, the Athenians

sailed to the island of Melos, a Spartan colony, and demanded that the Melians submit to Athenian

rule. The Melians pointed out that they'd never actually fought with the Spartans and правило. Мелианцы указали, что на самом деле они никогда не воевали со спартанцами и

were like, “Listen, if it's all the same to you, we'd like to go Switzerland on this были такие: «Послушайте, если вам все равно, мы бы хотели поехать в Швейцарию на этом

one,” except of course they didn't say that because there was no Switzerland.

To which the Athenians responded, and here I am quoting directly, “The strong do what

they can, and the weak suffer what they must.”

Needless to say, this is not a terribly democratic or enlightened position to take. This statement, Зайве говорити, що це не надто демократична чи освічена позиція. Ця заява,

in fact, is sometimes seen as the first explicit endorsement of the so-called theory of Realism

in international relations. For realists, interaction between nations, or peoples, or

cultures is all about who has the power. Whoever has it can compel whoever doesn't have it Las culturas tienen que ver con quién tiene el poder. Quien lo tiene puede obligar a quien no lo tiene

to do pretty much anything.

So what did the meritocratic and democratic Athenians do when the Melians politely asked

not to participate in the fight? They killed all the Melian men and enslaved all the women and children.

So, yes, Socrates gave us his interrogative Method; Sophocles gave us Oedipus; but the

legacy of Ancient Greece is profoundly ambiguous, all the moreso because the final winner of

the Peloponnesian War were the dictatorial Spartans. Thanks for the incredible bummer, Thought Bubble.

So here's a non-rhetorical question: Did the right side win the Persian wars?

Most classicists and defenders of the Western Tradition will tell you that of course we

should be glad the Greeks won. After all, winning the Persian war set off the cultural

flourishing that gave us the Classical Age. And plus, if the Persians had won with their

monarchy that might have strangled democracy in its crib and given us more one-man rule.

And that's possible, but as a counter that argument, let's consider three things:

First, it's worth remembering that life under the Persians was pretty good, and if

you look at the last five thousand years of human history, you'll find a lot more successful

and stable empires than you will democracies.

Second, life under the Athenians wasn't so awesome, particularly if you were a woman

or a slave, and their government was notoriously corrupt. And ultimately the Athenian government

derived its power not from its citizens, but from the imperialist belief that Might Makes

Right. It's true that Athens gave us Socrates, but let me remind you, they also killed him.

Well, I mean they forced him to commit suicide. Whatever, Herodotus, you're not the only

one here who can engage in historical bias.

And lastly, under Persian rule the Greeks might have avoided the Peloponnesian War,

which ended up weakening the Greek city-states so much that Alexander “Coming Soon” the

Great's father was able to conquer all of them, and then there were a bunch of bloody

wars with the Persians and all kinds of horrible things, and Greece wouldn't glimpse democracy

again for two millennia. All of which might have been avoided if they'd just let themselves

get beaten by the Persians.

All of which forces us to return to the core question of human history: What's the point

of being alive? I've got good news for you, guy. You're only going to have to worry

about it for about 8 more seconds. Should we try to ensure the longest, healthiest,

and most productive lives for humans? If so, it's easy to argue that Greece should have

lost the Persian Wars. But perhaps lives are to be lived in pursuit of some great ideal проиграл персидские войны. Но, возможно, нужно прожить жизнь в погоне за каким-то великим идеалом.

worth sacrificing endlessly for. And if so, maybe the glory of Athens still shines, however dimly.

Those are the real questions of history: What's the point of being alive? How should we organize

ourselves, what should we seek from this life? Those aren't easy questions, but we'll

take another crack at them next week when we talk about the Buddha. I'll see you then.

Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller, our script supervisor is Danica Johnson,

the graphics team is Thought Bubble, and the show is written by my high school history

teacher Raoul Meyer and me.

Our phrase of the week last week was "Un mot de français". If you'd like to guess this

week's phrase of the week you can do so in comments. You can also ask questions about

today's video in comments where our team of historians will attempt to answer them.

Thanks for watching, and Don't Forget To Be Awesome.