13: Jødedommens historie Judaism's|history 13: Geschichte des Judentums 13: Historia del judaísmo 13 : Histoire du judaïsme 13: Storia del giudaismo 13: История иудаизма 13: Історія іудаїзму 13: The History of Judaism

Jødedommen er den eldste av de tre abrahamittiske religionene, - Judaism|is|the|oldest|of|the|three|Abrahamic|religions Judaism is the oldest of the three Abrahamic religions, -

jødedommen, kristendommen og islam, med sin cirka 3000 år lange historie. Judaism|Christianity|and|Islam|with|its|about|years|long|history Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, with its approximately 3000-year-long history.

Alle disse tre er monoteistiske og knytter seg på forskjellig vis til Abraham. all|these|three|are|monotheistic|and|connects|itself|in|different|ways|to|Abraham All three are monotheistic and relate to Abraham in different ways.

Jødenes tidlige historie går som en rød tråd gjennom den jødiske bibelen Tanakh. the Jews'|early|history|goes|as|a|red|thread|through|the|Jewish|bible|Tanakh The early history of the Jews runs like a red thread through the Jewish Bible Tanakh.

Tanakh tilsvarer omtrent det de kristne kaller Det Gamle Testamentet. Tanakh|corresponds|roughly|what|the|Christians|call|the|Old|Testament Tanakh corresponds roughly to what Christians call the Old Testament.

Koranen i islam inneholder også mange av de samme mytene som man finner i Tanakh. the Quran|in|Islam|contains|also|many|of|the|same|myths|that|one|finds|in|Tanakh The Quran in Islam also contains many of the same myths found in Tanakh.

Ordet Tanakh er satt sammen av første bokstav i de tre hoveddelene som boken består av: the word|Tanakh|is|put|together|from|first|letter|in|the|three|main parts|that|the book|consists|of The word Tanakh is composed of the first letter of the three main parts that the book consists of:

Tora - Loven, Neviim - profetene og Ketuvim - skriftene. Torah|the Law|the Prophets|the prophets|and|the Writings|the writings Torah - the Law, Neviim - the Prophets, and Ketuvim - the Writings.

Toraen begynner med de skapelsen og historien om Adam og Eva. the Torah|begins|with|the|creation|and|the story|about|Adam|and|Eve The Torah begins with the creation and the story of Adam and Eve.

Her fortelles også historien om syndefloden og Noahs ark. here|is told|also|the story|about|the flood|and|Noah's|ark Here, the story of the Great Flood and Noah's Ark is also told.

Men det er først med Abraham at jødenes historie begynner. but|it|is|first|with|Abraham|that|the Jews'|history|begins But it is only with Abraham that the history of the Jews begins.

Ifølge jødedommen inngikk Abraham og Gud en pakt for omtrent 3000 år siden, - according to|Judaism|entered into|Abraham|and|God|a|covenant|for|about|years|ago According to Judaism, Abraham and God made a covenant about 3000 years ago, -

der Abraham forpliktet seg til å følge den ene gud. where|Abraham|committed|himself|to|to|follow|the|one|god where Abraham committed to follow the one God.

Abraham skulle reise til landet Kanaan ved Middelhavets østlige bredd, - Abraham|would|travel|to|land|Canaan|by|Mediterranean's|eastern|shore Abraham was to travel to the land of Canaan on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, -

der han skulle slå seg ned og få mange etterkommere. where|he|would|settle|himself|down|and|have|many|descendants where he would settle and have many descendants.

Som tegn på pakten skulle han la alle guttebarn omskjære. as|sign|of|the covenant|should|he|let|all|male children|circumcise As a sign of the covenant, he was to have all male children circumcised.

Dette er en helt grunnleggende myte for for jødenes syn på seg selv som et folk - this|is|a|completely|fundamental|myth|for||the Jews'|view|on|themselves||as|a|people This is a fundamental myth for the Jewish view of themselves as a people -

med spesielle forpliktelser overfor Gud og med et spesielt forhold til landområdet som i dag utgjør Israel og områdene rundt. with|special|obligations|towards|God|and|with|a|special|relationship|to|the territory|that|in|today|constitutes|Israel|and|the areas|around with special obligations to God and a special relationship to the land that today constitutes Israel and the surrounding areas.

Mye av Toraen vies til fortellingen om Moses, hvordan han reddet sitt folk fra slaveri i Egypt og lovene han mottok fra Gud. much|of|the Torah|is devoted|to|the story|about|Moses|how|he|saved|his|people|from|slavery|in|Egypt|and|the laws|he|received|from|God Much of the Torah is devoted to the story of Moses, how he saved his people from slavery in Egypt and the laws he received from God.

Toraen tilsvarer Mosebøkene i det gamle testamentet. the Torah|corresponds to|the books of Moses|in|the|old|testament The Torah corresponds to the Books of Moses in the Old Testament.

Etter Moses' død skal Kanaan ha blitt gjenerobret av det jødiske folk. after|Moses'|death|shall|Canaan|have|been|re-conquered|by|the|Jewish|people After Moses' death, Canaan is said to have been re-conquered by the Jewish people.

Etter en urolig periode, den såkalte “dommertiden”, fikk jødene sitt første samlede kongedømme i 1020 f.Kr. after|a|troubled|period|the|so-called|“time of the judges|received|the Jews|their|first|united|kingdom|in|| After a turbulent period, the so-called 'time of the judges', the Jews established their first united kingdom in 1020 BC.

Den første kongen var Saul. the|first|king|was|Saul The first king was Saul.

Hans etterfølger David skapte ifølge tekstene et sterkt forent monarki med Jerusalem som hovedstad. his|successor|David|created|according to|the texts|a|strong|united|monarchy|with|Jerusalem|as|capital His successor David created, according to the texts, a strongly united monarchy with Jerusalem as the capital.

Denne perioden kalles kongetiden. this|period|is called|the time of kings This period is called the time of the kings.

Under hans etterfølger Salomo, var det en periode med fred og vekst og det første tempelet i Jerusalem ble bygget. under|his|successor|Solomon|was|it|a|period|of|peace|and|growth|and|it|first|temple|in|Jerusalem|was|built Under his successor Solomon, there was a period of peace and growth, and the first temple in Jerusalem was built.

Omkring 930 f.Kr. around|| Around 930 B.C. ble kongedømmet delt i to riker, Israel i nord og Judea i sør. was|the kingdom|divided|into|two|kingdoms|Israel|in|north|and|Judea|in|south the kingdom was divided into two realms, Israel in the north and Judah in the south.

På 600 tallet f.Kr. in|century|| In the 600s BC. erobret den babylonske kongen Nebukadnesar II Jerusalem, og ødela tempelet. conquered|the|Babylonian|king|Nebuchadnezzar|II|Jerusalem|and|destroyed|the temple the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II conquered Jerusalem and destroyed the temple.

Store deler av den jødiske befolkningen ble deportert til Babylon og holdt som fanger der. large|parts|of|the|Jewish|population|was|deported|to|Babylon|and|held|as|prisoners|there Large parts of the Jewish population were deported to Babylon and held as captives there.

Jødedommen måtte tilpasse seg en tilværelse uten Tempelet. Judaism|had to|adapt|itself|a|existence|without|the Temple Judaism had to adapt to a life without the Temple.

Flere tradisjoner og forestillinger som vi kjenner fra dagens jødedom ble trolig til nettopp under det babylonske fangenskap. several|traditions|and|beliefs|that|we|know|from|today's|Judaism|were|probably|formed|precisely|during|the|Babylonian|captivity Several traditions and concepts that we know from today's Judaism likely originated during the Babylonian captivity.

Da perserne erobret Babylon i 539 f.Kr fikk jødene vende tilbake, - when|the Persians|conquered|Babylon|in|||got|the Jews|return|back When the Persians conquered Babylon in 539 BC, the Jews were allowed to return, -

men ikke alle benyttet seg av dette da mange var godt etablert i Babylon. but|not|all|utilized|themselves|of|this|when|many|were|well|established|in|Babylon but not everyone took advantage of this as many were well established in Babylon.

De tilbakevendte jødene gjenoppbygget det andre tempelet i Jerusalem omkring 537 f.Kr. the|returned|Jews|rebuilt|the|second|temple|in|Jerusalem|around|| The returning Jews rebuilt the second temple in Jerusalem around 537 BC.

Judea ble romersk provins i 63 f.Kr. Judea|became|Roman|province|in|| Judea became a Roman province in 63 BC. I år 66 e.Kr gjorde jødene opprør mot Romerriket. in|year|||made|Jews|rebellion|against|Roman Empire In the year 66 AD, the Jews revolted against the Roman Empire.

Romerske legioner erobret og ødela det meste av Jerusalem og det andre tempelet i år 70 e.Kr. Roman|legions|conquered|and|destroyed|the||||||second|temple|in|year|| Roman legions conquered and destroyed most of Jerusalem and the second temple in the year 70 AD.

Dette førte til den jødiske diasporaen, hvor jødene i store antall ble forvist fra sitt hjemland og ble spredt ut over hele Romerriket. this|led|to|the|Jewish|diaspora|where|the Jews|in|large|numbers|were|exiled|from|their|homeland|and|were|spread|out|over|the whole|Roman Empire This led to the Jewish diaspora, where Jews were exiled in large numbers from their homeland and spread throughout the Roman Empire.

Religionen var nå ikke lenger sentrert rundt prestenes ritualer i tempelet i Jerusalem, men rundt synagoger og rabbinere. the religion|was|now|not|longer|centered|around|the priests'|rituals|in|the temple|in|Jerusalem|but|around|synagogues|and|rabbis Religion was no longer centered around the priests' rituals in the temple in Jerusalem, but around synagogues and rabbis.

Fram til ca 500 e.Kr. until|to|about|| Until around 500 AD. ble jødenes omfattende muntlige tradisjon systematisert, skrevet ned og samlet i Talmud. was|the Jews'|extensive|oral|tradition|systematized|written|down|and|collected|in|Talmud the Jews' extensive oral tradition was systematized, written down, and compiled in the Talmud.

Alle disse endringene har har vært avgjørende for jødedommen slik vi kjenner den i dag. all|these|changes|have|have|been|crucial|for|Judaism|as|we|know|it|in|today All these changes have been crucial for Judaism as we know it today.

Jødene ble stadig utsatt for forfølgelser i middelalderen, hovedsakelig i det kristne i Europa. the Jews|were|constantly|subjected|to|persecutions|in|the Middle Ages|mainly|in|the|Christian|in|Europe Jews were constantly subjected to persecution in the Middle Ages, mainly in Christian Europe.

En av årsakene var at jødene fikk skylden for drapet på Jesus. one|of|the reasons|was|that|the Jews|got|the blame|for|the murder|of|Jesus One of the reasons was that the Jews were blamed for the murder of Jesus.

Forfølgelsene skjedde både før og etter reformasjonen. the persecutions|happened|both|before|and|after|the Reformation The persecutions occurred both before and after the Reformation.

Ikke minst ble mange jøder offer for 1600-tallets kjetter- og hekseprosesser. not|least|became|many|Jews|victims|of|17th century's||and|witch trials Not least, many Jews fell victim to the heresy and witch trials of the 17th century.

På attenhundretallet økte interessen for jødisk nasjonalisme, og dette fikk sitt uttrykk i sionistbevegelsen - in|19th century|increased|interest|for|Jewish|nationalism|and|this|got|its|expression|in|Zionist movement In the 18th century, interest in Jewish nationalism increased, and this was expressed in the Zionist movement -

etter høyden Zion i Jerusalem som symbol på landet Israel. after|height|Zion|in|Jerusalem|as|symbol|of|land|Israel after the height Zion in Jerusalem as a symbol of the land of Israel.

Sionistene støttet etableringen av et eget jødisk hjemland i det historiske Israel. The Zionists|supported|establishment|of|a|own|Jewish|homeland|in|the|historical|Israel The Zionists supported the establishment of a Jewish homeland in historic Israel.

I siste halvdel av attenhundretallet økte populariteten av raseteorier, og antisemittismen når sitt høydepunkt med Holocaust. in|last|half|of|the 1800s|increased|popularity|of|racial theories|and|antisemitism|reached|its|peak|with|Holocaust In the latter half of the nineteenth century, the popularity of racial theories increased, and anti-Semitism reached its peak with the Holocaust.

6 millioner jøder, over halvparten av alle jøder i Europa - ble systematisk utryddet av det tyske nazistiske regimet i perioden 1938 til 1945. million|Jews|over|half|of|all|Jews|in|Europe|were|systematically|exterminated|by|the|German|Nazi|regime|in|period|to 6 million Jews, over half of all Jews in Europe - were systematically exterminated by the German Nazi regime from 1938 to 1945.

Etter krigen var det svært mange overlevende jøder som dro fra det krigsherjede Europa til det britisk styrte Palestina. after|the war|was|there|very|many|survivors|Jews|who|left|from|the|war-torn|Europe|to|the|British|ruled|Palestine After the war, there were many Jewish survivors who left war-torn Europe for British-controlled Palestine.

Det ble et økt internasjonalt press for opprettelsen av en jødisk stat. there|became|an|increased|international|pressure|for|establishment|of|a|Jewish|state There was increased international pressure for the establishment of a Jewish state.

I 1947 vedtok FN en plan om å dele Palestina i en jødisk og en arabisk stat. in|adopted|the UN|a|plan|about|to|divide|Palestine|into|a|Jewish|and|a|Arab|state In 1947, the UN adopted a plan to divide Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state.

Jerusalem skulle være under internasjonal administrasjon. Jerusalem|would|be|under|international|administration Jerusalem was to be under international administration.

Ingen av partene i området godtok planen, og rett før den skulle settes i verk kunngjorde sionistlederen David Ben-Gurion etableringen av den jødiske staten Israel. none|of|the parties|in|the area|accepted|the plan|and|right|before|it|would|be put|into|action|announced|the Zionist leader|David|||the establishment|of|the|Jewish|state|Israel None of the parties in the area accepted the plan, and just before it was to be implemented, the Zionist leader David Ben-Gurion announced the establishment of the Jewish state of Israel.

Delingen i en arabisk og en jødisk del ble derfor aldri noe av. the division|into|an|Arab|and|a|Jewish|part|was|therefore|never|anything|of Delingen i en arabisk og en jødisk del ble derfor aldri noe av. The division into an Arab and a Jewish part therefore never took place.

Siden 1948 har området vært preget av konflikt om landegrenser. since|has|the area|been|characterized|by|conflict|over|borders Since 1948, the area has been characterized by conflict over borders.

Det bor per 2018 cirka 9 millioner mennesker i Israel, hvor cirka 75% regner seg som jøder. it|lives|as of|about|million|people|in|Israel|where|about|consider|themselves|as|Jews As of 2018, approximately 9 million people live in Israel, of which about 75% identify as Jews.

I 2016 ble det anslått å være et sted mellom 14 og 18 millioner jøder i verden. in|was|it|estimated|to|be|a|place|between|and|million|Jews|in|world In 2016, it was estimated that there were between 14 and 18 million Jews in the world. De fleste bor i Israel og USA. they|most|live|in|Israel|and|USA Most live in Israel and the USA.