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Assorted YouTube videos, THINKING, FAST AND SLOW BY DANIEL KAHNEMAN | ANIMATED BOOK SUMMARY

THINKING, FAST AND SLOW BY DANIEL KAHNEMAN | ANIMATED BOOK SUMMARY

Imagine you're one of the first human beings, and you're walking with your kid and you see

a lion.

And you don't know what a lion is, so you take your kid over to play with him

and the lion eats your kid.

So you go home and you're sad, but it's okay, you get your wife pregnant,

and in five years, you're walking again with your new kid

and you see a lion far away.

This time you hide with your kid, and the lion eventually leaves and you both

survive.

So you come out, you start walking with your kid again

and a bird flys over and all of a sudden your kid drops dead.

And you go home sad again, you get your wife pregnant again,

and you make a promise to yourself.

You're going to make sure that you hide your new kid from lions,

and that you'll hide him if you see a bird flying over.

So there are two ways that we think.

Both of the decisions that you made are based on the fast, automatic thought process,

which Kahneman calls System 1.

System 1 is where we find how irrational and illogical or just simply how stupid we

really are so it can lead us to not value System 1

or think that it's useless.

If you had used your slow, more rational and logical thinking,

you would have found that you were right about the lion,

but the bird had nothing to do with your kid's death.

But, we should value System 1, because it has huge benefits.

It's the reason why we've survived.

Yes, maybe at the cost of some really ridiculous assumptions,

like your kid dying every time a bird flys over,

but if we had rationally thought about what a loud noise might mean and analyze it

carefully instead of being scared and running away from

it immediately, we wouldn't be here.

So big idea 1 is: Understanding System 1 and System 2.

There are huge benefits to both systems, the problem however really arises when we

use System 1 instead of System 2, when System 2 would be the appropriate system

to use.

And this leads us to all kinds of biases and fallacies that are not optimal.

It's not optimal to think that if a bird flys over,

your kid will drop dead.

So if I were to ask you these two questions, what would your answer be?

1.

Is the height of the tallest redwood more or less than 1,200 feet?

2.

What is your best guess about the height of the tallest redwood?

So one group was asked these questions, And another group was asked the exact same

questions except instead of 1,200 feet in the first

question, this time they were asked whether the height

of the tree was more or less than only 180 feet.

So what do you think the answers looked like?

The first group's mean guess was 844 feet.

The second group's mean guess was only 282 feet.

That is a HUGE difference.

This is what is known as anchoring.

So ask yourself and throughout this video, how can knowing this be useful to you.

Dan Ariely, one of my favorite economists, talks about how we have no idea about most

things and what they should cost.

If you're not an expert just like we aren't in most things,

you don't know how tall a redwood tree should be,

I don't know what a microwave should cost when I go buy it...

Should it be $99, $199?

I have no idea...

So we use different ways to approximate what it should be,

and anchoring is one of them.

So again how is this useful to you personally?

If you're the buyer do you want to look at the MSRP,

and be anchored to that?

If you're selling something, how do you want to set up your MSRP

to use anchoring to your advantage?

Big idea 2 is: Understanding anchoring.

So one of the things that I really enjoy about my life

is the peace of mind I have while doing things.

When I visit somewhere I'm not worried about a terrorist attack,

and when I fly there I'm not worried about the plane crashing.

And that peace of mind largely comes from the fact

that I'm not really a big consumer of mainstream media.

But I meet people all the time who are really constantly worried.

"Have you seen how terrorism is taking over the world?

What are we headed towards?

Have you seen how planes are just crashing all the time now?"

But in reality, it's not like the chances of those two things

have risen in some dramatic proportion.

They're highly unlikely, and I mean a probability very close to zero

that your plane will crash.

And this is what is known as the science of availability.

Even an event that has an almost non-existent probability of happening to you

can be assigned a reasonable or even a high probability by you

just because of what's available to you.

So again ask yourself, how can you use this concept to make your

life better?

Is it better to enjoy your life and realize that the world

is actually not as bad as commonly portrayed, or watch the news every day where you'll be

shown constant death and destruction because that's

what sells?

Big idea 3 is: Understanding the Science of Availability

Now let's say I offer you to play a game with me.

We're going to flip a coin, and if you win, you win a $1000.

And if you lose, you lose a $1000.

Do you want to play that game?

If you're like most people, that is a game that you do not want to play.

What if we change the rules a little bit.

If you win, you win $1100.

And if you lose, you lose only a $1000.

From an expected value point of view, that is a good game to play.

But if I asked you to play that game right now,

and you knew that there was a 50% chance of losing your $1000,

if you're like most people you still wouldn't play

even though there's also a 50% chance of winning $1100.

This is called Loss Aversion.

Most people are very loss averse.

In fact, you have to offer somewhere about $2000

to get people to play.

Now this might be interesting, but again ask yourself,

how can you use understanding this in your life?

You know you're going to be more convincing explaining to someone what they are risking

losing, instead of what they could possibly gain.

So maybe you want to convince someone that being an alcoholic is bad...

How do you want to go about doing that?

Do you want to talk about how they could possibly gain a better job

and make more money if they overcome this problem,

or do you want to tell them how they're going to lose

their loved ones like their spouse and children?

Big idea 4 is: understanding Loss Aversion.

Now imagine I'm your doctor and I have to do an operation on you

and I tell you, "There is a %10 chance that you're going to

die."

I could also tell you, "There is a 90% chance that you're going to

live."

Now from a statistical point of view, there is absolutely no difference in those

two statements.

BUT...

In the first case, you're going to feel much worse than in the

second.

This is known as framing.

How you frame the exact same situation can have dramatically different consequences.

So big idea 5 is: Understanding framing.

Again ask yourself, how can you use this?

How can you use framing to make good things more appealing and convincing

to your friends or your children or whoever else you want to influence?

And finally, big idea 6 is: Understanding the Sunk Cost Fallacy.

This is all about letting your past decisions influence your present decisions.

So think of John.

He has no idea about poker, but he thought he would go gamble and play.

Fast forward into the night, and John has now lost a $1000 and hasn't won

anything.

Now if John looks at the odds of his winning from this moment on,

which would require the use of System 2, which he's probably not going to use,

he would find that the best thing to do is completely disregard the $1000 and get

up and leave.

The $1000 already lost has nothing to do with what his odds are starting from this

moment.

But John is going to be heavily influenced by the $1000

and most likely keep playing and losing even more.

Let me give you another example...

Jen bought 50 boxes of candy a few months ago,

so her house is full of candy.

But she now finds out about the importance of eating healthy,

and she realizes that the candy actually hurts her,

but she can't just get rid of it.

She payed money for it at some point, so it's really hard for her

even though the candy is going to hurt her.

Now you might look at John and Jen and say, "Heh...

What a bunch of idiots!"

But the reality is that you and I are no different...

Look around your house right now.

How much stupid shit have you bought over the years

that's now just laying there taking up space, bothering you, you're never even going to

use it again, but you don't get rid of it?

There is no difference between Jen or John and you in this situation.

The chair that you bought gets in the way all the time,

there is no room for it in your little house, it's causing you pain,

but how can you get rid of it?

You paid $59 for it at some point.

This is what is known as the sunk cost fallacy.

Your past decisions shouldn't affect what is good for you now.

If you paid money for a bunch of candy at some point,

it doesn't mean that it's good for you to keep eating it.

THINKING, FAST AND SLOW BY DANIEL KAHNEMAN | ANIMATED BOOK SUMMARY THINKING, FAST AND SLOW VON DANIEL KAHNEMAN | ANIMIERTE BUCHZUSAMMENFASSUNG ΣΚΕΨΗ, ΓΡΗΓΟΡΑ ΚΑΙ ΑΡΓΑ ΤΟΥ DANIEL KAHNEMAN | ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ ΚΙΝΟΥΜΕΝΟΥ ΒΙΒΛΙΟΥ PENSAMIENTO, RÁPIDO Y LENTO POR DANIEL KAHNEMAN | RESUMEN DEL LIBRO ANIMADO ダニエル・カーネマン著『シンキング、ファスト&スロー』|アニメ本の要約 DANIEL KAHNEMAN "MĄSTYMAS, GREITAS IR LĖTAS" | ANIMACINĖ KNYGOS SANTRAUKA PENSANDO, RÁPIDO E LENTO DE DANIEL KAHNEMAN | RESUMO DO LIVRO ANIMADO МЫШЛЕНИЕ, БЫСТРОЕ И МЕДЛЕННОЕ" ДЭНИЕЛА КАНЕМАНА | АНИМИРОВАННАЯ АННОТАЦИЯ КНИГИ 丹尼尔·卡尼曼的《思考,快与慢》动画书摘要 思维,快与慢》作者丹尼尔-卡尼曼 | 动画书摘

Imagine you're one of the first human beings, and you're walking with your kid and you see Imaginez que vous êtes l'un des premiers êtres humains, et vous marchez avec votre enfant et vous voyez Imagina que és um dos primeiros seres humanos, estás a passear com o teu filho e vês Представьте, что вы один из первых людей, идете со своим ребенком и видите Уявіть, що ви одна з перших людей, і ви гуляєте зі своєю дитиною, і бачите

a lion.

And you don't know what a lion is, so you take your kid over to play with him Και δεν ξέρεις τι είναι λιοντάρι, οπότε παίρνεις το παιδί σου να παίξεις μαζί του Y no sabes lo que es un león, así que llevas a tu hijo a jugar con él. Et tu ne sais pas ce qu'est un lion, alors tu emmènes ton enfant jouer avec lui E você não sabe o que é um leão, então leva seu filho para brincar com ele А ти не знаєш, що таке лев, і береш свою дитину з ним погратися 你不知道什麼是獅子,所以你帶你的孩子過來和他玩

and the lion eats your kid. e o leão come seu filho.

So you go home and you're sad, but it's okay, you get your wife pregnant, Οπότε πας σπίτι και είσαι λυπημένος, αλλά δεν πειράζει, αφήνεις τη γυναίκα σου έγκυο, Así que vas a casa y estás triste, pero está bien, dejas embarazada a tu esposa, Alors tu rentres chez toi et tu es triste, mais ça va, tu mets ta femme enceinte, Então você vai para casa e está triste, mas tudo bem, você engravida sua esposa,

and in five years, you're walking again with your new kid e em cinco anos, você estará andando de novo com seu novo filho 五年後,你將再次與你的新孩子一起行走

and you see a lion far away. και βλέπεις ένα λιοντάρι μακριά. y ves un león a lo lejos. e você vê um leão longe. і ти бачиш лева далеко.

This time you hide with your kid, and the lion eventually leaves and you both Αυτή τη φορά κρύβεσαι με το παιδί σου και το λιοντάρι τελικά φεύγει και εσύ και οι δύο Esta vez te escondes con tu hijo, y el león eventualmente se va y ambos Cette fois, vous vous cachez avec votre enfant, et le lion finit par partir et vous deux Desta vez você se esconde com seu filho, e o leão eventualmente vai embora e vocês dois

survive. sobreviver.

So you come out, you start walking with your kid again Así que sales, empiezas a caminar con tu hijo otra vez Então você sai, você começa a andar com seu filho novamente 所以你出來了,你又開始和你的孩子一起散步

and a bird flys over and all of a sudden your kid drops dead. y un pájaro vuela y de repente tu hijo cae muerto. et un oiseau survole et tout d'un coup votre enfant tombe mort. e um pássaro voa e de repente seu filho cai morto. и птица прилетает, и вдруг ваш ребенок падает замертво. і птах пролітає, і раптом ваша дитина падає мертвою. 一隻鳥飛過,你的孩子突然就死了。

And you go home sad again, you get your wife pregnant again, E você volta para casa triste de novo, engravida sua esposa de novo, 然後你又傷心地回家,你的妻子又懷孕了,

and you make a promise to yourself. e faz uma promessa a si próprio. 並且你向自己做出了承諾。

You're going to make sure that you hide your new kid from lions, Você vai se certificar de esconder seu novo filho dos leões, 你要確保把你的新孩子藏起來,不讓獅子看見

and that you'll hide him if you see a bird flying over. e que você vai escondê-lo se vir um pássaro voando. і що ти сховаєш його, якщо побачиш птаха, що пролітає. 如果你看到一隻鳥飛過,你就會把他藏起來。

So there are two ways that we think. Portanto, existem duas maneiras de pensar. 所以我們有兩種想法。

Both of the decisions that you made are based on the fast, automatic thought process, Και οι δύο αποφάσεις που πήρατε βασίζονται στη γρήγορη, αυτόματη διαδικασία σκέψης, Las dos decisiones que tomó se basan en el proceso de pensamiento rápido y automático, Ambas as decisões que você tomou são baseadas no processo de pensamento rápido e automático, 你所做的兩個決定都是基於快速、自動化的思考過程,

which Kahneman calls System 1. que Kahneman appelle System 1. que Kahneman chama de Sistema 1. 卡尼曼稱之為系統 1。

System 1 is where we find how irrational and illogical or just simply how stupid we Το Σύστημα 1 είναι όπου βρίσκουμε πόσο παράλογα και παράλογα ή απλά πόσο ηλίθιοι είμαστε El Sistema 1 es donde encontramos cuán irracionales e ilógicos o simplemente cuán estúpidos somos. Le système 1 est l'endroit où nous trouvons à quel point nous sommes irrationnels et illogiques ou tout simplement stupides O Sistema 1 é onde encontramos quão irracional e ilógico ou simplesmente quão estúpidos 系統 1 是我們發現自己是多麼不理性、不合邏輯,或是多麼愚蠢的地方。

really are so it can lead us to not value System 1 είναι πραγματικά έτσι μπορεί να μας οδηγήσει στο να μην εκτιμήσουμε το Σύστημα 1 realmente lo son por lo que nos puede llevar a no valorar el Sistema 1 vraiment, cela peut nous conduire à ne pas valoriser le système 1 realmente são, então isso pode nos levar a não valorizar o Sistema 1 確實如此,因此它可能導致我們不重視系統 1

or think that it's useless. o pensar que es inútil. ou pensez que c'est inutile. ou pensar que é inútil. 或認為它沒有用。

If you had used your slow, more rational and logical thinking, Αν είχατε χρησιμοποιήσει την αργή, πιο ορθολογική και λογική σκέψη σας, Si hubieras usado tu pensamiento lento, más racional y lógico, Si vous aviez utilisé votre pensée lente, plus rationnelle et logique, Se você tivesse usado seu pensamento lento, mais racional e lógico, 如果你用你緩慢的、更理性和邏輯性的思維,

you would have found that you were right about the lion, habrías descubierto que tenías razón sobre el león, vous auriez trouvé que vous aviez raison au sujet du lion, você descobriria que estava certo sobre o leão, 你會發現你對獅子的看法是正確的,

but the bird had nothing to do with your kid's death. pero el pájaro no tuvo nada que ver con la muerte de tu hijo. mas o pássaro não teve nada a ver com a morte do seu filho. 但那隻鳥與你孩子的死無關。

But, we should value System 1, because it has huge benefits. Mas, devemos valorizar o Sistema 1, pois ele traz enormes benefícios. 但是,我們應該重視系統1,因為它有巨大的好處。

It's the reason why we've survived. É a razão pela qual sobrevivemos. 這就是我們倖存下來的原因。

Yes, maybe at the cost of some really ridiculous assumptions, Ναι, ίσως με το κόστος κάποιων πραγματικά γελοίων υποθέσεων, Oui, peut-être au prix d'hypothèses vraiment ridicules, Sim, talvez ao custo de algumas suposições realmente ridículas, Так, можливо ціною якихось справді смішних припущень, 是的,也許以一些非常荒謬的假設為代價,

like your kid dying every time a bird flys over, como tu hijo muriendo cada vez que un pájaro pasa volando, comme votre enfant mourant à chaque fois qu'un oiseau survole, como seu filho morrendo toda vez que um pássaro sobrevoa, як ваша дитина вмирає кожного разу, коли птах перелітає,

but if we had rationally thought about what a loud noise might mean and analyze it αλλά αν είχαμε σκεφτεί λογικά τι μπορεί να σημαίνει ένας δυνατός θόρυβος και να τον αναλύαμε mais si nous avions réfléchi rationnellement à ce que pouvait signifier un bruit fort et l'analyser mas se tivéssemos pensado racionalmente sobre o que um barulho alto pode significar e analisá-lo але якби ми раціонально думали про те, що може означати сильний шум, і проаналізували його 但如果我們理性地思考一聲巨響可能意味著什麼並進行分析

carefully instead of being scared and running away from con cuidado en lugar de tener miedo y huir de com cuidado, em vez de ficar com medo e fugir обережно замість того, щоб лякатися і тікати від 小心翼翼,而不是害怕和逃避

it immediately, we wouldn't be here. inmediatamente, no estaríamos aquí. imediatamente, não estaríamos aqui. 馬上,我們就不會在這裡了。

So big idea 1 is: Understanding System 1 and System 2. Portanto, a grande ideia 1 é: entender o Sistema 1 e o Sistema 2. 所以重要的想法 1 是:理解系統 1 和系統 2。

There are huge benefits to both systems, the problem however really arises when we Existem enormes benefícios para ambos os sistemas, mas o problema realmente surge quando Обидві системи мають величезні переваги, проте проблема насправді виникає, коли ми 這兩個系統都有巨大的好處,但當我們

use System 1 instead of System 2, when System 2 would be the appropriate system use el Sistema 1 en lugar del Sistema 2, cuando el Sistema 2 sería el sistema apropiado usar o Sistema 1 em vez do Sistema 2, quando o Sistema 2 seria o sistema apropriado використовуйте систему 1 замість системи 2, коли система 2 буде відповідною системою 當系統 2 是適當的系統時,使用系統 1 而非系統 2

to use.

And this leads us to all kinds of biases and fallacies that are not optimal. Και αυτό μας οδηγεί σε κάθε είδους προκαταλήψεις και πλάνες που δεν είναι βέλτιστες. E isso nos leva a todos os tipos de preconceitos e falácias que não são ideais. 這導致我們產生各種非最佳的偏見和謬誤。

It's not optimal to think that if a bird flys over, Não é ideal pensar que se um pássaro voa, Неоптимально думати, що якщо птах перелітає, 如果一隻鳥飛過,這樣的想法並不理想

your kid will drop dead. seu filho vai cair morto. ваша дитина впаде мертвою. 你的孩子會死掉的。

So if I were to ask you these two questions, what would your answer be? Então, se eu lhe fizesse essas duas perguntas, qual seria sua resposta? Тож якби я ставлю вам ці два запитання, якою би була ваша відповідь? 那如果我問你這兩個問題,你會怎麼回答?

1.

Is the height of the tallest redwood more or less than 1,200 feet? Είναι το ύψος του ψηλότερου κοκκινόξυλου περισσότερο ή μικρότερο από 1.200 πόδια; ¿La altura de la secuoya más alta es más o menos de 1,200 pies? A altura da sequóia mais alta é maior ou menor que 1.200 pés? Чи є висота найвищої секвої більше або менше 1200 футів? 最高的紅杉的高度是大於還是小於 1,200 英尺?

2. 2.

What is your best guess about the height of the tallest redwood? ¿Cuál es tu mejor suposición acerca de la altura de la secuoya más alta? Qual é o seu melhor palpite sobre a altura da sequóia mais alta? Яка ваша найкраща здогадка щодо висоти найвищої секвої? 您對最高紅杉高度的最佳猜測是多少?

So one group was asked these questions, And another group was asked the exact same Έτσι, σε μια ομάδα τέθηκαν αυτές οι ερωτήσεις, και σε μια άλλη ομάδα τέθηκε το ίδιο ακριβώς Así que a un grupo se le hicieron estas preguntas, y a otro grupo se le hizo exactamente lo mismo Então, um grupo foi questionado sobre essas questões, e outro grupo foi perguntado exatamente o mesmo Тож одній групі задавали ці питання, а іншій - точно те саме 所以一組被問到這些問題,另一組被問到完全相同的問題

questions except instead of 1,200 feet in the first perguntas, exceto em vez de 1.200 pés no primeiro питання, крім замість 1200 футів у першому 除了第一個問題中的 1,200 英尺之外

question, this time they were asked whether the height ερώτηση, αυτή τη φορά ρωτήθηκαν αν το ύψος pregunta, esta vez se les preguntó si la altura pergunta, desta vez eles foram questionados se a altura питання, цього разу їх запитали, чи висота 問題,這次他們被問到身高是否

of the tree was more or less than only 180 feet. del árbol era más o menos de sólo 180 pies. da árvore era mais ou menos do que apenas 180 pés. дерева був більш-менш ніж лише 180 футів. 這棵樹的高度大約只有 180 英尺。

So what do you think the answers looked like? Entonces, ¿cómo crees que fueron las respuestas? Então, como você acha que as respostas se pareciam? То як, на вашу думку, виглядали відповіді? 那你認為答案是什麼樣的呢?

The first group's mean guess was 844 feet. Η μέση εικασία της πρώτης ομάδας ήταν 844 πόδια. La suposición media del primer grupo fue de 844 pies. A estimativa média do primeiro grupo foi de 844 pés. Середня здогадка першої групи становила 844 фути. 第一組的平均猜測高度是 844 英尺。

The second group's mean guess was only 282 feet. La suposición media del segundo grupo fue de solo 282 pies. O palpite médio do segundo grupo foi de apenas 282 pés. Середня здогадка другої групи складала лише 282 фути. 第二組的平均猜測僅為 282 英尺。

That is a HUGE difference. Isso é uma diferença ENORME. 這是一個巨大的差異。

This is what is known as anchoring. Αυτό είναι αυτό που είναι γνωστό ως αγκύρωση. Esto es lo que se conoce como anclaje. Isso é o que é conhecido como ancoragem. Це те, що відоме як закріплення. 這就是所謂的錨定。

So ask yourself and throughout this video, how can knowing this be useful to you. Αναρωτηθείτε λοιπόν και σε όλο αυτό το βίντεο, πώς μπορεί να σας φανεί χρήσιμο το να το γνωρίζετε. Então pergunte a si mesmo e ao longo deste vídeo, como saber disso pode ser útil para você. Тож запитайте себе та у всьому цьому відео, як може знання цього бути вам корисним. 因此,在整個影片中問問自己,了解這一點對您有何用處。

Dan Ariely, one of my favorite economists, talks about how we have no idea about most Dan Ariely, um dos meus economistas favoritos, fala sobre como não temos ideia sobre a maioria Ден Аріелі, один з моїх улюблених економістів, розповідає про те, як ми не маємо уявлення про більшість

things and what they should cost. coisas e quanto elas deveriam custar. речі та що вони повинні коштувати.

If you're not an expert just like we aren't in most things, Se você não é um especialista como nós não somos na maioria das coisas, Якщо ви не фахівець, як і ми не в більшості речей,

you don't know how tall a redwood tree should be, você não sabe a altura que uma sequóia deve ter, ти не знаєш, яким високим має бути дерево секвої,

I don't know what a microwave should cost when I go buy it... Não sei quanto deve custar um micro-ondas quando vou comprá-lo... Я не знаю, скільки повинна коштувати мікрохвильовка, коли я йду її купувати ...

Should it be $99, $199?

I have no idea...

So we use different ways to approximate what it should be, Então, usamos diferentes maneiras de aproximar o que deveria ser,

and anchoring is one of them. e a ancoragem é uma delas. і закріплення є одним з них.

So again how is this useful to you personally? Entonces, de nuevo, ¿cómo es esto útil para usted personalmente? Então, novamente, como isso é útil para você pessoalmente? Тож знову, чим це корисно особисто для вас?

If you're the buyer do you want to look at the MSRP, Εάν είστε ο αγοραστής, θέλετε να δείτε το MSRP, Si usted es el comprador, ¿desea consultar el MSRP? Se você é o comprador, deseja consultar o MSRP, Якщо ви покупець, чи хочете ви поглянути на MSRP,

and be anchored to that? y estar anclado a eso? e ficar ancorado a isso? і бути прив'язаним до цього?

If you're selling something, how do you want to set up your MSRP Εάν πουλάτε κάτι, πώς θέλετε να ρυθμίσετε το MSRP σας Si está vendiendo algo, ¿cómo desea configurar su MSRP? Se você está vendendo algo, como deseja configurar seu MSRP Якщо ви щось продаєте, як ви хочете налаштувати свою MSRP? 如果您要銷售商品,您希望如何設定建議零售價

to use anchoring to your advantage? να χρησιμοποιήσετε την αγκύρωση προς όφελός σας; utilizar el anclaje a su favor? usar a ancoragem a seu favor? використовувати анкер на свою користь? 利用錨定來發揮自己的優勢?

Big idea 2 is: Understanding anchoring. A grande ideia 2 é: Compreender a ancoragem. Велика ідея 2: Розуміння закріплення. 大想法 2 是:理解錨定。

So one of the things that I really enjoy about my life Então, uma das coisas que eu realmente gosto na minha vida Тож одна з речей, яка мені справді подобається у житті 所以我一生中真正享受的事情之一

is the peace of mind I have while doing things. είναι η ηρεμία που έχω ενώ κάνω πράγματα. es la tranquilidad que tengo mientras hago las cosas. é a paz de espírito que tenho ao fazer as coisas. це душевний спокій, який я маю, роблячи щось. 是我做事時內心的平靜。

When I visit somewhere I'm not worried about a terrorist attack, Quando visito algum lugar, não estou preocupado com um ataque terrorista, Коли я десь буваю, мене не турбує теракт, 當我訪問某個地方時我並不擔心恐怖攻擊,

and when I fly there I'm not worried about the plane crashing. e quando eu voo para lá não estou preocupado com a queda do avião. 當我飛到那裡時,我並不擔心飛機墜毀。

And that peace of mind largely comes from the fact Και αυτή η ψυχική ηρεμία προέρχεται σε μεγάλο βαθμό από το γεγονός Y esa tranquilidad proviene en gran parte del hecho E essa paz de espírito vem em grande parte do fato І цей душевний спокій здебільшого походить від факту 這種內心的平靜很大程度來自於這樣的事實

that I'm not really a big consumer of mainstream media. ότι δεν είμαι πραγματικά μεγάλος καταναλωτής των mainstream media. que en realidad no soy un gran consumidor de los principales medios de comunicación. que eu não sou realmente um grande consumidor da grande mídia. що я насправді не є великим споживачем основних засобів масової інформації. 我並不是主流媒體的大消費者。

But I meet people all the time who are really constantly worried. Αλλά συναντώ συνεχώς ανθρώπους που ανησυχούν συνεχώς. Pero me encuentro con personas todo el tiempo que están constantemente preocupadas. Mas eu encontro pessoas o tempo todo que estão constantemente preocupadas. Але я постійно зустрічаюся з людьми, які справді постійно хвилюються. 但我總是遇到一些經常擔心的人。

"Have you seen how terrorism is taking over the world? «Έχετε δει πώς η τρομοκρατία κυριεύει τον κόσμο; "¿Has visto cómo el terrorismo se está apoderando del mundo? "Você viu como o terrorismo está dominando o mundo? "Ви бачили, як тероризм опановує світ? 「你看到恐怖主義如何席捲世界了嗎?

What are we headed towards? Wohin gehen wir? Προς τι οδεύουμε; ¿Hacia dónde nos dirigimos? Para o que estamos indo? До чого ми прямуємо? 我們的目標是什麼?

Have you seen how planes are just crashing all the time now?" Έχετε δει πώς τα αεροπλάνα απλώς πέφτουν όλη την ώρα τώρα;». ¿Has visto cómo los aviones se estrellan todo el tiempo ahora?" Você já viu como os aviões estão caindo o tempo todo agora?" Ви бачили, як зараз просто постійно падають літаки? " 你看到飛機現在總是墜毀嗎?”

But in reality, it's not like the chances of those two things Pero en realidad, no es como las posibilidades de esas dos cosas Mas, na realidade, não é como as chances dessas duas coisas Але насправді це не схоже на шанси на ці дві речі 但實際上,這並不像這兩件事的機會

have risen in some dramatic proportion. έχουν αυξηθεί σε κάποια δραματική αναλογία. aumentaram em alguma proporção dramática. зросли в певній мірі. 比例顯著上升。

They're highly unlikely, and I mean a probability very close to zero Είναι πολύ απίθανο, και εννοώ μια πιθανότητα πολύ κοντά στο μηδέν Son muy poco probables, y me refiero a una probabilidad muy cercana a cero Eles são altamente improváveis, e quero dizer uma probabilidade muito próxima de zero Вони малоймовірні, і я маю на увазі ймовірність, дуже близьку до нуля 它們的可能性極小,我的意思是機率非常接近零

that your plane will crash. que su avión se estrellará. que seu avião vai cair.

And this is what is known as the science of availability. Και αυτό είναι αυτό που είναι γνωστό ως επιστήμη της διαθεσιμότητας. E isso é o que é conhecido como a ciência da disponibilidade. 這就是所謂的可用性科學。

Even an event that has an almost non-existent probability of happening to you Ακόμα και ένα γεγονός που έχει σχεδόν ανύπαρκτη πιθανότητα να σου συμβεί Incluso un evento que tiene una probabilidad casi inexistente de sucederte Mesmo um evento que tem uma probabilidade quase inexistente de acontecer com você 即使是發生在你身上的可能性幾乎不存在的事件

can be assigned a reasonable or even a high probability by you μπορεί να εκχωρηθεί μια λογική ή και μια μεγάλη πιθανότητα από εσάς usted puede asignarle una probabilidad razonable o incluso alta pode ser atribuída uma probabilidade razoável ou mesmo alta por você 您可以分配一個合理的甚至很高的機率

just because of what's available to you. solo por lo que está disponible para usted. apenas por causa do que está disponível para você. 只是因為您可以使用的東西。

So again ask yourself, how can you use this concept to make your Então, novamente pergunte a si mesmo, como você pode usar este conceito para fazer o seu 所以再次問問自己,你如何使用這個概念來使你的

life better? 生活更好嗎?

Is it better to enjoy your life and realize that the world É melhor aproveitar a vida e perceber que o mundo 享受生活並認識到這個世界是不是更好?

is actually not as bad as commonly portrayed, or watch the news every day where you'll be στην πραγματικότητα δεν είναι τόσο κακό όσο συνήθως παρουσιάζεται ή παρακολουθήστε τις ειδήσεις κάθε μέρα όπου θα είστε en realidad no es tan malo como comúnmente se presenta, o mira las noticias todos los días donde estarás na verdade não é tão ruim quanto comumente retratado, ou assista ao noticiário todos os dias onde você estará 實際上並不像通常描述的那麼糟糕,或者每天看新聞你會在哪裡

shown constant death and destruction because that's έδειχνε συνεχή θάνατο και καταστροφή γιατί αυτό είναι mostrado constante morte e destruição porque isso é 表現出不斷的死亡和破壞,因為那是

what sells? que vende o que vende? 賣什麼?

Big idea 3 is: Understanding the Science of Availability A grande ideia 3 é: entender a ciência da disponibilidade 大想法 3 是:了解可用性的科學

Now let's say I offer you to play a game with me. Agora vamos dizer que eu ofereço a você para jogar um jogo comigo. 現在假設我邀請你和我玩一個遊戲。

We're going to flip a coin, and if you win, you win a $1000. Θα ρίξουμε ένα νόμισμα και αν κερδίσετε, κερδίζετε $1000. Vamos a lanzar una moneda al aire, y si ganas, ganas $1000. Vamos jogar uma moeda, e se você ganhar, você ganha $ 1.000. 我們要擲硬幣,如果你贏了,你就贏得 1000 美元。

And if you lose, you lose a $1000. E se você perder, você perde $ 1.000. 如果你輸了,你就會損失 1000 美元。

Do you want to play that game? Você quer jogar esse jogo? 你想玩那個遊戲嗎?

If you're like most people, that is a game that you do not want to play. Se você é como a maioria das pessoas, esse é um jogo que você não quer jogar. 如果您像大多數人一樣,那是您不想玩的遊戲。

What if we change the rules a little bit. E se mudarmos um pouco as regras? 如果我們稍微改變一下規則會怎麼樣?

If you win, you win $1100. Se ganhares, ganhas 1100 dólares. 如果你贏了,你將贏得 1100 美元。

And if you lose, you lose only a $1000. E se perderes, perdes apenas 1000 dólares. 如果你輸了,你也只會損失 1000 美元。

From an expected value point of view, that is a good game to play. Από την άποψη της αναμενόμενης αξίας, αυτό είναι ένα καλό παιχνίδι. Do ponto de vista do valor esperado, esse é um bom jogo para jogar. 從預期價值的角度來看,這是一款不錯的遊戲。

But if I asked you to play that game right now, Mas se eu vos pedisse para jogar esse jogo agora mesmo, 但如果我現在讓你玩那個遊戲

and you knew that there was a 50% chance of losing your $1000, e você sabia que havia 50% de chance de perder seus $ 1.000, 你知道你有 50% 的機會損失 1000 美元,

if you're like most people you still wouldn't play se fores como a maioria das pessoas, continuarás a não jogar 如果你像大多數人一樣你仍然不會玩

even though there's also a 50% chance of winning $1100. mesmo que também haja 50% de hipóteses de ganhar 1100 dólares. 儘管還有 50% 的機會贏得 1100 美元。

This is called Loss Aversion. Αυτό ονομάζεται Αποστροφή Απώλειας. Isso é chamado de Aversão à Perda. Это называется неприятием потерь (Loss Aversion). 這就是所謂的損失厭惡。

Most people are very loss averse. A maioria das pessoas é muito avessa à perda. Большинство людей очень не любят потерь. 大多數人都非常厭惡損失。

In fact, you have to offer somewhere about $2000 Na verdade, você tem que oferecer algo em torno de US $ 2.000 事實上,你必須提供大約 2000 美元的價格

to get people to play. για να παίζουν οι άνθρωποι. para que as pessoas joguem. 讓人們來玩。

Now this might be interesting, but again ask yourself, Isto pode ser interessante, mas, mais uma vez, pergunte a si próprio, Это может быть интересно, но снова спросите себя, 現在這可能很有趣,但再問自己,

how can you use understanding this in your life? πώς μπορείτε να χρησιμοποιήσετε την κατανόηση αυτού στη ζωή σας; como você pode usar a compreensão disso em sua vida? 你如何在生活中運用對這一點的理解?

You know you're going to be more convincing explaining to someone what they are risking Sabes que vas a ser más convincente explicando a alguien lo que se está arriesgando Você sabe que será mais convincente explicando a alguém o que eles estão arriscando 您知道向某人解釋他們所面臨的風險會更有說服力

losing, instead of what they could possibly gain. perdiendo, en lugar de lo que posiblemente podrían ganar. perder, em vez do que poderiam ganhar. 失去的,而不是他們可能得到的。

So maybe you want to convince someone that being an alcoholic is bad... Então, talvez queiras convencer alguém de que ser alcoólico é mau... 所以也許你想讓某人相信酗酒是不好的...

How do you want to go about doing that? Πώς θέλετε να το κάνετε αυτό; ¿Cómo quieres hacer eso? Como é que quer fazer isso? 你想怎麼做呢?

Do you want to talk about how they could possibly gain a better job ¿Quiere hablar sobre cómo podrían conseguir un trabajo mejor Quer falar sobre a forma como podem conseguir um emprego melhor 你想談談他們如何找到更好的工作嗎

and make more money if they overcome this problem, και να κερδίσουν περισσότερα χρήματα αν ξεπεράσουν αυτό το πρόβλημα, e ganhar mais dinheiro se superarem esse problema, 如果他們克服這個問題就能賺更多的錢

or do you want to tell them how they're going to lose ou quer dizer-lhes como vão perder 或者你想告訴他們他們將如何失敗

their loved ones like their spouse and children? στα αγαπημένα τους πρόσωπα όπως ο σύζυγος και τα παιδιά τους; sus seres queridos como su cónyuge e hijos? os seus entes queridos, como o cônjuge e os filhos? 他們的親人,例如他們的配偶和孩子?

Big idea 4 is: understanding Loss Aversion. A grande ideia 4 é: entender a Aversão à Perda. 第四個重要想法是:理解損失厭惡。

Now imagine I'm your doctor and I have to do an operation on you Agora imagine que eu sou o seu médico e tenho de o operar 現在想像我是你的醫生,我必須幫你做手術

and I tell you, "There is a %10 chance that you're going to e eu digo-lhe: "Há uma percentagem de 10 % de hipóteses de 我告訴你,「你有 %10 的機會

die." 死。”

I could also tell you, "There is a 90% chance that you're going to Também poderia dizer-lhe: "Há 90% de hipóteses de ir para 我還可以告訴你,「你有 90% 的可能性會

live."

Now from a statistical point of view, there is absolutely no difference in those Τώρα από στατιστικής άποψης, δεν υπάρχει καμία απολύτως διαφορά σε αυτά Agora, de um ponto de vista estatístico, não há absolutamente nenhuma diferença entre esses 現在從統計的角度來看,這些絕對沒有差別

two statements. duas declarações. 兩個聲明。

BUT...

In the first case, you're going to feel much worse than in the No primeiro caso, você vai se sentir muito pior do que no 在第一種情況下,你會感覺比在第一種情況下更糟。

second.

This is known as framing. Αυτό είναι γνωστό ως πλαισίωση. Esto se conoce como encuadre. Isso é conhecido como enquadramento. 這稱為框架。

How you frame the exact same situation can have dramatically different consequences. Το πώς πλαισιώνεις την ίδια ακριβώς κατάσταση μπορεί να έχει δραματικά διαφορετικές συνέπειες. La forma en que enmarca exactamente la misma situación puede tener consecuencias dramáticamente diferentes. Como você enquadra exatamente a mesma situação pode ter consequências dramaticamente diferentes. 你如何建構完全相同的情況可能會產生截然不同的結果。

So big idea 5 is: Understanding framing. Portanto, a grande ideia 5 é: Compreender o enquadramento. 重要的想法 5 是:理解框架。

Again ask yourself, how can you use this? Mais uma vez, pergunte a si próprio: como pode utilizar isto? 再次問自己,你如何使用它?

How can you use framing to make good things more appealing and convincing Πώς μπορείτε να χρησιμοποιήσετε το καδράρισμα για να κάνετε τα καλά πράγματα πιο ελκυστικά και πειστικά Como você pode usar o enquadramento para tornar as coisas boas mais atraentes e convincentes 如何利用框架讓美好事物更具吸引力和說服力

to your friends or your children or whoever else you want to influence? para seus amigos ou seus filhos ou qualquer outra pessoa que você queira influenciar? 給你的朋友、孩子或任何你想影響的人?

And finally, big idea 6 is: Understanding the Sunk Cost Fallacy. Και τέλος, η μεγάλη ιδέα 6 είναι: Κατανόηση της πλάνης του βυθισμένου κόστους. E, finalmente, a grande ideia 6 é: Entendendo a falácia do custo irrecuperável. И, наконец, шестая большая идея: Понимание фаллатичности невозвратных затрат. 最後,重要想法 6 是:理解沉沒成本謬誤。

This is all about letting your past decisions influence your present decisions. Αυτό έχει να κάνει με το να αφήσετε τις προηγούμενες αποφάσεις σας να επηρεάσουν τις σημερινές σας αποφάσεις. Trata-se de deixar que suas decisões passadas influenciem suas decisões presentes. 這一切都是為了讓你過去的決定影響你現在的決定。

So think of John. Así que piensa en Juan.

He has no idea about poker, but he thought he would go gamble and play. Δεν έχει ιδέα για το πόκερ, αλλά νόμιζε ότι θα πήγαινε να παίξει και να παίξει. No tiene idea sobre el póquer, pero pensó que iría a apostar y jugar. Ele não tem a menor idéia sobre pôquer, mas pensou em jogar e jogar. 他對撲克一無所知,但他認為他會去賭博和玩。

Fast forward into the night, and John has now lost a $1000 and hasn't won Un avance rápido en la noche, y John ahora ha perdido un $ 1000 y no ha ganado Avanço rápido na noite, e John agora perdeu $ 1000 e não ganhou Прошла ночь, и вот уже Джон потерял 1000 долларов и не выиграл 快進到深夜,約翰現在已經輸了 1000 美元,但還沒有贏錢

anything.

Now if John looks at the odds of his winning from this moment on, Τώρα αν ο John κοιτάξει τις πιθανότητες να κερδίσει από αυτή τη στιγμή, Ahora, si John mira las probabilidades de ganar a partir de este momento, Agora, se John olhar para as chances de ganhar a partir deste momento, Теперь, если Джон посмотрит на шансы своей победы с этого момента, 現在,如果約翰從現在開始考慮他獲勝的幾率,

which would require the use of System 2, which he's probably not going to use, lo que requeriría el uso del Sistema 2, que probablemente no va a utilizar, o que exigiria o uso do Sistema 2, que ele provavelmente não usará, 這需要使用系統 2,但他可能不會使用,

he would find that the best thing to do is completely disregard the $1000 and get θα έβρισκε ότι το καλύτερο που είχε να κάνει είναι να αγνοήσει εντελώς τα 1000 $ και να πάρει se daría cuenta de que lo mejor que puede hacer es prescindir por completo de los 1.000 dólares y conseguir ele descobriria que a melhor coisa a fazer é desconsiderar completamente os $ 1.000 e obter он придет к выводу, что лучше всего полностью пренебречь $1000 и получить 他會發現最好的辦法就是完全無視這 1000 美元並得到

up and leave. levantarse y marcharse. 起身離開。

The $1000 already lost has nothing to do with what his odds are starting from this Τα $1000 που έχουν ήδη χαθεί δεν έχουν καμία σχέση με τις πιθανότητες του να ξεκινούν από αυτό Los $1000 ya perdidos no tienen nada que ver con sus probabilidades a partir de aquí. Os $1000 já perdidos não têm nada a ver com as probabilidades dele a partir disso. 已經損失的 1000 美元與他從此開始的賠率無關

moment. momento. 片刻。

But John is going to be heavily influenced by the $1000 Αλλά ο John θα επηρεαστεί σε μεγάλο βαθμό από τα $1000 Pero John va a estar fuertemente influenciado por los $1000 Mas John vai ser fortemente influenciado pelos $ 1000 Но на Джона сильно повлияет сумма в $1000. 但約翰將受到 1000 美元的嚴重影響

and most likely keep playing and losing even more. και πιθανότατα να συνεχίσει να παίζει και να χάνει ακόμα περισσότερο. y lo más probable es que siga jugando y perdiendo aún más. e provavelmente continuar jogando e perdendo ainda mais. 而且很可能會繼續玩,輸更多。

Let me give you another example... 讓我再舉一個例子...

Jen bought 50 boxes of candy a few months ago, Η Jen αγόρασε 50 κουτιά καραμέλα πριν από λίγους μήνες, Jen compró 50 cajas de dulces hace unos meses, Jen幾個月前買了50盒糖果,

so her house is full of candy. então sua casa está cheia de doces. 所以她的房子裡裝滿了糖果。

But she now finds out about the importance of eating healthy, Αλλά τώρα ανακαλύπτει τη σημασία της υγιεινής διατροφής, Mas agora ela descobre a importância de uma alimentação saudável, 但她現在發現健康飲食的重要性,

and she realizes that the candy actually hurts her, και συνειδητοποιεί ότι η καραμέλα την πληγώνει, e ela percebe que o doce realmente a machuca, 她意識到糖果實際上傷害了她,

but she can't just get rid of it. αλλά δεν μπορεί απλά να το ξεφορτωθεί. pero ella no puede simplemente deshacerse de él. mas ela não pode simplesmente se livrar dele. 但她無法擺脫它。

She payed money for it at some point, so it's really hard for her Ela pagou dinheiro por isso em algum momento, então é muito difícil para ela 她曾經付過錢,所以這對她來說真的很難

even though the candy is going to hurt her. aunque el caramelo la va a lastimar. 即使糖果會傷害她。

Now you might look at John and Jen and say, "Heh... 現在你可能會看著 John 和 Jen 說:「嘿......

What a bunch of idiots!" Τι μάτσο ηλίθιοι!». ¡Qué montón de idiotas!" Que bando de idiotas!" 真是一群白痴!”

But the reality is that you and I are no different...

Look around your house right now. Olhe ao redor de sua casa agora. 現在看看你的房子周圍。

How much stupid shit have you bought over the years Πόσα ηλίθια σκατά έχετε αγοράσει όλα αυτά τα χρόνια ¿Cuánta mierda estúpida has comprado a lo largo de los años? Quanta merda estúpida você comprou ao longo dos anos 這些年你買了多少蠢貨

that's now just laying there taking up space, bothering you, you're never even going to που τώρα απλά το να ξαπλώνεις πιάνει χώρο, σε ενοχλεί, δεν πρόκειται καν να το κάνεις ποτέ eso ahora está tirado allí ocupando espacio, molestándote, ni siquiera vas a que agora está só ali ocupando espaço, te incomodando, você nunca vai nem 現在只是躺在那裡,佔空間,打擾你,你永遠不會去

use it again, but you don't get rid of it? ¿Lo usas de nuevo, pero no te deshaces de él? 再次使用它,但你不擺脫它?

There is no difference between Jen or John and you in this situation. 在這種情況下,Jen 或 John 和你之間沒有區別。

The chair that you bought gets in the way all the time, Η καρέκλα που αγοράσατε σας εμποδίζει συνεχώς, La silla que compraste estorba todo el tiempo, A cadeira que você comprou atrapalha o tempo todo, 你買的椅子總是很礙事,

there is no room for it in your little house, it's causing you pain, δεν υπάρχει χώρος για αυτό στο σπιτάκι σου, σου προκαλεί πόνο, não há espaço para isso em sua casinha, está causando dor, 你的小房子裡沒有地方容納它,它帶給你痛苦,

but how can you get rid of it? 但怎樣才能擺脫它呢?

You paid $59 for it at some point. Πληρώσατε 59 $ για αυτό κάποια στιγμή. 您在某個時候為此支付了 59 美元。

This is what is known as the sunk cost fallacy. Αυτό είναι αυτό που είναι γνωστό ως πλάνη του βυθισμένου κόστους. Esto es lo que se conoce como la falacia del costo hundido. Isso é o que é conhecido como a falácia do custo irrecuperável. 這就是所謂的沉沒成本謬誤。

Your past decisions shouldn't affect what is good for you now. Οι προηγούμενες αποφάσεις σας δεν πρέπει να επηρεάζουν αυτό που είναι καλό για εσάς τώρα. Tus decisiones pasadas no deberían afectar lo que es bueno para ti ahora. Suas decisões passadas não devem afetar o que é bom para você agora. 你過去的決定不應該影響現在對你有利的事。

If you paid money for a bunch of candy at some point, Si pagaste dinero por un montón de dulces en algún momento, Se você pagou dinheiro por um monte de doces em algum momento, 如果你在某個時候花錢買了一堆糖果,

it doesn't mean that it's good for you to keep eating it. no significa que sea bueno para ti seguir comiéndolo. isso não significa que é bom para você continuar comendo.