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TED Talks 2019 + Video, Nanfu Wang / What it was like to grow up under China's one-child policy

Nanfu Wang / What it was like to grow up under China's one-child policy

My name is Nanfu. In Chinese, "nan" means "man. " And "fu" means "pillar. " My family had hoped for a boy, who would grow up to be the pillar of the family. And when I turned out to be a girl, they named me Nanfu anyway. (Laughter)

I was born in 1985, six years before China announced its one-child policy. Right after I was born, the local officials came and ordered my mom to be sterilized. My grandpa stood up to the officials, because he wanted a grandson to carry on the family name. Eventually, my parents were allowed to have a second child, but they had to wait for five years and pay a substantial fine.

Growing up, my brother and I were surrounded by children from one-child families. I remember feeling a sense of shame because I had a younger brother. I felt like our family did something wrong for having two children. At the time, I didn't question where this sense of shame and guilt came from. A year and a half ago, I had my own first child. It was the best thing that ever happened in my life. Becoming a mother gave me a totally new perspective on my own childhood, and it brought back my memories of early life in China. For the past three decades, everyone in my family had to apply for a permission from the government to have a child. And I wondered what it was like for people who lived under the one-child policy.

So I decided to make a documentary about it. One of the people I interviewed was the midwife who delivered all of the babies born in my village, including myself. She was 84 years old when I interviewed her. I asked her, "Do you remember how many babies you delivered throughout your career? " She didn't have a number for deliveries. She said she had performed 60,000 forced abortions and sterilizations. Sometimes, she said, a late-term fetus would survive an abortion, and she would kill the baby after delivering it. She remembered how her hands would tremble as she did the work.

Her story shocked me. When I set out to make the film, I expected it would be a simple story of perpetrators and victims. People who carried out the policy and people who are living with the consequences. But that wasn't what I saw. As I was finishing my interview with the midwife, I noticed an area in her house that was decorated with elaborate homemade flags. And each flag has a picture of a baby on it. These were flags that were sent by families whom she helped treat their infertility problems. She explained that she had had enough of performing abortions and sterilizations -- that the only work she did now was to help families have babies. She said she was full of guilt for carrying out the one-child policy, and she hoped that by helping families have babies, she could counteract what she did in the past. It became clear to me she, too, was a victim of the policy. Every voice was telling her that what she did was right and necessary for China's survival. And she did what she thought was right for her country.

I know how strong that message was. It was everywhere around myself when I grew up. It was printed on matches, playing cards, textbooks, posters. The propaganda praising the one-child policy was everywhere around us. [Anyone who refuses to sterilize will be arrested.]

And so were the threats against disobeying it. The message seeped into our minds so much so that I grew up feeling embarrassed for having a younger brother.

With each person I filmed, I saw how their minds and hearts can be influenced by the propaganda, and how their willingness to make sacrifices for the greater good can be twisted into something very dark and tragic.

China is not the only place where this happens. There is no country on earth where propaganda isn't present. And in societies that are supposed to be more open and free than China, it can be even harder to recognize what propaganda looks like. It hides in plain sight as news reports, TV commercials, political campaigning and in our social media feeds. It works to change our minds without our knowledge. Every society is vulnerable to accepting propaganda as truth, and no society where propaganda replaces the truth can be truly free.

Thank you.

(Applause)

Nanfu Wang / What it was like to grow up under China's one-child policy Nanfu Wang / Wie es war, unter Chinas Ein-Kind-Politik aufzuwachsen Nanfu Wang / What it was like to grow up under China's one-child policy Nanfu Wang / Cómo fue crecer bajo la política china del hijo único Nanfu Wang / Ce que c'était que de grandir sous la politique de l'enfant unique en Chine Nanfu Wang / Com'è stato crescere sotto la politica cinese del figlio unico ナンフー・ワン/中国の一人っ子政策の下で育つということ 왕난푸 / 중국의 한 자녀 정책 하에서 성장하는 것은 어땠나요? Nanfu Wang / Kaip atrodė augti laikantis Kinijos vieno vaiko politikos Nanfu Wang / Jak to było dorastać pod rządami chińskiej polityki jednego dziecka? Nanfu Wang / Como foi crescer sob a política do filho único na China Nanfu Wang / Каково было расти в условиях китайской политики одного ребенка Nanfu Wang / Çin'in tek çocuk politikası altında büyümek nasıl bir şeydi? Нанфу Ван / Як це було - рости в умовах китайської політики однієї дитини Nanfu Wang / 中国独生子女政策下的成长经历

My name is Nanfu. O meu nome é Nanfu. In Chinese, "nan" means "man. Im Chinesischen bedeutet "nan" "Mensch". В переводе с китайского "nan" означает "человек". " And "fu" means "pillar. " Und "fu" bedeutet "Säule". " А "фу" означает "опора". " My family had hoped for a boy, who would grow up to be the pillar of the family. " Meine Familie hatte auf einen Jungen gehofft, der die Stütze der Familie werden würde. 「私の家族は、成長して家の柱となる男の子を望んでいました。 " A minha família esperava um rapaz que crescesse e se tornasse o pilar da família. And when I turned out to be a girl, they named me Nanfu anyway. Und als sich herausstellte, dass ich ein Mädchen war, nannten sie mich trotzdem Nanfu. そして、私が女の子であることが判明したとき、彼らはとにかく私を南風と名付けました. E quando descobri que era uma rapariga, deram-me o nome de Nanfu na mesma. (Laughter)

I was born in 1985, six years before China announced its one-child policy. Ich wurde 1985 geboren, sechs Jahre bevor China seine Ein-Kind-Politik ankündigte. Nasci em 1985, seis anos antes de a China anunciar a sua política do filho único. Я родилась в 1985 году, за шесть лет до того, как Китай объявил о политике "одного ребенка". 我出生于1985年,距离中国宣布独生子女政策还有六年。 Right after I was born, the local officials came and ordered my mom to be sterilized. Gleich nach meiner Geburt kamen die örtlichen Behörden und ordneten an, dass meine Mutter sterilisiert werden sollte. 私が生まれた直後、地元の役人が来て、母に不妊手術を命じました。 Logo depois de eu ter nascido, as autoridades locais vieram e ordenaram que a minha mãe fosse esterilizada. Сразу после моего рождения пришли местные власти и приказали стерилизовать мою маму. 我出生后,当地官员就来命令我妈妈绝育。 My grandpa stood up to the officials, because he wanted a grandson to carry on the family name. Mein Großvater hat sich den Beamten widersetzt, weil er einen Enkel wollte, der den Familiennamen weiterführt. O meu avô enfrentou os funcionários, porque queria um neto para dar continuidade ao nome da família. Мой дед противостоял чиновникам, потому что хотел, чтобы внук продолжил фамилию. 我的爷爷反抗官员,因为他想要一个孙子来传宗接代。 Eventually, my parents were allowed to have a second child, but they had to wait for five years and pay a substantial fine. Schließlich durften meine Eltern ein zweites Kind bekommen, aber sie mussten fünf Jahre warten und eine hohe Geldstrafe zahlen. 最終的に両親は2人目の子供を持つことを許可されましたが、5年間待たなければならず、多額の罰金を支払わなければなりませんでした。 Por fim, os meus pais foram autorizados a ter um segundo filho, mas tiveram de esperar cinco anos e pagar uma coima substancial. В конце концов, моим родителям разрешили завести второго ребенка, но для этого им пришлось ждать пять лет и заплатить солидный штраф. 最终,我的父母被允许生第二个孩子,但他们不得不等待五年并支付巨额罚款。

Growing up, my brother and I were surrounded by children from one-child families. Als wir aufwuchsen, waren mein Bruder und ich von Kindern aus Ein-Kind-Familien umgeben. 兄と私は一人っ子家庭の子供たちに囲まれて育ちました。 Enquanto crescia, eu e o meu irmão estávamos rodeados de crianças de famílias com um só filho. I remember feeling a sense of shame because I had a younger brother. Ich weiß noch, dass ich mich schämte, weil ich einen jüngeren Bruder hatte. Помню, я испытывал чувство стыда из-за того, что у меня был младший брат. 我记得因为我有一个弟弟而感到羞耻。 I felt like our family did something wrong for having two children. Ich hatte das Gefühl, dass unsere Familie etwas falsch gemacht hat, weil wir zwei Kinder hatten. 我觉得我们家生两个孩子是做错了事。 At the time, I didn't question where this sense of shame and guilt came from. Damals hinterfragte ich nicht, woher dieses Gefühl der Scham und der Schuld kam. 当時、私はこの恥と罪悪感がどこから来るのか疑問に思っていませんでした. Na altura, não me questionei sobre a origem deste sentimento de vergonha e culpa. 当时我并没有质疑这种羞耻感和愧疚感从何而来。 A year and a half ago, I had my own first child. Vor eineinhalb Jahren habe ich mein erstes Kind bekommen. 1年半前に第一子を出産しました。 一年半前,我有了自己的第一个孩子。 It was the best thing that ever happened in my life. Es war das Beste, was mir je in meinem Leben passiert ist. それは私の人生でこれまでに起こった最高の出来事でした。 Becoming a mother gave me a totally new perspective on my own childhood, and it brought back my memories of early life in China. Dass ich Mutter geworden bin, hat mir eine völlig neue Perspektive auf meine eigene Kindheit eröffnet und meine Erinnerungen an das frühe Leben in China zurückgebracht. 母親になることで、自分の子供時代についてまったく新しい視点が得られ、中国での幼少期の記憶がよみがえりました。 成为一名母亲让我对自己的童年有了全新的认识,也让我回想起早年在中国的生活。 For the past three decades, everyone in my family had to apply for a permission from the government to have a child. In den letzten drei Jahrzehnten musste jeder in meiner Familie eine staatliche Genehmigung beantragen, um ein Kind zu bekommen. Durante as últimas três décadas, toda a gente na minha família teve de pedir uma autorização ao governo para ter um filho. 在过去的三十年里,我家里的每个人都必须向政府申请生孩子的许可。 And I wondered what it was like for people who lived under the one-child policy. Und ich fragte mich, wie es für die Menschen war, die unter der Ein-Kind-Politik lebten. そして、一人っ子政策の下で生きてきた人々はどうだったのだろうと思いました。 E perguntei-me como seria para as pessoas que viviam sob a política do filho único. И мне стало интересно, каково было тем, кто жил в условиях политики "одного ребенка".

So I decided to make a documentary about it. Also beschloss ich, einen Dokumentarfilm darüber zu drehen. One of the people I interviewed was the midwife who delivered all of the babies born in my village, including myself. Eine der Personen, die ich befragte, war die Hebamme, die alle Babys in meinem Dorf zur Welt brachte, mich eingeschlossen. 私がインタビューした人の一人は、私を含む私の村で生まれたすべての赤ちゃんを出産した助産師でした. Uma das pessoas que entrevistei foi a parteira que fez o parto de todos os bebés nascidos na minha aldeia, incluindo eu. She was 84 years old when I interviewed her. Sie war 84 Jahre alt, als ich sie interviewte. I asked her, "Do you remember how many babies you delivered throughout your career? Ich fragte sie: "Wissen Sie noch, wie viele Babys Sie im Laufe Ihrer Karriere entbunden haben? 私は彼女に尋ねました 「これまでのキャリアで何人の赤ちゃんを出産したか覚えていますか? " She didn't have a number for deliveries. " Sie hatte keine Nummer für Lieferungen. 「彼女は配達用の番号を持っていませんでした。 " Ela não tinha um número para entregas. She said she had performed 60,000 forced abortions and sterilizations. Afirmou ter efectuado 60.000 abortos forçados e esterilizações. Sometimes, she said, a late-term fetus would survive an abortion, and she would kill the baby after delivering it. Manchmal, sagte sie, würde ein spät ausgetragener Fötus eine Abtreibung überleben, und sie würde das Baby nach der Geburt töten. 時には、後期胎児が中絶を生き延び、出産後に赤ちゃんを殺すこともあると彼女は言いました. Por vezes, disse ela, um feto de termo tardio sobrevivia a um aborto e ela matava o bebé depois de o dar à luz. Иногда, по ее словам, после аборта выживает плод на позднем сроке, и она убивает ребенка после родов. She remembered how her hands would tremble as she did the work. Sie erinnerte sich daran, wie ihre Hände zitterten, als sie die Arbeit erledigte. Lembrou-se de como as suas mãos tremiam enquanto fazia o trabalho.

Her story shocked me. When I set out to make the film, I expected it would be a simple story of perpetrators and victims. Als ich anfing, den Film zu machen, erwartete ich, dass es eine einfache Geschichte von Tätern und Opfern sein würde. People who carried out the policy and people who are living with the consequences. Menschen, die diese Politik betrieben haben, und Menschen, die mit den Folgen leben müssen. As pessoas que executaram a política e as pessoas que vivem com as consequências. But that wasn't what I saw. Aber das war nicht das, was ich gesehen habe. しかし、それは私が見たものではありませんでした。 Mas não foi isso que eu vi. As I was finishing my interview with the midwife, I noticed an area in her house that was decorated with elaborate homemade flags. Als ich mein Gespräch mit der Hebamme beendete, bemerkte ich einen Bereich in ihrem Haus, der mit kunstvollen selbstgemachten Fahnen geschmückt war. Заканчивая беседу с акушеркой, я обратил внимание на участок в ее доме, украшенный замысловатыми самодельными флажками. 当我结束对助产士的采访时,我注意到她家里的一个区域装饰着精致的自制旗帜。 And each flag has a picture of a baby on it. Und auf jeder Flagge ist ein Baby abgebildet. そして、それぞれの旗には赤ちゃんの絵が描かれています。 These were flags that were sent by families whom she helped treat their infertility problems. Diese Fahnen wurden von Familien geschickt, denen sie bei der Behandlung ihrer Unfruchtbarkeitsprobleme geholfen hat. これらは、彼女が不妊の問題を治療するのを手伝った家族から送られたフラグでした. Estas bandeiras foram enviadas por famílias a quem ela ajudou a tratar os seus problemas de infertilidade. Это были флажки, присланные семьями, которым она помогла решить проблемы бесплодия. She explained that she had had enough of performing abortions and sterilizations -- that the only work she did now was to help families have babies. Sie erklärte, dass sie es satt habe, Abtreibungen und Sterilisationen vorzunehmen, und dass ihre einzige Arbeit nun darin bestehe, Familien beim Kinderkriegen zu helfen. 彼女は、妊娠中絶や不妊手術を行うのにうんざりしていると説明しました。彼女が今行っている唯一の仕事は、家族が赤ちゃんを産むのを助けることでした. Explicou que já estava farta de fazer abortos e esterilizações - que o único trabalho que fazia agora era ajudar as famílias a ter bebés. Она объяснила, что ей надоело делать аборты и стерилизацию, что единственное, чем она занимается, - это помогает семьям заводить детей. She said she was full of guilt for carrying out the one-child policy, and she hoped that by helping families have babies, she could counteract what she did in the past. Sie sagte, sie sei voller Schuldgefühle, weil sie die Ein-Kind-Politik durchgesetzt habe, und sie hoffe, dass sie durch die Unterstützung von Familien bei der Geburt von Kindern das, was sie in der Vergangenheit getan habe, ausgleichen könne. 彼女は、一人っ子政策を実行したことに対する罪悪感でいっぱいであり、家族が赤ちゃんを産むのを助けることによって、彼女が過去にしたことを打ち消すことができることを望んでいる. Disse que estava cheia de culpa por ter levado a cabo a política do filho único e esperava que, ao ajudar as famílias a ter bebés, pudesse contrariar o que fez no passado. Она сказала, что испытывает чувство вины за проведение политики "одного ребенка", и выразила надежду, что, помогая семьям рожать детей, она сможет исправить то, что натворила в прошлом. It became clear to me she, too, was a victim of the policy. Es wurde mir klar, dass auch sie ein Opfer dieser Politik war. 彼女もこの政策の犠牲者であることが明らかになりました。 Every voice was telling her that what she did was right and necessary for China's survival. Jede Stimme sagte ihr, dass das, was sie tat, richtig und notwendig für das Überleben Chinas war. すべての声は、彼女がしたことは正しく、中国の存続に必要であると彼女に告げていました. And she did what she thought was right for her country. Und sie tat, was sie für ihr Land für richtig hielt. そして、彼女は自分の国にとって正しいと思うことをしました。 她做了她认为对她的国家正确的事情。

I know how strong that message was. Ich weiß, wie stark diese Botschaft war. It was everywhere around myself when I grew up. Als ich aufwuchs, war es überall um mich herum. 私が育ったとき、それは私の周りのいたるところにありました。 It was printed on matches, playing cards, textbooks, posters. Es wurde auf Streichhölzer, Spielkarten, Lehrbücher und Poster gedruckt. Foi impressa em fósforos, cartas de jogar, livros escolares, cartazes. Она печаталась на спичках, игральных картах, учебниках, плакатах. The propaganda praising the one-child policy was everywhere around us. Die Propaganda, die die Ein-Kind-Politik anpries, war überall um uns herum. [Anyone who refuses to sterilize will be arrested.] [Jeder, der sich weigert, sich sterilisieren zu lassen, wird verhaftet.] [Quem se recusar a esterilizar será preso.]

And so were the threats against disobeying it. Das Gleiche gilt für die Drohungen gegen Ungehorsam. Tal como as ameaças contra a desobediência. Как и угрозы неповиновения. The message seeped into our minds so much so that I grew up feeling embarrassed for having a younger brother. Die Botschaft sickerte so sehr in unsere Köpfe, dass ich mich als Kind dafür schämte, einen jüngeren Bruder zu haben. A mensagem infiltrou-se nas nossas mentes, de tal forma que cresci a sentir-me envergonhado por ter um irmão mais novo. Это послание настолько прочно вошло в наше сознание, что я вырос с чувством неловкости за то, что у меня есть младший брат.

With each person I filmed, I saw how their minds and hearts can be influenced by the propaganda, and how their willingness to make sacrifices for the greater good can be twisted into something very dark and tragic. Bei jeder Person, die ich filmte, sah ich, wie ihr Verstand und ihr Herz von der Propaganda beeinflusst werden können und wie ihre Bereitschaft, Opfer für das Allgemeinwohl zu bringen, in etwas sehr Dunkles und Tragisches verwandelt werden kann. 私が撮影した各人物について、彼らの心と心がプロパガンダによってどのように影響を受けるか、そしてより大きな利益のために犠牲を払う意欲が、非常に暗く悲劇的なものにねじ曲げられる可能性があることを知りました. Com cada pessoa que filmei, vi como as suas mentes e corações podem ser influenciados pela propaganda e como a sua vontade de fazer sacrifícios por um bem maior pode ser distorcida em algo muito sombrio e trágico. 在我拍摄的每一个人身上,我都看到了他们的思想和心灵是如何受到宣传的影响,以及他们愿意为更大的利益做出牺牲是如何被扭曲成非常黑暗和悲惨的事情。

China is not the only place where this happens. China ist nicht der einzige Ort, an dem dies geschieht. これが起こっているのは中国だけではありません。 There is no country on earth where propaganda isn't present. Es gibt kein Land auf der Welt, in dem es keine Propaganda gibt. プロパガンダが存在しない国は地球上にありません。 Não há país no mundo onde a propaganda não esteja presente. 世界上没有哪个国家不存在宣传。 And in societies that are supposed to be more open and free than China, it can be even harder to recognize what propaganda looks like. Und in Gesellschaften, die angeblich offener und freier sind als China, kann es sogar noch schwieriger sein, zu erkennen, wie Propaganda aussieht. そして、中国よりもオープンで自由であるべき社会では、プロパガンダがどのようなものかを認識するのがさらに難しくなる可能性があります。 It hides in plain sight as news reports, TV commercials, political campaigning and in our social media feeds. Sie versteckt sich in den Nachrichten, in der Fernsehwerbung, im politischen Wahlkampf und in unseren sozialen Medien. Esconde-se à vista de todos nos noticiários, nos anúncios de televisão, nas campanhas políticas e nos nossos feeds das redes sociais. 它隐藏在新闻报道、电视广告、政治竞选活动和我们的社交媒体中。 It works to change our minds without our knowledge. Sie verändert unsere Meinung, ohne dass wir es merken. 它能在我们不知情的情况下改变我们的想法。 Every society is vulnerable to accepting propaganda as truth, and no society where propaganda replaces the truth can be truly free. Jede Gesellschaft ist anfällig dafür, Propaganda als Wahrheit zu akzeptieren, und keine Gesellschaft, in der Propaganda die Wahrheit ersetzt, kann wirklich frei sein. 每个社会都容易接受宣传为真理,而任何以宣传取代真理的社会都不可能真正自由。

Thank you.

(Applause)