Class 8. Early Jews of Modern Ukraine (1)
الفئة 8. اليهود الأوائل في أوكرانيا الحديثة (1)
Třída 8. Raní Židé moderní Ukrajiny (1)
Klasse 8. Frühe Juden der modernen Ukraine (1)
Τάξη 8. Πρώιμοι Εβραίοι της σύγχρονης Ουκρανίας (1)
Class 8. Early Jews of Modern Ukraine (1)
Clase 8. Los primeros judíos de la Ucrania moderna (1)
Classe 8. Les premiers Juifs de l'Ukraine moderne (1)
Classe 8. I primi ebrei dell'Ucraina moderna (1)
クラス8現代ウクライナの初期ユダヤ人(1)
클래스 8. 현대 우크라이나의 초기 유대인 (1)
8 klasė. Ankstyvieji šiuolaikinės Ukrainos žydai (1)
Klas 8. Vroege Joden in het moderne Oekraïne (1)
Klasa 8. Wcześni Żydzi współczesnej Ukrainy (1)
Aula 8. Judeus primitivos da Ucrânia moderna (1)
Занятие 8. Ранние евреи современной Украины (1)
Sınıf 8. Modern Ukrayna'nın Erken Dönem Yahudileri (1)
8 клас. Ранні євреї сучасної України (1)
第 8 课。现代乌克兰的早期犹太人 (1)
第 8 課。現代烏克蘭的早期猶太人 (1)
- All right, good afternoon, everyone.
- All right, good afternoon, everyone.
- Muito bem, boa tarde a todos.
My name is Maksimas Milta.
O meu nome é Maksimas Milta.
I am a graduate student
I am a graduate student
Je suis étudiant(e) diplômé(e)
Sou um estudante licenciado
at European and Russian Studies program here at Yale,
no programa de Estudos Europeus e Russos aqui em Yale,
and also one of the teaching fellows for this class,
and also one of the teaching fellows for this class,
et également l'un des chargés de cours de cette classe,
а також один із викладачів цього класу,
and as the syllabus says,
et comme le dit le syllabus,
a ako sa uvádza v učebných osnovách,
today's lecture is focused
La conférence d'aujourd'hui est axée sur
on the history of Jews in Ukraine,
and we learned earlier
y aprendimos antes
et nous avons appris plus tôt
that Jews are among those people who lived the longest
que los judíos están entre las personas que vivieron más tiempo
que les Juifs font partie des personnes qui ont vécu le plus longtemps
in the territory of modern-day Ukraine,
en el territorio de la actual Ucrania,
and hence, the topic of today,
y, por tanto, el tema de hoy,
і тому тема сьогоднішнього дня,
and the lecture will be today delivered
y la conferencia será pronunciada hoy
et la conférence sera donnée aujourd'hui
і лекція буде сьогодні прочитана
by our special guest, Professor Glenn Dynner.
Glenn Dynner is the Carl and Dorothy Bennett
Glenn Dynner es el Carl y Dorothy Bennett
Professor of Judaic Studies
and director of Bennett Center at Fairfield University.
兼费尔菲尔德大学贝内特中心主任。
Since 2014, he has served as a professor of religion
and chair of religion department at Sarah Lawrence College.
萨拉·劳伦斯学院宗教系主任。
Professor Dynner holds a PhD from Brandeis University
Le professeur Dynner est titulaire d'un doctorat de l'université de Brandeis.
in the Department of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies,
近东和犹太研究系,
and his scholarship focuses
et sa bourse se concentre sur
і його стипендія фокусується
mostly on Eastern European Jewry,
principalement sur les juifs d'Europe de l'Est,
and more specifically,
on the social history of Hasidism and Haskalah,
also known as Jewish Enlightenment.
également connu sous le nom de Jewish Enlightenment (Lumières juives).
也称为犹太启蒙运动。
He also works on the topics of Polish Jewish relations,
Il travaille également sur les relations entre la Pologne et les Juifs,
Jewish economic history, and popular religion.
Professor Dynner is the author of two award-winning books.
One of them is called "Men of Silk:
L'un d'entre eux s'intitule "Hommes de soie" :
"The Hasidic Conquest of Polish Jewish Society,"
"Хасидское завоевание польского еврейского общества".
“哈西德派征服波蘭猶太社會”
and the other one is called "Yankel's Tavern:
"Jews, Liquor, and Life in the Kingdom of Poland."
"Евреи, спиртное и жизнь в Царстве Польском".
“波蘭王國的猶太人、酒精和生活。”
Currently, Professor Dynner works on the book
目前,Dynner 教授正在撰寫這本書
titled "The Light of Learning:
"The Hasidic Revival in Poland on the Eve of the Holocaust."
"Le renouveau hassidique en Pologne à la veille de l'Holocauste".
“大屠杀前夕波兰的哈西德复兴。”
For those of you
who consider an academic career in your future,
考慮未來學術生涯的人,
I'd like to emphasize the fact
that Professor Dynner is also a coeditor of "Shofar,"
戴纳教授也是《羊角号》的共同编辑,
a journal of interdisciplinary Jewish studies,
журнал міждисциплінарних єврейських досліджень,
跨学科犹太研究杂志,
and he also serves on the editorial boards
Он также входит в состав редакционных советов
他也擔任編輯委員會成員
of "POLIN" and "East European Jewish Affairs" journals.
He's a member of several
Jewish studies related advisory and academic boards,
Консультативные и научные советы, связанные с еврейскими исследованиями,
Консультативні та наукові ради з питань юдаїки,
猶太研究相關的諮詢和學術委員會,
including YIVO,
包括伊沃、
and also, an academic advisory board
ainsi qu'un conseil consultatif académique
а также академический консультативный совет
還有一個學術顧問委員會
of the Fortunoff Archive here at Yale.
耶魯大學福圖諾夫檔案館。
Professor Dynner, welcome to Yale,
and thank you for joining us.
- Okay, thanks, Max.
(audience clapping)
(观众鼓掌)
Thank you.
Yeah, it's great to be here.
I guess you figured out I'm not Timothy Snyder,
Je suppose que vous avez compris que je ne suis pas Timothy Snyder,
Думаю, вы поняли, что я не Тимоти Снайдер,
Sanırım Timothy Snyder olmadığımı anladın,
我想你已經知道我不是提摩西‧史奈德了
and I teach at Fairfield,
и преподаю в Фэрфилде,
我在費爾菲爾德教書,
which is down the highway a little bit,
qui se trouve un peu plus loin sur l'autoroute,
который находится немного ниже по шоссе,
沿著高速公路走一點點,
and I missed my exit,
et j'ai raté ma sortie,
и я пропустил свой выход,
我错过了出口,
and somehow I wind up here, which is a great honor,
et d'une manière ou d'une autre, je me retrouve ici, ce qui est un grand honneur,
そしてどういうわけか私はここにたどり着きました これは大きな名誉です
И каким-то образом я оказался здесь, что для меня большая честь,
ve bir şekilde buraya geldim, ki bu büyük bir onur,
і я якимось чином опинився тут, що є великою честю,
不知怎的,我終於來到了這裡,這是一種莫大的榮幸,
so I'm gonna be talking a little bit
Так что я буду говорить немного
所以我要说一点
about the Jews of Ukraine up to the year 1648.
1648年までのウクライナのユダヤ人について。
о евреях Украины до 1648 года.
关于 1648 年之前乌克兰的犹太人。
I understand you guys came up
J'ai cru comprendre que vous étiez venus
Я понимаю, что вы, ребята, пришли
我知道你們上來了
to the Battle of Grunwald in 1410,
до Грюнвальдской битвы в 1410 году,
до Грюнвальдської битви 1410 р.
1410年格倫瓦爾德戰役
so I'm gonna go a little bit beyond that
Je vais donc aller un peu plus loin.
так что я собираюсь пойти немного дальше.
because honestly, not a whole lot is known
parce qu'honnêtement, on ne sait pas grand-chose
因為老實說,我們知道的不多
about the Jewish communities
关于犹太社区
in this part of Eastern Europe before then,
Doğu Avrupa'nın bu kısmında o zamandan önce,
and so we're gonna go through all this,
и поэтому мы собираемся пройти через все это,
and we're gonna come up to 1648.
и мы дойдем до 1648.
I assume, to this point, you've really been learning
Je suppose que, jusqu'à présent, vous avez vraiment appris
Я полагаю, что до этого момента вы действительно учились
about the story of colonizers and the colonized.
sur l'histoire des colonisateurs et des colonisés.
об истории колонизаторов и колонизируемых.
关于殖民者和被殖民者的故事。
Colonizers being Lithuanians,
Колонизаторы - литовцы,
殖民者是立陶宛人,
and then Poles, which you're just starting to get into,
puis les Polonais, que vous commencez à peine à aborder,
а затем поляки, о которых вы только начали рассказывать,
ve sonra Polonyalılar, ki siz daha yeni girmeye başlıyorsunuz,
然後是波蘭人,你才剛開始接觸,
and the colonized being Ukrainians in this part.
а колонизированными в этой части были украинцы.
這部分的殖民地是烏克蘭人。
What I would like to talk about today
Ce dont je voudrais parler aujourd'hui
О чем я хотел бы поговорить сегодня
今天我想讲的是
is a third very prominent group,
est un troisième groupe très important,
третья очень известная группа,
是第三个非常突出的群体,
and that's the Jewish community,
и это еврейская община,
这就是犹太社区,
which is neither one of these things, right?
ce qui n'est ni l'un ni l'autre, n'est-ce pas ?
что не является ни тем, ни другим, верно?
що не є жодною з цих речей, правда?
这两者都不是,对吧?
The Jews constitute a diaspora group,
Евреи представляют собой диаспору,
猶太人是一個散居國外的群體,
meaning they're without a homeland, so to speak.
可以这么说,这意味着他们没有祖国。
They're a guest,
Ils sont invités,
and they have to somehow mediate
et ils doivent d'une manière ou d'une autre jouer le rôle de médiateur
他们必须以某种方式进行调解
between these colonizers and the colonized.
entre ces colonisateurs et les colonisés.
这些殖民者和被殖民者之间。
There's certain advantages to being a diaspora group,
成为侨民群体有一定的优势,
if you think about it.
They have a pretty far-flung
Ils ont des activités assez éloignées les unes des autres.
Вони мають досить розгалужену мережу
他們有一個相當遙遠的
social and mercantile network.
réseau social et commercial.
社会和商业网络。
They speak their own language
and are able to cultivate,
栽培することができ、
you know, an elite culture
or subculture in these parts,
and, you know,
it's a situation of
where they're able to obtain economic niches
де вони можуть отримати економічні ніші
他们能够获得经济利基的地方
and have a great deal of mobility.
und haben eine große Mobilität.
et ont une grande mobilité.
そして機動力が高い。
并且有很大的机动性。
Those things are true.
However, it's also a situation of physical vulnerability.
然而,这也是一种身体脆弱的情况。
The Jews are members of a,
Євреї є членами
犹太人是以下组织的成员:
well, ostensibly problematic religion,
Ну, нібито проблематична релігія,
好吧,表面上有问题的宗教,
and, you know, as a result of this,
they really wind up serving the more powerful groups,
ils finissent par servir les groupes les plus puissants,
彼らは実際に、より強力なグループに仕えることになります。
они на самом деле служат более влиятельным группам,
вони справді закінчують служити могутнішим групам,
他们最终确实服务于更强大的群体,
meaning the Lithuanian and the Polish colonizers,
指的是立陶宛和波兰殖民者,
and this works out for a while
et cela fonctionne pendant un certain temps
until they really pay a horrible price for this,
直到他们真的为此付出惨痛的代价
you know, because Ukrainians
Вы знаете, потому что украинцы
are gonna rise up under Chmielnicki,
vont s'élever sous Chmielnicki,
восстанут под Хмельницким,
Chmielnicki'nin altında yükselecekler,
将会在赫米尔尼基的领导下崛起,
and Chmielnicki is an anticolonial hero
а Хмельницький — антиколоніальний герой
from a Ukrainian perspective,
but from a Jewish perspective,
after a series of horrific massacres,
在一系列可怕的屠杀之后
you know, Chmielnicki, for them, is a vicious persecutor,
你知道,赫米尔尼基对于他们来说是一个恶毒的迫害者,
and this is kind of the price that they pay.
I wanna start with the bad news
Je vais commencer par les mauvaises nouvelles
and then move on to better news.
然后继续了解更好的消息。
The bad news is Jews, as you probably figured out,
La mauvaise nouvelle concerne les juifs, comme vous l'avez probablement compris,
Плохие новости - это евреи, как вы уже, наверное, догадались,
坏消息是犹太人,正如你可能已经想到的那样,
are a pariah group,
являются группой изгоев,
是一个贱民群体,
as some of the things I mentioned indicate,
私が言及したことのいくつかが示すように、
как показывают некоторые из упомянутых мною вещей,
正如我提到的一些事情表明的那样,
and that has very deep roots here.
et cela a des racines très profondes ici.
这在这里有着很深的根源。
It goes all the way back, in fact, to early church fathers.
Elle remonte en fait aux premiers pères de l'Église.
Она восходит к ранним отцам церкви.
事实上,这可以追溯到早期教父。
The most benign,
Le plus bénin,
Самый доброкачественный,
最善良的,
and, I would say, the formula that's basically adopted
我想说的是,基本上采用的公式
throughout most of real everyday life
贯穿大部分现实日常生活
is probably that one
that's attributable to Augustine, okay?
которые приписывают Августину, понятно?
这要归功于奥古斯丁,好吗?
And we'll go into that in a minute,
but first, I just want to address this image,
但首先,我只想解决这个问题,
which, if you can make it out,
ki eğer başarabilirsen,
如果你能弄清楚的话
is really a kind of image of ambivalence
gerçekten bir tür kararsızlık imgesidir
实在是一种矛盾心理的形象
because over here on this side
因为在这边
you have Jewish merchants, traders.
你有犹太商人、贸易商。
They don't look very prosperous.
Вони не виглядають дуже заможними.
他们看起来不太繁荣。
On the other side, you have peasants in their holiday garb,
De l'autre côté, on trouve des paysans en tenue de fête,
反対側には、休日の服装をした農民がいます。
С другой стороны - крестьяне в праздничных нарядах,
另一边,有穿着节日盛装的农民,
and the painter is called (indistinct),
И художник называется (неразборчиво),
і художник називається (нерозбірливо),
画家的名字(模糊不清),
who would paint Polish and Ukrainian kind of everyday life,
qui peignait la vie quotidienne polonaise et ukrainienne,
который бы рисовал польские и украинские будни,
谁会描绘波兰和乌克兰的日常生活,
landscapes, and depict sort of scenes of everyday life.
пейзажи, а также изображают своеобразные сцены повседневной жизни.
风景,描绘日常生活场景。
They're together.
They're gathered in front of a tavern,
他们聚集在一家小酒馆前,
but you can tell they're pretty apart, right?
mais on voit bien qu'ils sont assez éloignés l'un de l'autre, n'est-ce pas ?
但你可以看出他们很不同,对吧?
They're divided by their dress.
他们是根据着装来区分的。
They're divided by their language.
You know, Jews are speaking Yiddish, predominantly,
你知道,犹太人主要讲意第绪语,
and the peasants have their own local dialect.
农民有自己的当地方言。
It's gonna be a Slavic language,
这将是斯拉夫语言
and there's little kind of communication between them.
他们之间几乎没有什么交流。
The Jews are also involved in very different activity,
犹太人也参与了非常不同的活动,
you know, as traders, as petty merchants,
vous savez, en tant que commerçants, en tant que petits marchands,
你知道,作为商人,作为小商人,
compared to the peasants who, on their holiday are dancing,
与节日里跳舞的农民相比,
and they're enjoying themselves, probably drinking,
他们很享受,可能还在喝酒,
and inside, if we went in there,
在里面,如果我们进去的话,
we would probably see a Jewish tavernkeeper.
我们可能会看到一个犹太酒馆老板。
Jews leased taverns and distilleries from the nobility.
ユダヤ人は貴族から居酒屋や蒸留所を借りていました。
Євреї орендували у шляхти шинки та винокурні.
犹太人向贵族租用小酒馆和酿酒厂。
The vast majority of taverns and distilleries
绝大多数小酒馆和酿酒厂
throughout these regions were actually run by Jews,
整个这些地区实际上都是由犹太人统治的,
and you really have sort of a, I would say,
我想说,你确实有一种,
an interaction, but not an integration, right?
是交互,但不是集成,对吧?
An interaction within
very prescribed social categories.
catégories sociales très précises.
非常规定的社会类别。
You can call it a symbiosis
你可以称之为共生
because Jews are providing essential services,
the peasants providing essential services to them,
农民为他们提供基本服务,
but, of course, it can also develop into real animosity,
但是,当然,它也可能发展成真正的敌意,
misunderstanding, resentment, and outright violence,
l'incompréhension, le ressentiment et la violence pure et simple,
误解、怨恨和公然的暴力,
so that's why I would call it a situation of ambivalence.
Bu yüzden buna kararsızlık durumu diyebilirim.
所以这就是为什么我称之为矛盾的情况。
Where does the pariah status come from?
贱民的地位从何而来?
If we go back to Augustine,
Si nous revenons à Augustin,
I'd like to look at this text very closely
J'aimerais examiner ce texte de très près
我想仔细看看这段文字
because it looks like anti-Semitism,
因为这看起来像是反犹太主义
but it's not really intended to be so.
mais ce n'est pas vraiment le but recherché.
しかし、実際にはそうするつもりはありません。
але насправді це не задумано.
但事实并非如此。
This is from his "Contra Faustum":
这是他的《浮士德》中的一段话:
"It is not, as you say, not by bodily death
"Ce n'est pas, comme vous le dites, pas par la mort corporelle
"shall the ungodly race of carnal Jews perish,"
"La race impie des Juifs charnels périra", "la race impie des Juifs charnels périra", "la race impie des Juifs charnels périra".
「不敬虔な肉のユダヤ人は滅びるだろう」
"Погибнет ли нечестивый род плотских иудеев".
«Нехай загине безбожний рід тілесних євреїв»,
“那些不敬虔的、属肉体的犹太人种族会灭亡吗?”
and what he's basically saying is you can't kill Jews.
et ce qu'il dit en substance, c'est qu'on ne peut pas tuer les Juifs.
You know, they may have rejected Christ,
İsa'yı reddetmiş olabilirler,
你知道,他们可能拒绝了基督,
but they live among us,
mais ils vivent parmi nous,
and they're not to be harmed bodily,
et ils ne doivent pas être blessés physiquement,
ve onlara bedensel zarar verilmemelidir,
і їм не можна завдавати тілесних ушкоджень,
并且他们的身体不会受到伤害,
and this is in a context
of forced conversions at this time period,
bu dönemde zorla din değiştirenlerin sayısı,
在此期间的强制转换,
you know, outright violence and death,
你知道,彻底的暴力和死亡,
and so he's really actually proscribing this.
所以他实际上是在禁止这样做。
He's forbidding this kind of thing.
Il interdit ce genre de choses.
Bu tür şeyleri yasaklıyor.
他禁止这种事。
"For whoever destroys them in this way,
"Kim onları bu şekilde yok ederse,
“无论谁以这种方式毁灭他们,
"shall suffer sevenfold vengeance,"
“将遭受七倍的报复”
that is, shall bring upon himself the sevenfold penalty
也就是说,将给自己带来七倍的惩罚
under which the Jews lie for the crucifixion of Christ,
犹太人在其下躺着钉死基督,
and so he is blaming Jews for the death of Christ,
所以他将基督的死归咎于犹太人,
and deicide,
和弑神者,
or at least the murder of the human embodiment of God,
ou du moins le meurtre de l'incarnation humaine de Dieu,
または少なくとも神の人間の化身の殺害、
Ya da en azından Tanrı'nın insan bedeninin öldürülmesi,
或者至少是对上帝的人类化身的谋杀,
is a pretty heavy penalty,
est une sanction assez lourde,
是一个相当重的处罚
so to the end of the seven days of time,
jusqu'à la fin des sept jours du temps,
the continued preservation of the Jews
犹太人的持续保护
will be proof to believing Christians
sera une preuve pour les chrétiens croyants
キリスト教徒を信じる証拠となる
将成为相信基督徒的证据
of the subjection merited
服従に値する
підпорядкування заслуговує
应得的服从
by those who, in the pride of their kingdom,
par ceux qui, dans l'orgueil de leur royaume,
那些以自己王国为荣的人,
put the Lord to death,
faire mourir le Seigneur,
置主于死地,
and here is perhaps the most dangerous formula of all
这也许是所有公式中最危险的
because what it's basically saying is
因为它的基本意思是
Jews are to be kept around in a state of misery, right?
Les Juifs doivent être maintenus dans un état de misère, n'est-ce pas ?
ユダヤ人は悲惨な状態に置かれるべきですよね?
Евреев нужно держать в состоянии страдания, верно?
Yahudiler etrafta sefalet içinde tutulmalı, değil mi?
犹太人应该处于痛苦的状态,对吗?
As witness to what happens when you reject Christ,
Pour témoigner de ce qui se passe lorsque l'on rejette le Christ,
作为当你拒绝基督时会发生什么的见证,
but they're to be kept around.
mais il faut les garder à portée de main.
しかし、それらは保管する必要があります。
Now, the reason why I consider this so dangerous is
现在,我认为这如此危险的原因是
what happens when Jews don't fulfill that role
ce qui se passe lorsque les Juifs ne remplissent pas ce rôle
当犹太人不履行这个角色时会发生什么
of misery, of subjection?
痛苦,屈服?
What happens then?
然后会发生什么?
What happens when they're perceived
Algılandıklarında ne olur?
当他们被察觉时会发生什么
as maybe violating that hierarchy,
comme violant peut-être cette hiérarchie,
そのヒエラルキーに違反している可能性があるため、
因为可能违反了这个层次结构,
even subverting that hierarchy?
甚至颠覆这种等级制度?
And, of course, at the heart of anti-Semitism is the claim
Et, bien sûr, au cœur de l'antisémitisme se trouve l'affirmation suivante
そしてもちろん、反ユダヤ主義の中心にあるのは、
of excessive Jewish power, influence, and wealth,
d'un pouvoir, d'une influence et d'une richesse juifs excessifs,
犹太人的权力、影响力和财富过多,
and all these things come into play,
そして、これらすべてが作用し、
so what I'm asking is
is this formula a license to kill
Cette formule est-elle un permis de tuer ?
この式は殺すためのライセンスですか
when that, the Jewish part of the deal
そのとき、取引のユダヤ人の部分
那时,交易的犹太人部分
is not held up, right?
n'est pas retenu, n'est-ce pas ?
değil mi?
The subjection or the misery,
Boyun eğme ya da sefalet,
屈服或痛苦,
and, you know, I think that kind of explains
et, vous savez, je pense que cela explique en quelque sorte
而且,你知道,我认为这可以解释
the trajectory that we're gonna follow.
我们将遵循的轨迹。
Most of the time,
Çoğu zaman,
most of the time, Jews are gonna lead
la plupart du temps, les Juifs mènent la danse
a relatively prosperous and stable existence,
相对繁荣稳定的存在,
but then there are these episodes,
但接下来还有这些情节,
extremely violent devastating episodes,
极其暴力的破坏性事件,
today, what we would call genocide in some cases, you know,
今天,在某些情况下我们称之为种族灭绝,你知道,
and, you know, are Jews even aware of this bargain?
et, vous savez, les juifs sont-ils au moins au courant de ce marché ?
і, знаєте, євреї взагалі знають про цю угоду?
而且,你知道,犹太人知道这个交易吗?
Are they aware of this formula?
Bu formülden haberleri var mı?
他们知道这个公式吗?
It seems they are, to an extent,
Il semble que ce soit le cas, dans une certaine mesure,
Похоже, что в какой-то степени так оно и есть,
看来他们在某种程度上
because rabbinical leaders will actually forbid
因为拉比领袖实际上会禁止
ostentatious display
affichage ostentatoire
показний показ
炫耀
like jewelry and fancy clothing and that kind of a thing,
比如珠宝和漂亮的衣服之类的东西,
and they'll try very hard,
他们会非常努力,
but it's very hard to control such things also.
That being said, so we've got this kind of,
话虽这么说,所以我们有这样的,
I would say, dangerous balancing act, you know,
Je dirais qu'il s'agit d'un exercice d'équilibre dangereux,
and it's like a collective balancing act
这就像一个集体的平衡行为
and this collective sense of ambivalence.
以及这种集体的矛盾心理。
That being said,
Ceci étant dit,
most of the Jews of the world
la plupart des Juifs du monde
世界上大多数犹太人
are going to move to this part of the world,
vont s'installer dans cette partie du monde,
将要搬到世界的这个地方,
not all the Ukraine.
pas toute l'Ukraine.
It's gonna be, also, you know,
这也会是,你知道,
the Polish kingdom and other lands in Eastern Europe,
波兰王国和东欧其他国家,
but it's pretty incredible.
但这真是令人难以置信。
75% of the world's Jewish population
世界上 75% 的犹太人口
is going to reside in Eastern Europe by the 19th century,
到19世纪将居住在东欧,
and there's a reason for that.
It can't be that horrible if they're living there.
It certainly can't be that deadly.
Il ne peut certainement pas être aussi mortel.
肯定不可能那么致命。
The reason for that is that stability
原因就在于稳定性
and relative prosperity.
和相对繁荣。
They have economic autonomy.
他们有经济自主权。
They're not allowed to own land,
他们不被允许拥有土地,
yet that can also be,
mais cela peut aussi être le cas,
但这也可以是,
I suppose, an advantage
我想,一个优势
because they move into somewhat more lucrative pursuits
parce qu'ils se tournent vers des activités un peu plus lucratives
因为他们转向更有利可图的追求
like trade, crafts, moneylending,
比如贸易、手工艺、放债、
and most importantly all, as time develops,
leaseholding from the nobility.
de la noblesse.
贵族的租赁权。
They will lease pretty much all
Ils loueront à peu près tous les
of the nonagricultural enterprises of the nobles.
贵族的非农企业。
Political autonomy.
We're gonna see how they develop virtually self-government.
Nous allons voir comment ils développent une quasi-autonomie.
我们将看到他们如何发展实际上的自治。
Now, later on, anti-Semitic claims are gonna be
Maintenant, plus tard, les allégations antisémites seront
that they constitute a state within a state.
що вони становлять державу в державі.
他们构成了国中之国。
I think that goes way too far.
Je pense que cela va beaucoup trop loin.
You know, it's all contingent on the Polish landowners
Vous savez, tout dépend des propriétaires terriens polonais
你知道,这一切都取决于波兰地主
who own the vast majority of land in these areas
谁拥有这些地区的绝大多数土地
and linguistic autonomy.
和语言自主权。
The vernacular everyday language is Yiddish,
日常用语是意第绪语,
a combination of German and Hebrew
德语和希伯来语的组合
with some Slavic elements thrown in,
avec quelques éléments slaves,
and then Hebrew, which functions a lot like Latin
然后是希伯来语,其功能很像拉丁语
as an elite clerical language, a literary language,
作为一种精英文书语言、一种文学语言,
one that's not really spoken until the rise of Zionism.
qui n'a pas vraiment été prononcée avant la montée du sionisme.
直到犹太复国主义兴起才真正被提及。
Now, we can go way back
to the origins of Jewish presence
in what becomes the Ukraine,
but historians will often start
with the Khazar kingdom,
з Хозарським царством,
and it's kind of exciting to historians
to think that there was a Jewish kingdom.
Supposedly, the king converted to Judaism.
Імовірно, король прийняв іудаїзм.
There's a classic called the "Kuzari,"
which tells this story how the king had a representative
from the Christians and the Jews and the Muslims,
and he chose Judaism,
and it's exciting
because you thought that it was only ancient Israel.
parce que vous pensiez qu'il ne s'agissait que de l'ancien Israël.
That was the last time that you had autonomy,
and suddenly, we find we have this Jewish kingdom,
and there are little bits of evidence here and there
that such a Jewish kingdom existed,
qu'un tel royaume juif ait existé,
letters, mentionings in chronicles and that kind of a thing.
It's kind of a mess
C'est un peu le bazar
because there are historians who accept this
and who devote their whole careers to writing about this,
et qui consacrent toute leur carrière à écrire sur ce sujet,