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Inter-War Period (between WW 1 and II), Rise of Fascism and Mussolini's March on Rome I Between 2 Wars I 1922 Part 1 of 2 - YouTube (1)

Rise of Fascism and Mussolini's March on Rome I Between 2 Wars I 1922 Part 1 of 2 - YouTube (1)

The World War had left Europe in complete and utter chaos, and postwar all of the nations

– both old and new – try to find their own paths through the crisis.

A few manage to cling on to fragile democracies, many erupt into full-blown revolutions.

But in 1922, the Italian Kingdom tries a third way – Fascism.

Welcome to “Between Two Wars”; a summary of the interwar years, from the uncertainty

and hedonism of the 1920's to humanity's descent into the darkness of the Second World

War.

I'm Indy Neidell.

In 1915, Italy had joined the World War on the side of the Allies and eventually emerged

victorious in 1918, but this had come at a cost.

Italy had been economically unstable and extremely corrupt already before the war, and after

it the country descends into a much worse financial crisis than any of its allies.

Contrary to many other nations where the war was initially popular with the people, in

Italy the majority of the Italian population had been against joining the war, and when

the ruling class ignored public sentiment it caused an uproar throughout the country.

This conflict has not abated, and dissatisfaction with the government grows and grows.

At this point, Italy is a constitutional Monarchy, with suffrage for a very narrow electorate

of mainly upper-class men, but to calm the unrest, prime minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando

proclaims universal male suffrage as a “gift” to the returning soldiers, hoping that the

‘responsibility' of having the vote will make them fall in line, but exactly the opposite

occurs.

Now, before the war the Italian government had been mainly divided into liberals and

conservatives, but when universal male suffrage is introduced a whole slew of new political

views and ideologies enter the political scene: anarchism, reactionism, socialism, futurism,

you name it!

The extreme left-wing Socialist and Communists parties instantly go from tiny insignificant

parties to the major forces on the political scene.

The liberal and conservative parties suddenly find themselves without a majority in the

parliament for the first time ever.

Governing becomes impossible as the political system becomes paralyzed by the opposition

between so many different parties, each presenting its own way to solve Italy's problems.

Orlando is forced to resign and a period with no political stability whatsoever begins that

will last until 1922.

In these 4 years Italy sees no fewer than six governments and four different prime ministers.

Okay, the Socialist Party is quick to proclaim its support for Lenin and his newly founded

international communist organization, the Comintern.

The Italian Socialists seek to join the proposed world Communist takeover and proclaim a “dictatorship

of the proletariat”, and with the chaos in which Italy finds herself, this could very

well succeed.

Labor protests, demonstrations, and massive strikes break out in the major industrial

cities like Turin and Milan, organized by newly formed Marxist and Communist councils

modelled on the Russian Soviets.

The strikes spread at an enormous pace; in 1919 more than 1500 strikes are called in

Italy - that's more than four new strikes every single day of the year.

The movement intensifies in 1920 and peaks in August when over 1 million industrial workers

join a general strike.

The police are overwhelmed by the increasingly violent masses of workers, and the government

turns to other means to put down the uprisings.

As in Germany, they turn to nationalist, mostly anti-Socialist, paramilitary groups known

as “the Fascis”, from the latin word “fascis”, which roughly translates to bundle and has

been used to describe fringe political groups in Italian since the 19th century.

It's also the name of the symbol of power of the magistrates in ancient Rome; an axe

wrapped in a bundle of rods, which the Fascis now adopt as their sign.

The Fasci groups disagree on a lot of stuff and have no central leadership, they even

fight each other in the streets at times, but there are common denominators; they're

ultranationalist and ultra-violent.

They despise their current government, whom they blame for the rather small territorial

gains Italy acquires at the Paris Peace Conference.

They literally worship the war, and last but not least, they dream of a militarist Italian

rebirth that will bring about decisive and stable government.

When consecutive prime ministers turn to these groups to stop the Socialist unrest using

violence, they don't disappoint… they suppress strikers by intimidating, beating,

or even murdering any leftists that won't stand down.

In the end several thousand are actually murdered by the Fasci, and in just half a year the

socialist uprisings are all but gone.

The Fasci groups now join together in their opposition to Socialism to create a united

militia - the squadristi.

They adopt black uniforms to show their coherence and become known as the “Blackshirts.”

Now, the Blackshirts want to squash the Socialists once and for all, so despite the uprisings

being over, they continue to target Socialist strongholds and murder left-wing leaders and

activists.

The government has unleashed a monstrous force it can't stop, and they stand by helplessly

as the Blackshirts take control of the country.

Well okay, at this point, Italy is really under nobody's control, not even God or

his representative in the Vatican, but that is about to change in the hands of a man with

a solid Socialist background, Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini.

Mussolini is a politically engaged journalist, a veteran of the world war, and an energetic

nationalist and militarist.

He's one of the founding fathers of the Fasci movement and is now crushing Socialist

unrest with enthusiastic violence.

But Mussolini is a complex character that is still in the middle of a political journey

from one extreme to the other.

He was born in Northern Italy to a Socialist blacksmith and a devout Catholic school teacher.

He grows up in a solidly Socialist environment, but his mother also insists on a traditional

Catholic education, so young Benito ends up with two very different, even opposed influences.

At the age of 19, he emigrates to Switzerland after an affair with the wife of a soldier,

becomes a labor agitator, and when he is called up for military service does not return to

Italy, and is sentenced for desertion in absentia.

He will eventually win an amnesty.

He joins other exiled Socialists and comes to work for the labour activist newspaper

L'Avvenire del Lavoratore - “The Worker's Future.”

Young Benito considers himself an intellectual, he's an avid reader and has a gift for languages,

the written word, and rhetoric.

In Switzerland he teaches himself French and German and studies political philosophy.

He's greatly impressed with Nietzsche and the concept of Übermensch, or the superior

being as an ideal, but- much like Hitler- he misunderstands this concept as automatically

creating a juxtaposed concept of Untermensch - inferior people, which Nietzsche neither

posits nor intends.

Benito's greatest inspiration though is George Sorel, a French Syndicalist philosopher

who believes in the power of myth, especially national myth and violence, to achieve the

ideals of Marxism and the overthrow of Capitalism.

Ironically, at the same time as Mussolini is studying his work, Sorel is about to make

a dramatic about face.

In 1909, he abandons Socialism and becomes a supporter of Muarrasian Integral Nationalism,

a philosophy that is in many ways the absolute opposite of Socialism, an entrenched reactionary

right-wing movement and outspoken enemy of all things on the left.

Sorrel has soured on the idea of a class struggle to abolish Capitalism and now believes that

reactionary Integral Nationalism will do the trick and create a world beyond classes, without

private property - in 1914 he will proclaim that “Socialism is dead” after “the

decomposition of Marxism.”

Benito Mussolini will eventually follow Sorel's lead.

But for now Mussolini stays on the far left, and has even become one of the most prominent

Socialists in Italy.

In 1911 he is imprisoned for five months for instigating riots against the Italian war

in Libya.

His journalism career is also taking off with syndication of his work well beyond Italy,

even in the US through the Hearst News Service, which will syndicate his work in translation

until 1935 by which time he has long been dictator of Italy.

In fact, Mussolini will continue to cover events around him as a roving reporter throughout

his rise to power, and his entire time in government.

It becomes an important part of his self promotion and the promotion of Fascism, and his understanding

of the power of mass media will be formative for Hitler and Goebbels in their work to promote

the Nazi movement.

It also serves as a document of his personal political journey, where we can see that by

1914 and outbreak of the world war there are cracks in Mussolini's Socialist convictions.

He has abandoned his belief in the struggle of the classes and started drifting toward

more liberal democratic values.

As the debate rages over Italian intervention in the war, Mussolini is at first on the Socialist

side of opposing the war, but his recent interest in Integral Nationalism has brought him to

focus on Italians as an own ethnicity, and he soon comes to believe that the war offers

an opportunity to crush the Austro-Hungarian Empire and ‘liberate' Italian speakers

in Austria.

When he comes out publicly for the war he is promptly expelled from the Socialist Party.

With money from agents of the French government and the Italian arms industry, he starts an

interventionist newspaper Il Popolo d'Italia - The Italian People - and founds a political

group Fasci Rivoluzionari d'Azione Internazionalista - The Faction for Revolutionary International

Action.

Now Mussolini more or less abandons all of his socialist ideas overnight, later saying

"Socialism as a doctrine was already dead; it continued to exist only as a grudge”.

Instead he embraces a program based on democratic republicanism including demands for universal

suffrage, freedom of speech, an 8-hour work day, abolition of the monarchy, and creation

of a new Italian republic.

And then he goes off to fight the war.

Let's be clear, by that time he was one of the most famous people in Italy, and both

enlisted men and officers asked to meet him.

He was discharged in early 1917 after a grenade supposedly went off during training.

There were no eyewitnesses to this and he had an unusually long convalescence- a few

months in hospital and then a year's leave- and historian Paul O'Brien says the leave

was so long because of syphilis and its complications, but whatever actually happened, strings were

being pulled to get him back to work.

He had made himself known even outside of Italy as a hard propagandist for the war.

Mussolini glorifies the war as an honourable chapter in Italy's as well as his own life,

saying: “Let us have a dagger between our teeth, a bomb in our hand and an infinite

scorn in our hearts”.

The British secret service recruit him to publish pro-war propaganda and use his political

group to intimidate anti-war protesters to stay at home.

They put him on a weekly retainer of 100 pounds, slightly more than 12,000 dollars in 2018,

enough money for Mussolini to start his own independent political career, which won't

really go in the direction the British had hoped for.

He now becomes a leader of one of the many Fasci groups and reforms his political group

into a paramilitary unit with 200 members, naming it Fasci Italiani di Combattimento,

roughly The Italian Combat Squad.

He also founds the Fascist Revolutionary Party to run for election in 1919.

In the party program, though, he still incorporates many Socialist ideas - ostensibly out of populism

- so much so that it has been said that his failure to win a seat in parliament in 1919

was because he tried to ‘out-Socialist the Socialists”.

Electoral defeat has him rethink his political strategy.

He needs something that can be attractive to more than just the working class, and what

he comes up with is significantly more radical and coloured by a deep belief in Integral


Rise of Fascism and Mussolini's March on Rome I Between 2 Wars I 1922 Part 1 of 2 - YouTube (1) Der Aufstieg des Faschismus und Mussolinis Marsch auf Rom I Zwischen 2 Kriegen I 1922 Teil 1 von 2 - YouTube (1) Rise of Fascism and Mussolini's March on Rome I Between 2 Wars I 1922 Part 1 of 2 - YouTube (1) Auge del Fascismo y Marcha de Mussolini sobre Roma I Entre 2 Guerras I 1922 Parte 1 de 2 - YouTube (1) Montée du fascisme et marche de Mussolini sur Rome I Entre 2 guerres I 1922 Partie 1 de 2 - YouTube (1) ファシズムの台頭とムッソリーニのローマ進軍 I 2つの戦争の間 1922年 Part 1/2 - YouTube (1) Powstanie faszyzmu i marsz Mussoliniego na Rzym I Między dwiema wojnami I 1922 Część 1 z 2 - YouTube (1) Ascensão do Fascismo e Marcha de Mussolini em Roma I Entre 2 Guerras I 1922 Parte 1 de 2 - YouTube (1) Faşizmin Yükselişi ve Mussolini'nin Roma Yürüyüşü I 2 Savaş Arasında I 1922 Bölüm 1 / 2 - YouTube (1) Становлення фашизму і похід Муссоліні на Рим I Між двома війнами I 1922 р. Частина 1 з 2 - YouTube (1) 法西斯主义的崛起和墨索里尼进军罗马 I Between 2 Wars I 1922 第 1 部分(共 2 部分) - YouTube (1)

The World War had left Europe in complete and utter chaos, and postwar all of the nations Первая мировая война принесла в Европу полный хаос, и после войны все страны –

– both old and new – try to find their own paths through the crisis. и старые, и вновь возникшие – ищут свои пути преодоления кризиса.

A few manage to cling on to fragile democracies, many erupt into full-blown revolutions. Некоторые смогли сохранить непрочные демократии, многие раздули пламя революций.

But in 1922, the Italian Kingdom tries a third way – Fascism. Но в 1922 году Королевство Италия пробует третий вариант – фашизм.

Welcome to “Between Two Wars”; a summary of the interwar years, from the uncertainty Это канал «Между двумя войнами»; обзор межвоенных лет от неуверенности

and hedonism of the 1920's to humanity's descent into the darkness of the Second World и гедонизма 1920-х годов до погружения человечества во тьму Второй мировой

War. войны.

I'm Indy Neidell. Меня зовут Инди Найделл.

In 1915, Italy had joined the World War on the side of the Allies and eventually emerged В 1915 году Италия вступила в мировую войну на стороне Антанты и вместе с союзниками

victorious in 1918, but this had come at a cost. победила в 1918 году, но заплатила за победу высокую цену.

Italy had been economically unstable and extremely corrupt already before the war, and after Ещё до войны в Италии на фоне экономической нестабильности процветала коррупция, а после

it the country descends into a much worse financial crisis than any of its allies. войны страну постиг гораздо худший финансовый кризис, чем любую из стран-союзников. Ülke, müttefiklerinden çok daha kötü bir mali krize sürüklenir.

Contrary to many other nations where the war was initially popular with the people, in В отличие от многих других стран, где народ с самого начала приветствовал войну,

Italy the majority of the Italian population had been against joining the war, and when в Италии большинство населения было против вступления в войну, и когда правящий класс

the ruling class ignored public sentiment it caused an uproar throughout the country. игнорировал общественные настроения, это вызвало шумные протесты по всей стране. Yönetici sınıfın halkın duyarlılığını görmezden gelmesi ülke çapında bir kargaşaya neden oldu.

This conflict has not abated, and dissatisfaction with the government grows and grows. Этот конфликт не утих и недовольство правительством растёт и растёт.

At this point, Italy is a constitutional Monarchy, with suffrage for a very narrow electorate В то время Италия – конституционная монархия, избирательным правом обладают

of mainly upper-class men, but to calm the unrest, prime minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando только люди высших слоёв; чтобы успокоить волнения, премьер-министр Витторио Эмануэле Орландо

proclaims universal male suffrage as a “gift” to the returning soldiers, hoping that the вводит всеобщее избирательное право для мужчин как «подарок» вернувшимся солдатам, надеясь, что geri dönen askerlere bir "hediye" olarak genel erkek oy hakkını ilan eder.

‘responsibility' of having the vote will make them fall in line, but exactly the opposite они станут «ответственнее» и будут поддерживать порядок, но получилось

occurs. наоборот.

Now, before the war the Italian government had been mainly divided into liberals and Ведь до войны в правительстве Италии были в основном либералы и консерваторы;

conservatives, but when universal male suffrage is introduced a whole slew of new political а когда все мужчины получили избирательное право, на политической сцене появился

views and ideologies enter the political scene: anarchism, reactionism, socialism, futurism, целый спектр взглядов и идеологий: анархизм, реакционизм, социализм, футуризм, –

you name it! полный ассортимент!

The extreme left-wing Socialist and Communists parties instantly go from tiny insignificant Крайние левые социалисты и коммунисты мгновенно превратились из крошечных

parties to the major forces on the political scene. незначительных партий в основные силы на политической сцене.

The liberal and conservative parties suddenly find themselves without a majority in the Либеральные и консервативные партии вдруг теряют большинство в парламенте

parliament for the first time ever. – в первый раз за всё время.

Governing becomes impossible as the political system becomes paralyzed by the opposition В правительстве наступает хаос, так как политическую систему парализуют противоречия

between so many different parties, each presenting its own way to solve Italy's problems. между множеством сторон, каждая из которых настаивает на своём пути решения проблем Италии.

Orlando is forced to resign and a period with no political stability whatsoever begins that Орландо вынужден уйти в отставку и начинается период полной политической нестабильности,

will last until 1922. который продлится до 1922 года.

In these 4 years Italy sees no fewer than six governments and four different prime ministers. За эти 4 года в Италии будет целых шесть правительств и четыре разных премьер-министра.

Okay, the Socialist Party is quick to proclaim its support for Lenin and his newly founded Социалистическая партия быстро заявляет о поддержке Ленина и его недавно основанной

international communist organization, the Comintern. международной коммунистической организации – Коминтерна.

The Italian Socialists seek to join the proposed world Communist takeover and proclaim a “dictatorship Итальянские социалисты хотят участвовать в мировой революции и объявлении «диктатуры

of the proletariat”, and with the chaos in which Italy finds herself, this could very пролетариата»; в том хаосе, в котором находится Италия, это может очень

well succeed. хорошо получиться.

Labor protests, demonstrations, and massive strikes break out in the major industrial Трудовые протесты, демонстрации и массовые забастовки вспыхивают в крупных промышленных

cities like Turin and Milan, organized by newly formed Marxist and Communist councils городах, таких как Турин и Милан, их организуют марксистские и коммунистические советы,

modelled on the Russian Soviets. созданные по образцу российских.

The strikes spread at an enormous pace; in 1919 more than 1500 strikes are called in Забастовочное движение идёт огромными темпами; в 1919 году объявлено более 1500 стачек

Italy - that's more than four new strikes every single day of the year. в Италии – это более четырёх новых забастовок каждый день.

The movement intensifies in 1920 and peaks in August when over 1 million industrial workers Движение усиливается в 1920 году и достигает пика в августе, когда более миллиона рабочих

join a general strike. присоединятся к всеобщей стачке.

The police are overwhelmed by the increasingly violent masses of workers, and the government Полиция не справляется со всё более агрессивными массами рабочих, и правительство

turns to other means to put down the uprisings. ищет другие средства подавления восстаний.

As in Germany, they turn to nationalist, mostly anti-Socialist, paramilitary groups known Как и в Германии, они обращаются к националистам – это военизированные группы, известные

as “the Fascis”, from the latin word “fascis”, which roughly translates to bundle and has как «Фашо», от латинского слова «фасции», то есть «пучок». Так в Италии Latince "fascis" kelimesinden gelen "Fascis", kabaca demet anlamına gelir ve

been used to describe fringe political groups in Italian since the 19th century. называли периферийные политические группы ещё в 19 веке. 19'uncu yüzyıldan beri İtalyanca'da uç siyasi grupları tanımlamak için kullanılmaktadır.

It's also the name of the symbol of power of the magistrates in ancient Rome; an axe Так же называли символ власти магистратов в древнем Риме: топор, Aynı zamanda antik Roma'da yargıçların güç sembolünün adıdır; bir balta

wrapped in a bundle of rods, which the Fascis now adopt as their sign. окружённый пучком прутьев, а нынешние фашо сделали его своим отличительным знаком.

The Fasci groups disagree on a lot of stuff and have no central leadership, they even У фашо разногласия по многим вопросам и нет центрального руководства, они даже иногда

fight each other in the streets at times, but there are common denominators; they're бьют друг друга на улицах, но их убеждения можно привести к общему знаменателю:

ultranationalist and ultra-violent. они ультранационалисты и стремятся к ультранасилию.

They despise their current government, whom they blame for the rather small territorial Они презирают нынешнее правительство, которое обвиняют в том, что Италия получила очень Mevcut hükümetlerini küçümsüyorlar ve oldukça küçük olan toprakları için onları suçluyorlar.

gains Italy acquires at the Paris Peace Conference. мало территории по результатам Парижской мирной конференции.

They literally worship the war, and last but not least, they dream of a militarist Italian Фашо буквально обожествляют войну, и, наконец, они мечтают о милитаристском возрождении

rebirth that will bring about decisive and stable government. Италии, чтобы она получила решительное и надёжное правительство.

When consecutive prime ministers turn to these groups to stop the Socialist unrest using Все премьер-министры хотели, чтобы эти группы остановили беспорядки, используя

violence, they don't disappoint… they suppress strikers by intimidating, beating, насилие, и они не разочаровывают: подавляют забастовки, запугивая, избивая, или даже убивая

or even murdering any leftists that won't stand down. всех левых, которые не прекращают деятельности.

In the end several thousand are actually murdered by the Fasci, and in just half a year the В итоге несколько тысяч человек действительно убиты фашистами, и всего за полгода

socialist uprisings are all but gone. социалистические восстания почти прекратились.

The Fasci groups now join together in their opposition to Socialism to create a united Фашо теперь объединяются на почве вражды к социалистам и создают объединённую

militia - the squadristi. милицию, названную «сквадристы».

They adopt black uniforms to show their coherence and become known as the “Blackshirts.” Они стали носить чёрную форму, чтобы показать своё единство, и с тех пор их называют чернорубашечниками.

Now, the Blackshirts want to squash the Socialists once and for all, so despite the uprisings Чернорубашечники хотят расправиться с социалистами раз и навсегда, поэтому, Şimdi, Kara Gömlekliler Sosyalistleri sonsuza kadar ezmek istiyorlar, bu yüzden ayaklanmalara rağmen

being over, they continue to target Socialist strongholds and murder left-wing leaders and хотя забастовки прекратились, они преследуют социалистов и убивают левых лидеров и

activists. активистов.

The government has unleashed a monstrous force it can't stop, and they stand by helplessly Правительство спустило с поводка чудовищную силу, которую не остановить, и ему остаётся только

as the Blackshirts take control of the country. наблюдать, как фашо берут страну под контроль.

Well okay, at this point, Italy is really under nobody's control, not even God or Ну ладно, на данный момент Италией никто не управляет, даже Бог или его наместник

his representative in the Vatican, but that is about to change in the hands of a man with в Ватикане, но всё скоро изменится, когда на сцене появится убеждённый социалист

a solid Socialist background, Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini. Бенито Амилкаре Андреа Муссолини.

Mussolini is a politically engaged journalist, a veteran of the world war, and an energetic Муссолини – журналист в сфере политики, ветеран Первой мировой войны и увлечённый

nationalist and militarist. националист и милитарист.

He's one of the founding fathers of the Fasci movement and is now crushing Socialist Он один из основателей движения фашо, и сейчас подавляет социалистические

unrest with enthusiastic violence. волнения, упиваясь насилием.

But Mussolini is a complex character that is still in the middle of a political journey Но Муссолини – непростая фигура, он пока на полпути политического путешествия

from one extreme to the other. от одной крайности к другой.

He was born in Northern Italy to a Socialist blacksmith and a devout Catholic school teacher. Муссолини родился в Северной Италии, его отец – кузнец, социалист, а мать – учительница и набожная католичка.

He grows up in a solidly Socialist environment, but his mother also insists on a traditional Он растёт в среде социалистов, но его мать настаивает на традиционном католическом

Catholic education, so young Benito ends up with two very different, even opposed influences. образовании, так что в результате молодой Бенито получает два противоположных влияния.

At the age of 19, he emigrates to Switzerland after an affair with the wife of a soldier, В 19 лет он эмигрирует в Швейцарию после романа с женой солдата,

becomes a labor agitator, and when he is called up for military service does not return to становится агитатором среди рабочих, после призыва на военную службу не возвращается

Italy, and is sentenced for desertion in absentia. в Италию и осуждён за дезертирство заочно.

He will eventually win an amnesty. В конце концов его амнистируют.

He joins other exiled Socialists and comes to work for the labour activist newspaper Он присоединяется к другим социалистам в изгнании и работает в газете рабочего движения

L'Avvenire del Lavoratore - “The Worker's Future.” «L'Avvenire del Lavoratore» – «Будущее рабочего».

Young Benito considers himself an intellectual, he's an avid reader and has a gift for languages, Молодой Бенито считает себя интеллектуалом, много читает, у него способности к языкам,

the written word, and rhetoric. письменной речи и риторике.

In Switzerland he teaches himself French and German and studies political philosophy. В Швейцарии он сам выучивает французский и немецкий и изучает политическую философию.

He's greatly impressed with Nietzsche and the concept of Übermensch, or the superior Он очень впечатлён Ницше и его идеей Сверхчеловека, то есть высшего существа,

being as an ideal, but- much like Hitler- he misunderstands this concept as automatically идеала, но, во многом как Гитлер, он делает из этой концепции неправильный вывод –

creating a juxtaposed concept of Untermensch - inferior people, which Nietzsche neither концепцию «унтерменшей» – низших людей, чего Ницше не утверждал yan yana getirilmiş bir Untermensch - aşağı insanlar kavramı yaratır ki Nietzsche de

posits nor intends. и не предполагал. ne varsayar ne de niyet eder.

Benito's greatest inspiration though is George Sorel, a French Syndicalist philosopher Самое большое влияние на Бенито оказал Жорж Сорель, французский философ-синдикалист,

who believes in the power of myth, especially national myth and violence, to achieve the который верил в силу мифа, особенно национального, и в насилие, которое поможет

ideals of Marxism and the overthrow of Capitalism. воплотить идеалы марксизма и свергнуть капитализм.

Ironically, at the same time as Mussolini is studying his work, Sorel is about to make Странно, но как раз в то время, когда Муссолини изучал работы Сореля, сам философ

a dramatic about face. меняет убеждения. dramatik bir yüz değiştirme.

In 1909, he abandons Socialism and becomes a supporter of Muarrasian Integral Nationalism, В 1909 году он отказывается от социализма и становится сторонником авторитарного национализма –

a philosophy that is in many ways the absolute opposite of Socialism, an entrenched reactionary философии, которая почти противоположна социализму, глубоко реакционного

right-wing movement and outspoken enemy of all things on the left. правого движения – и откровенным врагом всего левого.

Sorrel has soured on the idea of a class struggle to abolish Capitalism and now believes that Сорель устал от идеи классовой борьбы против капитализма и теперь считает, что

reactionary Integral Nationalism will do the trick and create a world beyond classes, without реакционный интегральный национализм сумеет создать мир без классов, без

private property - in 1914 he will proclaim that “Socialism is dead” after “the частной собственности – в 1914 году он объявит, что «с социализмом покончено» после

decomposition of Marxism.” «разложения марксизма».

Benito Mussolini will eventually follow Sorel's lead. Бенито Муссолини в конечном итоге станет последователем Сореля.

But for now Mussolini stays on the far left, and has even become one of the most prominent Но пока Муссолини стоит на крайних левых позициях и даже стал одним из самых выдающихся

Socialists in Italy. социалистов в Италии.

In 1911 he is imprisoned for five months for instigating riots against the Italian war В 1911 году он сидел в тюрьме пять месяцев за разжигание протестов против войны

in Libya. итальянцев в Ливии.

His journalism career is also taking off with syndication of his work well beyond Italy, Журналистская карьера также идёт в гору: его статьи печатают далеко за пределами Италии, Gazetecilik kariyeri de, çalışmalarının İtalya'nın çok ötesinde sendikalaşmasıyla yükselişe geçti,

even in the US through the Hearst News Service, which will syndicate his work in translation даже в США через службу новостей Херста, который будет публиковать его работы в переводе

until 1935 by which time he has long been dictator of Italy. до 1935 года, когда он уже давно стал диктатором Италии.

In fact, Mussolini will continue to cover events around him as a roving reporter throughout Муссолини, как репортёр-фрилансер, будет описывать всё, что с ним произойдёт по пути Aslında Mussolini, gezici bir muhabir olarak etrafındaki olayları takip etmeye devam edecektir.

his rise to power, and his entire time in government. к вершинам власти, и всё время своей работы в правительстве.

It becomes an important part of his self promotion and the promotion of Fascism, and his understanding Это станет важной частью его саморекламы и пропаганды фашизма, а его понимание

of the power of mass media will be formative for Hitler and Goebbels in their work to promote роли СМИ повлияет на Гитлера и Геббельса в их работе по продвижению

the Nazi movement. нацистской идеологии.

It also serves as a document of his personal political journey, where we can see that by Муссолини задокументировал своё «политическое путешествие», и мы можем проследить, что

1914 and outbreak of the world war there are cracks in Mussolini's Socialist convictions. в 1914 году, с началом мировой войны, его социалистические убеждения пошатнулись.

He has abandoned his belief in the struggle of the classes and started drifting toward Он отказался от своей веры в классовую борьбу и начал дрейфовать к

more liberal democratic values. более либеральным демократическим ценностям.

As the debate rages over Italian intervention in the war, Mussolini is at first on the Socialist Пока кипят споры о вступлении Италии в войну, Муссолини сначала против войны –

side of opposing the war, but his recent interest in Integral Nationalism has brought him to с социалистами, но его свежий интерес к интегральному национализму заставляет

focus on Italians as an own ethnicity, and he soon comes to believe that the war offers взглянуть на итальянцев как на нацию, и он скоро приходит к выводу, что война даст шанс

an opportunity to crush the Austro-Hungarian Empire and ‘liberate' Italian speakers сокрушить Австро-Венгерскую империю и «освободить» итальянских сторонников

in Austria. в Австрии.

When he comes out publicly for the war he is promptly expelled from the Socialist Party. Когда он открыто поддержал войну, его тут же исключили из Социалистической партии.

With money from agents of the French government and the Italian arms industry, he starts an На деньги от агентов французского правительства и итальянских оружейников он издаёт

interventionist newspaper Il Popolo d'Italia - The Italian People - and founds a political интервенционистскую газету «Il Popolo d'Italia» – «Народ Италии» – и основывает политическую

group Fasci Rivoluzionari d'Azione Internazionalista - The Faction for Revolutionary International группу Fasci Rivoluzionari d'Azione Internazionalista – Фракция революционного интернационального

Action. действия.

Now Mussolini more or less abandons all of his socialist ideas overnight, later saying Муссолини моментально отказывается от всех своих социалистических идей, позже он скажет:

"Socialism as a doctrine was already dead; it continued to exist only as a grudge”. «Социализм как доктрина был уже мёртв; его существование подпитывала только обида».

Instead he embraces a program based on democratic republicanism including demands for universal Теперь он принимает программу, основанную на республиканской демократии, требуя всеобщее

suffrage, freedom of speech, an 8-hour work day, abolition of the monarchy, and creation избирательное право, свободу слова, 8-часовой рабочий день, отмену монархии и создание

of a new Italian republic. новой Итальянской республики.

And then he goes off to fight the war. А затем Муссолини идёт на войну.

Let's be clear, by that time he was one of the most famous people in Italy, and both Для ясности: к тому времени он был одним из самых известных людей в Италии,

enlisted men and officers asked to meet him. и солдаты, и офицеры хотели с ним общаться.

He was discharged in early 1917 after a grenade supposedly went off during training. Его комиссовали в начале 1917 года, считается, что из-за взрыва гранаты во время учений. Eğitim sırasında patladığı düşünülen bir el bombasının ardından 1917 yılının başlarında terhis edildi.

There were no eyewitnesses to this and he had an unusually long convalescence- a few Свидетелей этого не было; Муссолини дали уж очень много времени на выздоровление – Bu olayın görgü tanığı yoktu ve alışılmadık derecede uzun bir nekahat dönemi geçirdi - birkaç

months in hospital and then a year's leave- and historian Paul O'Brien says the leave несколько месяцев в госпитале и год отпуска; историк Пол О'Брайен говорит, что отпуск

was so long because of syphilis and its complications, but whatever actually happened, strings were был таким долгим из-за осложнений после сифилиса, но так или иначе ему создали условия

being pulled to get him back to work. для возвращения к работе.

He had made himself known even outside of Italy as a hard propagandist for the war. Он заработал известность и за пределами Италии как ярый пропагандист войны.

Mussolini glorifies the war as an honourable chapter in Italy's as well as his own life, Муссолини возвеличивает войну как славную страницу и в истории Италии, и в своей жизни,

saying: “Let us have a dagger between our teeth, a bomb in our hand and an infinite говоря: «Каждый из нас должен держать кинжал в зубах, гранату в руке и безмерное

scorn in our hearts”. презрение в сердце». kalplerimizde küçümseme".

The British secret service recruit him to publish pro-war propaganda and use his political Британская секретная служба вербует его для пропаганды войны – чтобы его политическая

group to intimidate anti-war protesters to stay at home. группа запугивала протестующих против войны, и они не выходили на демонстрации.

They put him on a weekly retainer of 100 pounds, slightly more than 12,000 dollars in 2018, Еженедельно ему платили за это 100 фунтов (это чуть более 12 000 долларов в 2018 году) –

enough money for Mussolini to start his own independent political career, which won't достаточно, чтобы Муссолини начал собственную независимую политическую карьеру, которая

really go in the direction the British had hoped for. пойдёт вразрез с тем, на что рассчитывали британцы.

He now becomes a leader of one of the many Fasci groups and reforms his political group Теперь он становится лидером одной из многих фашистских групп и превращает её

into a paramilitary unit with 200 members, naming it Fasci Italiani di Combattimento, в военизированное подразделение из 200 человек под названием «Fasci Italiani di Combattimento»,

roughly The Italian Combat Squad. примерно: «Итальянский боевой отряд».

He also founds the Fascist Revolutionary Party to run for election in 1919. Он основывает Фашистскую Революционную партию, которая идёт на выборы в 1919 году.

In the party program, though, he still incorporates many Socialist ideas - ostensibly out of populism Популист Муссолини пока ещё включает в программу партии социалистические идеи, Ancak parti programında, görünüşte popülizmden kaynaklanan birçok Sosyalist fikre yer vermeye devam ediyor

- so much so that it has been said that his failure to win a seat in parliament in 1919 причём так явно, что говорили, что ему не удалось получить место в парламенте в 1919 году, - Öyle ki, 1919'da parlamentoda sandalye kazanamamasının

was because he tried to ‘out-Socialist the Socialists”. потому что он пытался «пере-социалистить» социалистов. "Sosyalistlerden daha Sosyalist" olmaya çalıştığı içindi.

Electoral defeat has him rethink his political strategy. Из-за поражения на выборах он переосмыслил свою политическую стратегию.

He needs something that can be attractive to more than just the working class, and what Муссолини ищет что-то, что привлечёт не только рабочий класс, и в конце концов

he comes up with is significantly more radical and coloured by a deep belief in Integral выдвигает значительно более радикальную и окрашенную глубокой верой идею ortaya koyduğu şey çok daha radikaldir ve Integral'e olan derin inançla renklendirilmiştir.