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•TED TALKS•, Sandra Aamodt: Why dieting doesn't usually work

Sandra Aamodt: Why dieting doesn't usually work

Three and a half years ago, I made one of the best decisions of my life.

As my New Year's resolution, I gave up dieting, stopped worrying about my weight, and learned to eat mindfully. Now I eat whenever I'm hungry, and I've lost 10 pounds. This was me at age 13, when I started my first diet.

I look at that picture now, and I think, you did not need a diet, you needed a fashion consult. (Laughter) But I thought I needed to lose weight, and when I gained it back, of course I blamed myself. And for the next three decades, I was on and off various diets. No matter what I tried, the weight I'd lost always came back. I'm sure many of you know the feeling. As a neuroscientist, I wondered, why is this so hard?

Obviously, how much you weigh depends on how much you eat and how much energy you burn. What most people don't realize is that hunger and energy use are controlled by the brain, mostly without your awareness. Your brain does a lot of its work behind the scenes, and that is a good thing, because your conscious mind -- how do we put this politely? -- it's easily distracted. It's good that you don't have to remember to breathe when you get caught up in a movie. You don't forget how to walk because you're thinking about what to have for dinner. Your brain also has its own sense of what you should weigh, no matter what you consciously believe.

This is called your set point, but that's a misleading term, because it's actually a range of about 10 or 15 pounds. You can use lifestyle choices to move your weight up and down within that range, but it's much, much harder to stay outside of it. The hypothalamus, the part of the brain that regulates body weight, there are more than a dozen chemical signals in the brain that tell your body to gain weight, more than another dozen that tell your body to lose it, and the system works like a thermostat, responding to signals from the body by adjusting hunger, activity and metabolism, to keep your weight stable as conditions change. That's what a thermostat does, right? It keeps the temperature in your house the same as the weather changes outside. Now you can try to change the temperature in your house by opening a window in the winter, but that's not going to change the setting on the thermostat, which will respond by kicking on the furnace to warm the place back up. Your brain works exactly the same way, responding to weight loss by using powerful tools to push your body back to what it considers normal. If you lose a lot of weight, your brain reacts as if you were starving, and whether you started out fat or thin, your brain's response is exactly the same. We would love to think that your brain could tell whether you need to lose weight or not, but it can't. If you do lose a lot of weight, you become hungry, and your muscles burn less energy. Dr. Rudy Leibel of Columbia University has found that people who have lost 10 percent of their body weight burn 250 to 400 calories less because their metabolism is suppressed. That's a lot of food. This means that a successful dieter must eat this much less forever than someone of the same weight who has always been thin. From an evolutionary perspective, your body's resistance to weight loss makes sense.

When food was scarce, our ancestors' survival depended on conserving energy, and regaining the weight when food was available would have protected them against the next shortage. Over the course of human history, starvation has been a much bigger problem than overeating. This may explain a very sad fact: Set points can go up, but they rarely go down. Now, if your mother ever mentioned that life is not fair, this is the kind of thing she was talking about. (Laughter) Successful dieting doesn't lower your set point. Even after you've kept the weight off for as long as seven years, your brain keeps trying to make you gain it back. If that weight loss had been due to a long famine, that would be a sensible response. In our modern world of drive-thru burgers, it's not working out so well for many of us. That difference between our ancestral past and our abundant present is the reason that Dr. Yoni Freedhoff of the University of Ottawa would like to take some of his patients back to a time when food was less available, and it's also the reason that changing the food environment is really going to be the most effective solution to obesity. Sadly, a temporary weight gain can become permanent.

If you stay at a high weight for too long, probably a matter of years for most of us, your brain may decide that that's the new normal. Psychologists classify eaters into two groups, those who rely on their hunger and those who try to control their eating through willpower, like most dieters.

Let's call them intuitive eaters and controlled eaters. The interesting thing is that intuitive eaters are less likely to be overweight, and they spend less time thinking about food. Controlled eaters are more vulnerable to overeating in response to advertising, super-sizing, and the all-you-can-eat buffet. And a small indulgence, like eating one scoop of ice cream, is more likely to lead to a food binge in controlled eaters. Children are especially vulnerable to this cycle of dieting and then binging. Several long-term studies have shown that girls who diet in their early teenage years are three times more likely to become overweight five years later, even if they started at a normal weight, and all of these studies found that the same factors that predicted weight gain also predicted the development of eating disorders. The other factor, by the way, those of you who are parents, was being teased by family members about their weight. So don't do that. (Laughter) I left almost all my graphs at home, but I couldn't resist throwing in just this one, because I'm a geek, and that's how I roll.

(Laughter) This is a study that looked at the risk of death over a 14-year period based on four healthy habits: eating enough fruits and vegetables, exercise three times a week, not smoking, and drinking in moderation. Let's start by looking at the normal weight people in the study. The height of the bars is the risk of death, and those zero, one, two, three, four numbers on the horizontal axis are the number of those healthy habits that a given person had. And as you'd expect, the healthier the lifestyle, the less likely people were to die during the study. Now let's look at what happens in overweight people. The ones that had no healthy habits had a higher risk of death. Adding just one healthy habit pulls overweight people back into the normal range. For obese people with no healthy habits, the risk is very high, seven times higher than the healthiest groups in the study. But a healthy lifestyle helps obese people too. In fact, if you look only at the group with all four healthy habits, you can see that weight makes very little difference. You can take control of your health by taking control of your lifestyle, even If you can't lose weight and keep it off. Diets don't have very much reliability.

Five years after a diet, most people have regained the weight. Forty percent of them have gained even more. If you think about this, the typical outcome of dieting is that you're more likely to gain weight in the long run than to lose it. If I've convinced you that dieting might be a problem, the next question is, what do you do about it?

And my answer, in a word, is mindfulness. I'm not saying you need to learn to meditate or take up yoga. I'm talking about mindful eating: learning to understand your body's signals so that you eat when you're hungry and stop when you're full, because a lot of weight gain boils down to eating when you're not hungry. How do you do it? Give yourself permission to eat as much as you want, and then work on figuring out what makes your body feel good. Sit down to regular meals without distractions. Think about how your body feels when you start to eat and when you stop, and let your hunger decide when you should be done. It took about a year for me to learn this, but it's really been worth it. I am so much more relaxed around food than I have ever been in my life. I often don't think about it. I forget we have chocolate in the house. It's like aliens have taken over my brain. It's just completely different. I should say that this approach to eating probably won't make you lose weight unless you often eat when you're not hungry, but doctors don't know of any approach that makes significant weight loss in a lot of people, and that is why a lot of people are now focusing on preventing weight gain instead of promoting weight loss. Let's face it: If diets worked, we'd all be thin already. (Laughter) Why do we keep doing the same thing and expecting different results? Diets may seem harmless, but they actually do a lot of collateral damage. At worst, they ruin lives: Weight obsession leads to eating disorders, especially in young kids. In the U.S., we have 80 percent of 10-year-old girls say they've been on a diet. Our daughters have learned to measure their worth by the wrong scale. Even at its best, dieting is a waste of time and energy. It takes willpower which you could be using to help your kids with their homework or to finish that important work project, and because willpower is limited, any strategy that relies on its consistent application is pretty much guaranteed to eventually fail you when your attention moves on to something else. Let me leave you with one last thought.

What if we told all those dieting girls that it's okay to eat when they're hungry? What if we taught them to work with their appetite instead of fearing it? I think most of them would be happier and healthier, and as adults, many of them would probably be thinner. I wish someone had told me that back when I was 13. Thanks.

(Applause)

Sandra Aamodt: Why dieting doesn't usually work Sandra Aamodt: Warum Diäten meist nicht funktionieren Sandra Aamodt: Γιατί η δίαιτα συνήθως δεν λειτουργεί Sandra Aamodt: Why dieting doesn't usually work Sandra Aamodt: Por qué las dietas no suelen funcionar Sandra Aamodt : Pourquoi les régimes ne fonctionnent généralement pas Sandra Aamodt: Perché le diete di solito non funzionano サンドラ・アモット:ダイエットがうまくいかない理由 산드라 아모트: 다이어트가 보통 효과가 없는 이유 Sandra Aamodt: Kodėl dietos paprastai neveikia Sandra Aamodt: Dlaczego diety zwykle nie działają Sandra Aamodt: Porque é que as dietas não costumam funcionar Сандра Аамодт: Почему диеты обычно не работают Sandra Aamodt: Diyet yapmak neden genellikle işe yaramaz? Сандра Аамодт: Чому дієта зазвичай не працює 桑德拉·阿莫特:为什么节食通常不起作用 桑德拉·阿莫特:為什麼節食通常不起作用

Three and a half years ago, I made one of the best decisions of my life. 3년 반 전, 저는 제 인생 최고의 결정 중 하나를 내렸습니다. Три з половиною роки тому я прийняв одне з найкращих рішень у своєму житті.

As my New Year’s resolution, I gave up dieting, stopped worrying about my weight, and learned to eat mindfully. 새해 결심으로 다이어트를 포기하고 체중에 대한 걱정을 멈추고 마음 편하게 식사하는 법을 배웠습니다. Como resolução de ano novo, desisti de fazer dieta, parei de me preocupar com meu peso e aprendi a comer com atenção. Now I eat whenever I’m hungry, and I’ve lost 10 pounds. 이제 저는 배고플 때마다 식사를 하고 체중이 10파운드나 줄었습니다. Agora eu como sempre que estou com fome e perdi 10 quilos. This was me at age 13, when I started my first diet. Esta era eu aos 13 anos, quando comecei a minha primeira dieta.

I look at that picture now, and I think, you did not need a diet, you needed a fashion consult. Je regarde cette photo aujourd'hui et je me dis que tu n'avais pas besoin d'un régime, mais d'une consultation en matière de mode. 지금 그 사진을 보면 다이어트가 아니라 패션 컨설팅이 필요했던 것 같아요. Eu olho para essa foto agora, e penso, você não precisava de uma dieta, você precisava de uma consultoria de moda. (Laughter) But I thought I needed to lose weight, and when I gained it back, of course I blamed myself. (Rires) Mais je pensais qu'il fallait que je perde du poids, et quand je l'ai repris, je m'en suis bien sûr voulu. (Risos) Mas pensei que precisava de perder peso e, quando o recuperei, é claro que me culpei. And for the next three decades, I was on and off various diets. E nas três décadas seguintes, eu estava dentro e fora de várias dietas. No matter what I tried, the weight I’d lost always came back. 何をやっても、減った体重はまた戻ってきた。 Não importa o que eu tentasse, o peso que eu tinha perdido sempre voltava. I’m sure many of you know the feeling. 많은 분들이 그 느낌을 알고 계실 겁니다. Estou certo de que muitos de vós conhecem a sensação. As a neuroscientist, I wondered, why is this so hard? En tant que neuroscientifique, je me suis demandé pourquoi c'était si difficile. 신경과학자로서 저는 이것이 왜 이렇게 어려운 일인지 궁금했습니다. Como neurocientista, perguntei-me: porque é que isto é tão difícil?

Obviously, how much you weigh depends on how much you eat and how much energy you burn. 물론 몸무게는 섭취량과 에너지 소모량에 따라 달라집니다. Obviamente, o seu peso depende da quantidade de comida que ingere e da energia que queima. What most people don’t realize is that hunger and energy use are controlled by the brain, mostly without your awareness. Ce que la plupart des gens ne réalisent pas, c'est que la faim et la consommation d'énergie sont contrôlées par le cerveau, la plupart du temps sans que l'on s'en rende compte. 대부분의 사람들은 배고픔과 에너지 사용은 대부분 우리가 의식하지 못하는 사이에 뇌에 의해 제어된다는 사실을 깨닫지 못합니다. O que a maioria das pessoas não percebe é que a fome e o uso de energia são controlados pelo cérebro, principalmente sem a sua consciência. Your brain does a lot of its work behind the scenes, and that is a good thing, because your conscious mind -- how do we put this politely? Votre cerveau fait une grande partie de son travail en coulisses, et c'est une bonne chose, parce que votre esprit conscient - comment dire cela poliment ? 우리의 뇌는 보이지 않는 곳에서 많은 일을 하고 있으며, 이는 좋은 일입니다. 왜냐하면 우리의 의식적인 마음은 - 이걸 어떻게 정중하게 표현할 수 있을까요? O seu cérebro faz muito do seu trabalho nos bastidores, e isso é bom, porque a sua mente consciente - como dizemos isto educadamente? -- it’s easily distracted. -- Il est facilement distrait. -- distrai-se facilmente. It’s good that you don’t have to remember to breathe when you get caught up in a movie. C'est une bonne chose que vous n'ayez pas à vous rappeler de respirer lorsque vous êtes pris dans un film. 영화에 몰입할 때 숨 쉬는 것을 기억할 필요가 없다는 점이 좋습니다. É bom que você não precise se lembrar de respirar quando for pego em um filme. 当你沉迷于电影时,你不必记住呼吸,这很好。 You don’t forget how to walk because you’re thinking about what to have for dinner. On n'oublie pas de marcher parce qu'on pense à ce qu'on va manger. 저녁 식사로 무엇을 먹을지 생각하느라 걷는 방법을 잊어버리지 마세요. Não se esquece de andar porque se está a pensar no que se vai comer ao jantar. 你不会因为考虑晚餐吃什么而忘记如何走路。 Your brain also has its own sense of what you should weigh, no matter what you consciously believe. Votre cerveau a également sa propre idée de ce que vous devriez peser, indépendamment de ce que vous croyez consciemment. 우리 뇌는 의식적으로 무엇을 믿든 간에 몸무게에 대한 자체적인 감각을 가지고 있습니다. Seu cérebro também tem sua própria noção do que você deve pesar, não importa no que você acredita conscientemente. 无论您有意识地相信什么,您的大脑也有自己应该称重的感觉。

This is called your set point, but that’s a misleading term, because it’s actually a range of about 10 or 15 pounds. C'est ce qu'on appelle le point de consigne, mais ce terme est trompeur, car il s'agit en fait d'une fourchette d'environ 10 ou 15 livres. これはセットポイントと呼ばれるが、誤解を招きやすい表現で、実際には10ポンドか15ポンドの範囲だからだ。 이를 설정 포인트라고 하지만 실제로는 약 10~15파운드의 범위이기 때문에 오해의 소지가 있는 용어입니다. Isso é chamado de ponto de ajuste, mas é um termo enganoso, porque na verdade é um intervalo de cerca de 10 ou 15 libras. 这称为您的设定点,但这是一个误导性术语,因为它实际上是大约 10 或 15 磅的范围。 You can use lifestyle choices to move your weight up and down within that range, but it’s much, much harder to stay outside of it. Vous pouvez faire des choix de mode de vie pour faire varier votre poids à l'intérieur de cette fourchette, mais il est beaucoup, beaucoup plus difficile de rester en dehors de cette fourchette. 생활 습관으로 체중을 그 범위 내에서 오르내릴 수는 있지만, 그 범위를 벗어나지 않는 것은 훨씬 더 어렵습니다. Você pode usar escolhas de estilo de vida para mover seu peso para cima e para baixo dentro dessa faixa, mas é muito, muito mais difícil ficar fora dela. 您可以选择生活方式来使体重在该范围内上下移动,但要保持在该范围之外就很难了。 The hypothalamus, the part of the brain that regulates body weight, there are more than a dozen chemical signals in the brain that tell your body to gain weight, more than another dozen that tell your body to lose it, and the system works like a thermostat, responding to signals from the body by adjusting hunger, activity and metabolism, to keep your weight stable as conditions change. L'hypothalamus, la partie du cerveau qui régule le poids corporel, contient plus d'une douzaine de signaux chimiques qui indiquent à votre corps de prendre du poids, et plus d'une autre douzaine qui indiquent à votre corps de le perdre. Le système fonctionne comme un thermostat, répondant aux signaux du corps en ajustant la faim, l'activité et le métabolisme, afin de maintenir votre poids stable lorsque les conditions changent. O hipotálamo, a parte do cérebro que regula o peso corporal, há mais de uma dúzia de sinais químicos no cérebro que dizem ao seu corpo para ganhar peso, mais de uma dúzia que diz ao seu corpo para perdê-lo, e o sistema funciona como um termostato, respondendo aos sinais do corpo ajustando a fome, a atividade e o metabolismo, para manter seu peso estável à medida que as condições mudam. That’s what a thermostat does, right? É isso que um termóstato faz, certo? It keeps the temperature in your house the same as the weather changes outside. Mantém a temperatura em sua casa a mesma que o clima muda lá fora. Now you can try to change the temperature in your house by opening a window in the winter, but that’s not going to change the setting on the thermostat, which will respond by kicking on the furnace to warm the place back up. Sie können nun versuchen, die Temperatur in Ihrem Haus zu ändern, indem Sie im Winter ein Fenster öffnen, aber das wird die Einstellung des Thermostats nicht ändern, der daraufhin den Ofen anwirft, um den Raum wieder aufzuwärmen. Vous pouvez essayer de modifier la température de votre maison en ouvrant une fenêtre en hiver, mais cela ne changera pas le réglage du thermostat, qui réagira en allumant la chaudière pour réchauffer l'endroit. Agora você pode tentar mudar a temperatura em sua casa abrindo uma janela no inverno, mas isso não vai mudar a configuração do termostato, que responderá chutando o forno para aquecer o lugar novamente. 现在,您可以尝试在冬天打开窗户来改变家里的温度,但这不会改变恒温器的设置,恒温器会通过踢炉子来做出反应,使房间重新变暖。 Your brain works exactly the same way, responding to weight loss by using powerful tools to push your body back to what it considers normal. O seu cérebro funciona exatamente da mesma forma, respondendo à perda de peso através da utilização de ferramentas poderosas para empurrar o seu corpo de volta ao que considera normal. If you lose a lot of weight, your brain reacts as if you were starving, and whether you started out fat or thin, your brain’s response is exactly the same. Se você perder muito peso, seu cérebro reage como se estivesse morrendo de fome, e se você começou gordo ou magro, a resposta do seu cérebro é exatamente a mesma. We would love to think that your brain could tell whether you need to lose weight or not, but it can’t. Nous aimerions croire que notre cerveau est capable de nous dire si nous avons besoin de perdre du poids ou non, mais ce n'est pas le cas. Gostaríamos de pensar que o nosso cérebro pode dizer se precisamos de perder peso ou não, mas não pode. If you do lose a lot of weight, you become hungry, and your muscles burn less energy. Si vous perdez beaucoup de poids, vous aurez faim et vos muscles brûleront moins d'énergie. Se perder muito peso, fica com fome e os seus músculos queimam menos energia. Dr. Rudy Leibel of Columbia University has found that people who have lost 10 percent of their body weight burn 250 to 400 calories less because their metabolism is suppressed. Le Dr Rudy Leibel, de l'Université de Columbia, a constaté que les personnes ayant perdu 10 % de leur poids corporel brûlent 250 à 400 calories de moins parce que leur métabolisme est inhibé. That’s a lot of food. Isso é muita comida. This means that a successful dieter must eat this much less forever than someone of the same weight who has always been thin. Cela signifie qu'une personne qui réussit son régime doit toujours manger beaucoup moins qu'une personne de même poids qui a toujours été mince. Isso significa que um dieter de sucesso deve comer muito menos para sempre do que alguém do mesmo peso que sempre foi magro. Это означает, что успешный диетолог должен постоянно есть на столько меньше, чем человек того же веса, который всегда был худым. 这意味着,一个成功的节食者必须永远比体重相同但一直很瘦的人吃得少得多。 From an evolutionary perspective, your body’s resistance to weight loss makes sense. De uma perspectiva evolutiva, a resistência do seu corpo à perda de peso faz sentido. 从进化的角度来看,你的身体对减肥的抵抗是有道理的。

When food was scarce, our ancestors' survival depended on conserving energy, and regaining the weight when food was available would have protected them against the next shortage. Quando os alimentos eram escassos, a sobrevivência dos nossos antepassados dependia da conservação de energia, e recuperar o peso quando os alimentos estavam disponíveis tê-los-ia protegido contra a escassez seguinte. 当食物短缺时,我们祖先的生存依赖于保存能量,而当食物可用时恢复体重可以保护他们免受下一次短缺的影响。 Over the course of human history, starvation has been a much bigger problem than overeating. Ao longo da história humana, a fome tem sido um problema muito maior do que comer demais. 在人类历史上,饥饿是比暴饮暴食更严重的问题。 This may explain a very sad fact: Set points can go up, but they rarely go down. Cela explique peut-être une triste réalité : les points de fixation peuvent augmenter, mais ils diminuent rarement. Isso pode explicar um fato muito triste: os pontos de ajuste podem aumentar, mas raramente diminuem. Now, if your mother ever mentioned that life is not fair, this is the kind of thing she was talking about. Si votre mère vous a déjà dit que la vie était injuste, c'est de ce genre de choses qu'elle parlait. Se a sua mãe alguma vez disse que a vida não é justa, era a isto que ela se referia. 现在,如果你的母亲曾经提到过生活是不公平的,那么她所说的就是这种事情。 (Laughter) Successful dieting doesn’t lower your set point. (Rires) Un régime réussi n'abaisse pas le point de consigne. (Risos) Uma dieta bem sucedida não faz baixar o seu ponto de referência. Even after you’ve kept the weight off for as long as seven years, your brain keeps trying to make you gain it back. Même si vous avez réussi à perdre du poids pendant sept ans, votre cerveau continue d'essayer de vous le faire reprendre. Mesmo depois de manter o peso por até sete anos, seu cérebro continua tentando fazer você recuperá-lo. If that weight loss had been due to a long famine, that would be a sensible response. Si cette perte de poids avait été due à une longue famine, cette réponse serait sensée. Se essa perda de peso fosse devido a uma longa fome, seria uma resposta sensata. In our modern world of drive-thru burgers, it’s not working out so well for many of us. Dans notre monde moderne où les hamburgers sont servis au volant, cela ne fonctionne pas très bien pour beaucoup d'entre nous. Em nosso mundo moderno de hambúrgueres drive-thru, não está funcionando tão bem para muitos de nós. 在当今的汽车餐厅汉堡世界中,这对我们许多人来说并不那么有效。 That difference between our ancestral past and our abundant present is the reason that Dr. Yoni Freedhoff of the University of Ottawa would like to take some of his patients back to a time when food was less available, and it’s also the reason that changing the food environment is really going to be the most effective solution to obesity. Cette différence entre notre passé ancestral et notre présent d'abondance est la raison pour laquelle le Dr Yoni Freedhoff, de l'université d'Ottawa, aimerait ramener certains de ses patients à une époque où la nourriture était moins disponible, et c'est aussi la raison pour laquelle la solution la plus efficace pour lutter contre l'obésité consistera à modifier l'environnement alimentaire. Essa diferença entre nosso passado ancestral e nosso presente abundante é a razão pela qual o Dr. Yoni Freedhoff, da Universidade de Ottawa, gostaria de levar alguns de seus pacientes de volta a uma época em que a comida era menos disponível, e também é a razão pela qual mudar a comida ambiente vai realmente ser a solução mais eficaz para a obesidade. 我们祖先的过去和我们丰富的现在之间的这种差异是渥太华大学的 Yoni Freedhoff 博士想要带他的一些病人回到食物匮乏的时代的原因,这也是改变食物的原因环境确实将成为解决肥胖最有效的方法。 Sadly, a temporary weight gain can become permanent. Infelizmente, um aumento de peso temporário pode tornar-se permanente. 可悲的是,暂时的体重增加可能会变成永久性的。

If you stay at a high weight for too long, probably a matter of years for most of us, your brain may decide that that’s the new normal. Si vous restez trop longtemps à un poids élevé, probablement une question d'années pour la plupart d'entre nous, votre cerveau peut décider que c'est la nouvelle normalité. Se se mantiver num peso elevado durante muito tempo, provavelmente uma questão de anos para a maioria de nós, o cérebro pode decidir que esse é o novo normal. Psychologists classify eaters into two groups, those who rely on their hunger and those who try to control their eating through willpower, like most dieters. Les psychologues classent les mangeurs en deux groupes : ceux qui se fient à leur faim et ceux qui essaient de contrôler leur alimentation par la volonté, comme la plupart des personnes au régime. Os psicólogos classificam os comedores em dois grupos, aqueles que confiam em sua fome e aqueles que tentam controlar sua alimentação através da força de vontade, como a maioria dos dieters.

Let’s call them intuitive eaters and controlled eaters. The interesting thing is that intuitive eaters are less likely to be overweight, and they spend less time thinking about food. O interessante é que os comedores intuitivos têm menos probabilidade de estar acima do peso e passam menos tempo pensando em comida. Controlled eaters are more vulnerable to overeating in response to advertising, super-sizing, and the all-you-can-eat buffet. Les mangeurs contrôlés sont plus vulnérables à la suralimentation en réponse à la publicité, au surdimensionnement et au buffet à volonté. Comedores controlados são mais vulneráveis a comer demais em resposta à publicidade, superdimensionamento e ao buffet livre. And a small indulgence, like eating one scoop of ice cream, is more likely to lead to a food binge in controlled eaters. De plus, un petit plaisir, comme manger une boule de glace, est plus susceptible de conduire à une frénésie alimentaire chez les mangeurs contrôlés. E uma pequena indulgência, como comer uma bola de sorvete, é mais provável que leve a uma compulsão alimentar em comedores controlados. Children are especially vulnerable to this cycle of dieting and then binging. As crianças são especialmente vulneráveis a este ciclo de dieta e depois compulsão. Several long-term studies have shown that girls who diet in their early teenage years are three times more likely to become overweight five years later, even if they started at a normal weight, and all of these studies found that the same factors that predicted weight gain also predicted the development of eating disorders. Plusieurs études à long terme ont montré que les filles qui suivent un régime au début de l'adolescence ont trois fois plus de risques de devenir obèses cinq ans plus tard, même si elles avaient un poids normal au départ, et toutes ces études ont montré que les mêmes facteurs qui prédisaient la prise de poids prédisaient également le développement de troubles de l'alimentation. 几项长期研究表明,在青少年时期节食的女孩五年后超重的可能性是正常体重的三倍,即使她们一开始体重正常,所有这些研究都发现,预测体重的因素与预测体重的因素相同。增益还预测饮食失调的发展。 The other factor, by the way, those of you who are parents, was being teased by family members about their weight. L'autre facteur, d'ailleurs, pour ceux d'entre vous qui sont parents, c'est que les membres de la famille se moquaient de leur poids. O outro fator, a propósito, aqueles de vocês que são pais, estavam sendo provocados por membros da família sobre seu peso. Другим фактором, кстати, тем из вас, кто является родителями, было то, что члены семьи дразнили их за вес. So don’t do that. (Laughter) I left almost all my graphs at home, but I couldn’t resist throwing in just this one, because I’m a geek, and that’s how I roll. J'ai laissé presque tous mes graphiques à la maison, mais je n'ai pas pu résister à l'envie d'ajouter celui-ci, parce que je suis un geek et que c'est comme ça que je fonctionne. Deixei quase todos os meus gráficos em casa, mas não resisti em colocar só esse, porque sou geek, e é assim que eu rolo. 我几乎把所有图表都留在家里了,但我忍不住只扔了这张,因为我是个极客,这就是我的行事方式。

(Laughter) This is a study that looked at the risk of death over a 14-year period based on four healthy habits: eating enough fruits and vegetables, exercise three times a week, not smoking, and drinking in moderation. (Rires) Il s'agit d'une étude qui a examiné le risque de décès sur une période de 14 ans en fonction de quatre habitudes saines : manger suffisamment de fruits et de légumes, faire de l'exercice trois fois par semaine, ne pas fumer et consommer de l'alcool avec modération. (Risos) Este é um estudo que analisou o risco de morte durante um período de 14 anos com base em quatro hábitos saudáveis: comer bastante frutas e vegetais, fazer exercícios três vezes por semana, não fumar e beber com moderação. Let’s start by looking at the normal weight people in the study. Vamos começar olhando para as pessoas com peso normal no estudo. The height of the bars is the risk of death, and those zero, one, two, three, four numbers on the horizontal axis are the number of those healthy habits that a given person had. La hauteur des barres représente le risque de décès, et les nombres zéro, un, deux, trois et quatre sur l'axe horizontal correspondent au nombre d'habitudes saines qu'une personne donnée avait. A altura das barras é o risco de morte, e aqueles zero, um, dois, três, quatro números no eixo horizontal são o número daqueles hábitos saudáveis que uma determinada pessoa tinha. 条形的高度代表死亡风险,横轴上的零、一、二、三、四数字是某个人拥有的健康习惯的数量。 And as you’d expect, the healthier the lifestyle, the less likely people were to die during the study. E, como seria de esperar, quanto mais saudável o estilo de vida, menor a probabilidade de as pessoas morrerem durante o estudo. Now let’s look at what happens in overweight people. Agora vamos ver o que acontece em pessoas com excesso de peso. The ones that had no healthy habits had a higher risk of death. Adding just one healthy habit pulls overweight people back into the normal range. L'ajout d'une seule habitude saine ramène les personnes en surpoids dans la fourchette normale. Adicionar apenas um hábito saudável puxa as pessoas com excesso de peso de volta à faixa normal. For obese people with no healthy habits, the risk is very high, seven times higher than the healthiest groups in the study. 对于没有健康习惯的肥胖者来说,患病风险非常高,比研究中最健康人群高出七倍。 But a healthy lifestyle helps obese people too. In fact, if you look only at the group with all four healthy habits, you can see that weight makes very little difference. You can take control of your health by taking control of your lifestyle, even If you can’t lose weight and keep it off. Você pode assumir o controle de sua saúde assumindo o controle de seu estilo de vida, mesmo que não consiga perder peso e mantê-lo. 即使您无法减肥并保持体重,您也可以通过控制您的生活方式来控制您的健康。 Diets don’t have very much reliability.

Five years after a diet, most people have regained the weight. Forty percent of them have gained even more. Quarenta por cento deles ganharam ainda mais. If you think about this, the typical outcome of dieting is that you’re more likely to gain weight in the long run than to lose it. Si l'on y réfléchit bien, le résultat typique d'un régime est que l'on a plus de chances de prendre du poids à long terme que d'en perdre. Se você pensar sobre isso, o resultado típico da dieta é que você tem mais probabilidade de ganhar peso a longo prazo do que perdê-lo. 如果你考虑一下这一点,节食的典型结果是,从长远来看,你更有可能增加体重,而不是减肥。 If I’ve convinced you that dieting might be a problem, the next question is, what do you do about it? 如果我让您相信节食可能是一个问题,那么下一个问题是,您会采取什么措施?

And my answer, in a word, is mindfulness. I’m not saying you need to learn to meditate or take up yoga. I’m talking about mindful eating: learning to understand your body’s signals so that you eat when you’re hungry and stop when you’re full, because a lot of weight gain boils down to eating when you’re not hungry. How do you do it? Give yourself permission to eat as much as you want, and then work on figuring out what makes your body feel good. Autorisez-vous à manger autant que vous le souhaitez, puis essayez de trouver ce qui fait du bien à votre corps. Sit down to regular meals without distractions. Think about how your body feels when you start to eat and when you stop, and let your hunger decide when you should be done. It took about a year for me to learn this, but it’s really been worth it. I am so much more relaxed around food than I have ever been in my life. I often don’t think about it. I forget we have chocolate in the house. It’s like aliens have taken over my brain. C'est comme si des extraterrestres avaient pris le contrôle de mon cerveau. It’s just completely different. I should say that this approach to eating probably won’t make you lose weight unless you often eat when you’re not hungry, but doctors don’t know of any approach that makes significant weight loss in a lot of people, and that is why a lot of people are now focusing on preventing weight gain instead of promoting weight loss. Je dois dire que cette approche de l'alimentation ne vous fera probablement pas perdre de poids, à moins que vous ne mangiez souvent quand vous n'avez pas faim, mais les médecins ne connaissent aucune approche qui permette une perte de poids significative chez un grand nombre de personnes, et c'est pourquoi beaucoup de gens se concentrent aujourd'hui sur la prévention de la prise de poids plutôt que sur la promotion de la perte de poids. 我应该说,这种饮食方法可能不会让你减肥,除非你经常在不饿的时候吃东西,但医生不知道有什么方法可以让很多人显着减肥,那就是为什么很多人现在专注于防止体重增加而不是促进减肥。 Let’s face it: If diets worked, we’d all be thin already. (Laughter) Why do we keep doing the same thing and expecting different results? (笑声)为什么我们总是做同样的事情却期待不同的结果? Diets may seem harmless, but they actually do a lot of collateral damage. At worst, they ruin lives: Weight obsession leads to eating disorders, especially in young kids. In the U.S., we have 80 percent of 10-year-old girls say they’ve been on a diet. Aux États-Unis, 80 % des filles de 10 ans disent avoir suivi un régime. 在美国,80% 的 10 岁女孩表示她们一直在节食。 Our daughters have learned to measure their worth by the wrong scale. Nos filles ont appris à mesurer leur valeur selon une échelle erronée. 我们的女儿们已经学会用错误的尺度来衡量自己的价值。 Even at its best, dieting is a waste of time and energy. Même dans le meilleur des cas, les régimes sont une perte de temps et d'énergie. It takes willpower which you could be using to help your kids with their homework or to finish that important work project, and because willpower is limited, any strategy that relies on its consistent application is pretty much guaranteed to eventually fail you when your attention moves on to something else. Il faut de la volonté que vous pourriez utiliser pour aider vos enfants à faire leurs devoirs ou pour terminer ce projet important. Comme la volonté est limitée, toute stratégie qui repose sur son application constante est pratiquement assurée de ne pas fonctionner lorsque votre attention se porte sur autre chose. 它需要意志力,你可以用它来帮助你的孩子完成家庭作业或完成重要的工作项目,并且由于意志力是有限的,任何依赖于其一致应用的策略几乎肯定会在你的注意力转移时最终让你失败到别的东西。 Let me leave you with one last thought.

What if we told all those dieting girls that it’s okay to eat when they’re hungry? Et si nous disions à toutes ces filles au régime qu'il n'y a pas de mal à manger quand elles ont faim ? What if we taught them to work with their appetite instead of fearing it? Et si nous leur apprenions à travailler avec leur appétit au lieu de le craindre ? I think most of them would be happier and healthier, and as adults, many of them would probably be thinner. I wish someone had told me that back when I was 13. 我希望有人在我 13 岁时告诉我这一点。 Thanks.

(Applause)