What percentage of your brain do you use? - Richard E. Cytowic
Jakou|procento|z|tvé|mozku|verbo|ty|využíváš|Richard E Cytowic|E(1)|Richard E Cytowic
什么||||||||||
Wie viel Prozent Ihres Gehirns nutzen Sie? - Richard E. Cytowic
¿Qué porcentaje de tu cerebro utilizas? - Richard E. Cytowic
Quel pourcentage de votre cerveau utilisez-vous ? - Richard E. Cytowic
Quale percentuale del vostro cervello utilizzate? - Richard E. Cytowic
脳の何パーセントを使っているか?- リチャード・E・サイトウィック
뇌의 몇 퍼센트를 사용하시나요? - Richard E. Cytowic
Jakiego procentu mózgu używasz - Richard E. Cytowic
Que percentagem do seu cérebro utiliza? - Richard E. Cytowic
Какой процент вашего мозга вы используете? - Ричард Э. Цитович
Beyninizin yüzde kaçını kullanıyorsunuz? - Richard E. Cytowic
Який відсоток свого мозку ви використовуєте? - Річард Е. Цитович
你的大脑使用了多少百分比?- 理查德-E-赛托维克
您使用大腦的百分之幾? ——理查德·E·賽托維奇
An enduring myth says we use
An(1)|trvalý|mýtus|říká|my používáme|
||миф|||
|dauernder|Mythos|||
|long-lasting||||
|duradera||||
Un mit care dăinuie spune că folosim
only 10% of our brain.
pouze|naší|naše|
|||cerebro
doar 10% din creierul nostru.
The other 90% standing idly by for spare capacity.
|||бездействуя||||
|||without action||||
|||tatenlos|||zusätzliche|Kapazität
|||闲着||||
ta|ostatní|stojící|nečinně|stojí stranou||náhradní|kapacita
|||inactiva||||
El 90% restante se queda de brazos cruzados en busca de capacidad sobrante.
Celelalte 90% stau degeaba în așteptarea capacității de rezervă.
Hucksters promised to unlock that hidden potential
podvodníci|slíbili||odemknout|tu|skrytý|potenciál
Мошенники||||||
Händler|versprachen||freisetzen||verborgenen|Potenzial
Los mercachifles prometían liberar ese potencial oculto
Hucksters a promis să deblocheze acest potențial ascuns
with methods "based on neuroscience,"
s metodami|metody|založené na|na|neurovědy
||||Neuroscience
con métodos "basados en la neurociencia".
cu metode "bazate pe neuroștiință","
but all they really unlock is your wallet.
ale|všechno co|oni|opravdu|odemykají|je|tvá|peněženka
|||||||Geldbörse
pero lo único que realmente desbloquean es tu cartera.
dar tot ceea ce deblochează cu adevărat este portofelul tău.
但他们真正解锁的只是你的钱包。
Two thirds of the public
dva|třetiny||veřejnosti|veřejnosti
|Zwei Drittel|||Öffentlichkeit
Dos tercios del público
Două treimi din public
三分之二的公众
and nearly half of science teachers
|téměř|||vědy|učitelé
y casi la mitad de los profesores de ciencias
și aproape jumătate dintre profesorii de științe
以及近一半的科学教师
mistakenly believe the 10% myth.
omylem|||
fälschlicherweise|||Mythos
creen erróneamente en el mito del 10%.
cred în mod eronat în mitul celor 10%.
In the 1890s, William James,
|||William James|
En la década de 1890, William James,
the father of American psychology,
|Vater||amerikanisch|
el padre de la psicología estadounidense,
părintele psihologiei americane,
said, "Most of us do not meet
dijo: "La mayoría de nosotros no cumple
a spus: "Cei mai mulți dintre noi nu se întâlnesc
our mental potential."
|duševní|
nuestro potencial mental".
potențialul nostru mental."
James meant this as a challenge,
|meinte||||Herausforderung
James quería decir esto como un desafío,
James a înțeles acest lucru ca pe o provocare,
not an indictment of scant brain usage.
||обвинение||ограниченного||
||indictment||limited||
||acusação||pouca||
||Anklage||geringfügiger||Gehirnbenutzung
||obžaloba||omezeného||
||syytteen||||
no una acusación de escaso uso del cerebro.
nu o acuzație de utilizare redusă a creierului.
But the misunderstanding stuck.
||Missverständnis|blieb bestehen
||malentendido|persistió
Pero el malentendido se mantuvo.
Dar neînțelegerea a rămas.
Also, scientists couldn't figure out
|Wissenschaftler|||
Además, los científicos no pudieron averiguar
De asemenea, oamenii de știință nu și-au putut da seama
for a long time
pentru o lungă perioadă de timp
the purpose of our massive frontal lobes
||||||долями
||||großen|frontalen|Lappen
scopul lobilor noștri frontali masivi
or broad areas of the parietal lobe.
|||||temenní|
|||||теменной|
||Bereiche|||parietalen|Lappen
|||||теменной|
|amplias|||||
sau zone largi ale lobului parietal.
Damage didn't cause motor or sensory deficits,
|||||senzorické|deficity
||||||дефициты
Schaden|||motorische||sensorischen|Defizite
Leziunile nu au provocat deficite motorii sau senzoriale,
so authorities concluded they didn't do anything.
|Behörden|schlossen||||
așa că autoritățile au ajuns la concluzia că nu au făcut nimic.
For decades, these parts
|Jahrzehnten||Teile
Timp de decenii, aceste piese
were called silent areas,
||тихими|
their function elusive.
||neuchopitelná
||kavala
||schwierig zu f
||elusivo
||неуловимая функция
We've since learned that they underscore
|||||zdůrazňují
|||||подчеркивают
||gelernt|||unterstreichen
||||ellos|subrayan
Desde então, ficámos a saber que eles sublinham
executive and integrative ability,
výkonná schopnost||integrační|
||интегративная|
exekutive||integrative Fähigkeit|
ejecutiva|||
capacidade executiva e integradora,
without which, we would hardly be human.
||||||Menschen
They are crucial to abstract reasoning,
||klíčové pro|||
||||абстрактному|мышления
||entscheidend für||abstraktem Denken|
planning,
weighing decisions
Abwägen|Entscheidungen
evaluando|
and flexibly adapting to circumstances.
||||okolnostem
|flexibel|anpassen||
The idea that 9/10 of your brain
sits idly by in your skull
|nečinně||||
|||||Schädel
|inactiva||||
looks silly when we calculate how the brain uses energy.
|lächerlich|||berechnen|||||
Rodent and canine brains consume
hlodavci||psí||
грызуны||собачьи||
Nagetier||Hund|Gehirne|verbrauchen
||canine||
5% of total body energy.
Monkey brains use 10%.
Affe||
An adult human brain,
|Erwachsenen||
which accounts for only 2% of the body's mass,
|Körpermasse|||||des Körpers|
consumes 20% of daily glucose burned.
verbraucht|||Glukose|
|||glucose|
In children, that figure is 50%,
and in infants, 60%.
||kojenci
||Säuglingen
This is far more than expected
for their relative brain sizes,
||verwandten||Größen
which scale in proportion to body size.
|Maßstab||Verhältnis|||
Human ones weigh 1.5 kilograms,
|Menschen|wiegen|Kilogramm
elephant brains 5 kg,
Elefant||Kilogramm
and whale brains 9 kg,
|Wal||
yet on a per weight basis,
|||||na základě hmotnosti
|||pro||
humans pack in more neurons
Menschen|verpacken|||Neuronen
than any other species.
|||Art
This dense packing is what makes us so smart.
|dichte|Verdichtung||||||
There is a trade-off between body size
|||kompromis|kompromis|||
|||Abwägung||||
|||intercambio||||
and the number of neurons a primate,
||||||primát
||||||Primat
including us, can sustain.
||můžeme|udržet
|||erhalten können
A 25 kg ape has to eat 8 hours a day
||opice||||||
||Affe||||||
to uphold a brain with 53 billion neurons.
|unterstützen||||Milliarden|
The invention of cooking,
|Erfindung des Koch||
one and half million years ago,
|||Million||
gave us a huge advantage.
|||große|
Cooked food is rendered soft and predigested
|||převáděna|||předtrávené
|||превращается|||
gekochte|||weich gemacht|weich||vorverdaut
|||made|||
outside of the body.
Our guts more easily absorb its energy.
|Darm|||||
|guts|||||
Cooking frees up time
|schafft frei||
and provides more energy
|liefert||
than if we ate food stuffs raw
|||||Lebensmittel|roh
and so we can sustain brains
||||udržovat|
with 86 billion densely packed neurons.
||dicht gepackten|dicht gepackt|
40% more than the ape.
Here's how it works:
Half the calories a brain burns
||Kalorien|||verbraucht
go towards simply keeping the structure intact
||||||neporušenou
||||||unverändert
by pumping sodium and potassium ions
při pumpování|||||
||||калия|
|Pumpen|Natrium||Kalium|Ionen
||натрий||калий|ионы
across membranes to maintain an electrical charge.
||||an||
||||||заряд
|Membranen||aufrechterhalten|||Ladung
To do this, the brain has to be an energy hog.
||||||||||žrout energie
||||||||||потребитель энергии
||||||||||consumer
||||||||||ladrão de energia
It consumes an astounding 3.4 x 10^21 ATP molecules per minute,
|||ohromující|na||molekul||
|||erstaunliche||ATP-Moleküle|Moleküle||
ATP being the coal of the body's furnace.
||||||těla|topeniště
|||Brennstoff||||Ofen
adenosine triphos|||||||
The high cost of maintaining resting potentials
||||udržování||
||||Aufrechterhaltung|Ruhe-|Potentiale
in all 86 billion neurons
means that little energy is left
to propel signals down axons and across synapses,
||||axonů|||synapsích
|vermitteln|Signale||Axonen|||Synapsen
|propel||||||
the nerve discharges that actually get things done.
|Nerven|Entladungen|||||
||impulses|||||
Even if only a tiny percentage of neurons
||||winzige|Prozentsatz||
|||||||neurons
fired in a given region at any one time,
||||Region||||
the energy burden of generating spikes
ta|||při||
||Belastung||Erzeugung von|Spitzen
||carga energética|||
over the entire brain
would be unsustainable.
||neudržitelné
||nicht nachhaltig
Here's where energy efficiency comes in.
|||účinnost energie|přichází do hry|
|||Energieeffizienz||
Letting just a small proportion of cells
||jenom|malou|||
signal at any one time,
known as sparse coding,
|||kódování
||разреженное кодирование|
||spärlich|Kodierung
uses the least energy,
||am wenigsten|
but carries the most information.
Because the small number of signals
have thousands of possible paths
|tausende||möglichen|Wege
by which to distribute themselves.
|||sich verteilen|sich selbst
A drawback of sparse coding
|Nachteil|||
|недостаток|||
within a huge number of neurons
is its cost.
Worse, if a big proportion of cells never fire,
worse||||||||
then they are superfluous
|||nadbytečné
|||ylimääräisiä
|||überflüssig
|||избыточны
and evolution should have jettisoned them long ago.
||||отбросила|||
||||discarded|||
||||abandonado-os|||
|Evolution|||abgeworfen|||
||||odložila|||
||||hylännyt|||
The solution is to find
|Lösung|||
the optimum proportion of cells
|optimale|||
|optimal|||
that the brain can have active at once.
For maximum efficiency,
|maximale|
between 1% and 16% of cells
should be active at any given moment.
This is the energy limit
Tämä||||
||||Grenze
we have to live with
in order to be conscious at all.
||||vědomý||
||||bewusst||
The need to conserve resources
|||Ressourcen sparen|Ressourcen
is the reason most of the brain's operations
||||||des Gehirns|Funktionen
must happen outside of conciousness.
|se stát|||
||||Bewusstsein
It's why multitasking is a fool's errand.
||||||пустая затея
||Multitasking|||des Narren|Unterfangen
||||||tarefa inútil
We simply lack the energy to do two things at once
let alone three or five.
When we try, we do each task less well
than if we had given it our full attention.
|||||||total atenção|
The numbers are against us.
|die Zahlen|||
Your brain is already smart and powerful.
So powerful, that it needs a lot of power
to stay powerful.
And so smart
that it has built in an energy efficiency plan.
So don't let a fradulent myth
||||podvodný|
||||petollinen myytti|
||||betrügerisch|
||||fraudulent|
||||обманчивый|
make you guilty about your
||schuldig||
supposedly lazy brain.
údajně||
angeblich|faul|
Guilt would be a waste of energy.
Schuld||||||
After all this,
don't you realize it's dumb to waste
||||dumm||
mental energy?
You have billions of
Вы|||
||Milliarden|
power-hungry neurons to maintain.
So hop to it!
|mach schnell||
|get moving||
así que|||