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Crash Course 2: Philosophy., 01a. What is Philosophy?: Part 1/2.

01a. What is Philosophy?: Part 1/2.

Crash Course Philosophy is brought to you by Squarespace. Squarespace: share your passion with the world.

I'm Hank Green, and you and I are about to embark on a journey. A journey of inquiry, into the whole world. Your world.

In an effort to figure out: what gives it meaning, what makes it beautiful, where its evils come from, and ultimately, what is the very nature of reality itself.

And along the way, we're going to question every aspect of your own personal life -- why you do what you do, why you think what you think, why you feel what you feel.

Now, if you've joined me on Crash Course before, you might say, we've learned about all that stuff before -- in psychology, and biology, and anatomy and physiology. And it's true: Science can definitely help us understand our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

But on this particular journey, we're going to be exploring aspects of the human condition that can't be explained only by hormones or neurotransmitters, by personal experiences or hereditary conditions. Because, all of those chemicals and experiences that make us who we are, can actually raise as many questions as they answer.

Like, if all of my decisions really are just the result of, say, how I was raised, and what chemicals I have flowing in my brain, then are any of my choices actually free? And if I'm not truly free to make my own decisions, or choose my own actions, then how can I be held accountable for them?

Yeah. It's going to be that kind of journey. Rather than just looking at the world and describing what we see, we'll be evaluating it. We will take nothing as a given, set our assumptions aside -- or at least, try really hard to – and do our best to see the world as if we've never seen it before.

And for what it's worth, we'll also be talking about Batman, and what Dick Grayson can teach us about the concept of identity. And we'll learn how The Matrix can you help understand the life and writing of Rene Descartes. Also we'll try to answer unanswerable questions, and puzzle over paradoxes that have plagued geniuses for thousands of years.

It's going to be hard, and enlightening, and frustrating, and if I do my job properly, it'll stick with you long after you and I have parted ways. Because: We are going to do…philosophy!

[Theme Music]

These days, people use the word “philosophy” to describe some opinion they might have, or the approach they take to a certain topic. Like, you might have a “philosophy” when it comes to golf. Though...I personally do not. But we're going to use this word more narrowly, to describe a way of approaching the world that traces its roots back to ancient Greece, 500 years before the Common Era.

This was a time of great intellectual movement around the world. Buddhism and Jainism were developing in Asia, at the same time philosophical thought was emerging in Greece. There, scholars were tangled up in a distinction they were just beginning to make – between philos and mythos – or what we'd now roughly call science and storytelling.

At that time, there were bards, like Homer, who were trying to understand and explain the world through stories, while the earliest philosophers were using methods that were more analytical and scientific -- although they didn't really have the concept of “science” back then.

So philosophia – literally "the love of wisdom" – was a new way of trying to make sense of the world. When the earliest philosophers used the word “philosophy,” they basically meant, “the academic study of anything.” Which, like, I guess could include golf. But at what we might call the first universities in the western world – Plato's Academy, and its rival, Aristotle's Lyceum — math, biology, physics, poetry, political science, and astronomy were all considered to be philosophy. Eventually, scholars began thinking of these fields differently -- as separate disciplines. Studies that had strong empirical elements came to be considered science -- a search for answers.

But philosophy came to be understood more as a way of thinking about questions. Big questions. And today, twenty-five hundred years after the ancient Greeks first brought them up, philosophers still love asking questions -- oftentimes, the same questions -- and they don't mind that they never get an answer.

So. What are these big questions that have managed to intrigue -- and stump -- philosophers for so long? One of the first might best be phrased as: What is the world like? Sounds simple enough to answer, right Like, just look around! See all the stuff?

Well, this is what the world is like. But the philosophical approach isn't just based on observation -- it has other, much more complex questions packed inside it. When a philosopher wonders what the world is like, she might really be asking: What's the nature of reality?

Like, is the world just made up of matter and energy, or is there something else going on? And if it is just matter and energy, then where did it all come from? Is there a God? And if so, what is he, she, or it like? And for that matter, when you're asking about the world, can you also be asking about the nature of yourself, as a citizen of the world.

So…what kind of being am I? Do I have a soul? Is there something immaterial about me that will survive after I die?

All of these questions are ways of exploring what philosophers call metaphysics – one of the three main branches of philosophy -- an effort to understand the fundamental nature of the world, of the universe, and of being.

Now, if those questions aren't heady enough for you, we, as students of philosophy, also have a whole separate set of questions, that are about how we know the answers to any of this stuff.

This particular strain of philosophy, which is like knowing about knowing, is epistemology -- literally the study of knowledge -- the second major field of philosophy. And it poses questions like: Is the world really what I think it is? Like, really, is everything I see and think and experience…is it actually…true? If it isn't, then, what is true? And what's the best way to go about figuring out the truth? Is science the best way?

Or are there more ethereal paths to Truth, paths that science can never really travel? And let's say that, after a lot of searching and question-asking, I begin to develop some ideas -- an inkling about what might be true. Then…how do I know if I'm right? How will I ever know I'm wrong? Can I ever be certain about anything? Now, at this point I wouldn't blame you if you're thinking: “Am I real?” “Do I...do I know anything?”

01a. What is Philosophy?: Part 1/2. 01a. Was ist Philosophie?: Teil 1/2. 01a. ¿Qué es la filosofía? 01a.哲学とは何か? 01a. Wat is filosofie?: Deel 1/2. 01a. Czym jest filozofia?: Część 1/2. 01a. O que é a filosofia?: Parte 1/2. 01a. Что такое философия?: Часть 1/2. 01a. Felsefe Nedir?: Bölüm 1/2. 01a. Що таке філософія: Частина 1/2. 01a. 什么是哲学?:第 1/2 部分。

Crash Course Philosophy is brought to you by Squarespace. Crash Course Felsefesi, Squarespace tarafından getirildi. Squarespace: share your passion with the world. Squarespace: شارك شغفك مع العالم. Kareler: tutkunuzu dünya ile paylaşın. Squarespace: поділіться своєю пристрастю зі світом.

I’m Hank Green, and you and I are about to embark on a journey. أنا هانك جرين، وأنا وأنت على وشك الشروع في رحلة. Ben Hank Green ve sen ve ben bir yolculuğa çıkmak üzereyiz. Я Хенк Грін, і ми з вами вирушаємо в подорож. A journey of inquiry, into the whole world. رحلة تحقيق، في العالم كله. Soruşturma yolculuğu, tüm dünyaya. Подорож у пошуках, у цілий світ. Your world.

In an effort to figure out: what gives it meaning, what makes it beautiful, where its evils come from, and ultimately, what is the very nature of reality itself. في محاولة لمعرفة: ما الذي يمنحها المعنى، وما الذي يجعلها جميلة، ومن أين تأتي شرورها، وفي النهاية، ما هي طبيعة الواقع نفسه. Bunu anlamak için: ne anlam veriyor, onu güzel yapan, kötülüklerinin nereden geldiğini ve nihayetinde gerçekliğin kendisinin doğası nedir. У спробі з'ясувати: що надає їй сенс, що робить її прекрасною, звідки береться її зло, і, зрештою, якою є сама природа реальності.

And along the way, we’re going to question every aspect of your own personal life -- why you do what you do, why you think what you think, why you feel what you feel. Ve bu süreçte, kendi kişisel yaşamınızın her yönünü sorgulayacağız - neden yaptığınızı, neden düşündüğünüzü düşündüğünüzü, neden hissettiğinizi hissettiğinizi. І на цьому шляху ми поставимо під сумнів кожен аспект вашого особистого життя - чому ви робите те, що робите, чому думаєте те, що думаєте, чому відчуваєте те, що відчуваєте.

Now, if you’ve joined me on Crash Course before, you might say, we’ve learned about all that stuff before -- in psychology, and biology, and anatomy and physiology. Якщо ви вже відвідували наш експрес-курс, то можете сказати, що ми вже вивчали всі ці речі - і психологію, і біологію, і анатомію, і фізіологію, і фізіологію. And it’s true: Science can definitely help us understand our thoughts, feelings, and actions. Ve bu doğru: Bilim kesinlikle düşüncelerimizi, duygularımızı ve eylemlerimizi anlamamıza yardımcı olabilir. І це правда: наука, безумовно, може допомогти нам зрозуміти наші думки, почуття та вчинки.

But on this particular journey, we’re going to be exploring aspects of the human condition that can’t be explained only by hormones or neurotransmitters, by personal experiences or hereditary conditions. لكن في هذه الرحلة بالذات، سنستكشف جوانب الحالة الإنسانية التي لا يمكن تفسيرها فقط بالهرمونات أو الناقلات العصبية، أو بالتجارب الشخصية أو الحالات الوراثية. Ancak bu özel yolculukta, insanlık durumunun sadece hormonlar veya nörotransmiterler, kişisel deneyimler veya kalıtsal koşullar ile açıklanamayan yönlerini araştıracağız. Але в цій конкретній подорожі ми досліджуватимемо аспекти людського стану, які не можна пояснити лише гормонами чи нейромедіаторами, особистим досвідом чи спадковими умовами. Because, all of those chemicals and experiences that make us who we are, can actually raise as many questions as they answer. لأن كل تلك المواد الكيميائية والتجارب التي تجعلنا ما نحن عليه، يمكن أن تثير في الواقع العديد من الأسئلة بقدر ما تجيب عليها. Porque, en realidad, todas esas sustancias químicas y experiencias que nos convierten en lo que somos pueden plantear tantas preguntas como respuestas. Çünkü bizi kim olduğumuza iten bu kimyasallar ve deneyimler aslında cevapladıkları kadar soru sorabilirler. Тому що всі ті хімічні речовини та досвід, які роблять нас тими, ким ми є, насправді можуть викликати стільки ж запитань, скільки і дають відповідей.

Like, if all of my decisions really are just the result of, say, how I was raised, and what chemicals I have flowing in my brain, then are any of my choices actually free? على سبيل المثال، إذا كانت كل قراراتي هي في الحقيقة نتيجة، على سبيل المثال، للطريقة التي نشأت بها، والمواد الكيميائية التي تتدفق في ذهني، فهل أي من اختياراتي حرة بالفعل؟ Mesela, eğer kararlarımın hepsi gerçekten, nasıl yetiştirildiğimin ve beynimde hangi kimyasalların aktığını gösteriyorsa, o zaman seçimlerimden herhangi biri gerçekten özgür mü? Мовляв, якщо всі мої рішення є результатом, скажімо, того, як мене виховали, і які хімічні речовини течуть у моєму мозку, то чи є мій вибір справді вільним? And if I’m not truly free to make my own decisions, or choose my own actions, then how can I be held accountable for them? وإذا لم أكن حرًا حقًا في اتخاذ قراراتي، أو اختيار أفعالي، فكيف يمكن أن أتحمل المسؤولية عنها؟ Ve eğer kendi kararlarımı vermekte gerçekten özgür değilsem, ya da kendi davranışlarımı seçersem, onlara karşı nasıl sorumlu tutulabilirim?

Yeah. It’s going to be that kind of journey. Bu tür bir yolculuk olacak. Це буде така подорож. Rather than just looking at the world and describing what we see, we’ll be evaluating it. بدلاً من مجرد النظر إلى العالم ووصف ما نراه، سنقوم بتقييمه. Sadece dünyaya bakmak ve gördüğümüzü tarif etmek yerine, onu değerlendiriyoruz. Замість того, щоб просто дивитися на світ і описувати те, що ми бачимо, ми будемо його оцінювати. We will take nothing as a given, set our assumptions aside -- or at least, try really hard to – and do our best to see the world as if we’ve never seen it before. لن نأخذ أي شيء كأمر مسلم به، ونضع افتراضاتنا جانبًا - أو على الأقل، نحاول جاهدين أن نفعل ذلك - ونبذل قصارى جهدنا لرؤية العالم كما لو أننا لم نره من قبل. Verilmiş olan hiçbir şeyi almayacağız, varsayımlarımızı bir kenara bırakacağız - veya en azından, gerçekten çok uğraşacağız - ve dünyayı daha önce hiç görmemişiz gibi görmek için elimizden gelenin en iyisini yapacağız. Ми нічого не сприйматимемо як даність, відкинемо наші припущення - або, принаймні, дуже постараємося - і зробимо все можливе, щоб побачити світ таким, яким ми його ніколи раніше не бачили.

And for what it’s worth, we’ll also be talking about Batman, and what Dick Grayson can teach us about the concept of identity. وما يستحق الأمر، سنتحدث أيضًا عن باتمان، وما يمكن أن يعلمنا إياه ديك غرايسون حول مفهوم الهوية. I o ile jest to warte, porozmawiamy także o Batmanie i o tym, czego Dick Grayson może nas nauczyć o pojęciu tożsamości. Ve buna değer, biz de Batman hakkında ve Dick Grayson'ın bize kimlik kavramı hakkında neler öğretebileceğinden bahsedeceğiz. І якщо вже на те пішло, ми також поговоримо про Бетмена і про те, чого Дік Грейсон може навчити нас про концепцію ідентичності. And we’ll learn how The Matrix can you help understand the life and writing of Rene Descartes. وسوف نتعلم كيف يمكن لكتاب The Matrix أن يساعدك في فهم حياة وكتابات رينيه ديكارت. Ve Matrix'in Rene Descartes'in hayatını ve yazılarını anlamanıza nasıl yardımcı olabileceğini öğreneceğiz. Also we’ll try to answer unanswerable questions, and puzzle over paradoxes that have plagued geniuses for thousands of years. وسنحاول أيضًا الإجابة على الأسئلة التي لا يمكن الإجابة عليها، وتحير المفارقات التي ابتلي بها العباقرة منذ آلاف السنين. Ayrıca, cevaplanamayan soruları yanıtlamaya ve binlerce yıl boyunca dahileri sarsan paradokslar üzerinde bulmaca bulmaya çalışacağız. Також ми спробуємо відповісти на питання, на які немає відповідей, і поламати голову над парадоксами, які тисячоліттями не дають спокою геніям.

It’s going to be hard, and enlightening, and frustrating, and if I do my job properly, it’ll stick with you long after you and I have parted ways. سيكون الأمر صعبًا ومفيدًا ومحبطًا، وإذا قمت بعملي بشكل صحيح، فسوف يظل معك لفترة طويلة بعد أن افترقنا. Va a ser duro, esclarecedor y frustrante, y si hago bien mi trabajo, se te quedará grabado mucho después de que nos hayamos separado. Zor olacak, aydınlatıcı ve sinir bozucu olacak ve eğer işimi düzgün yaparsam, sen ve ben yollarını ayırdıktan uzun süre sonra seninle birlikte kalır. Це буде важко, і повчально, і розчаровує, і якщо я зроблю свою роботу належним чином, це залишиться з вами ще довго після того, як ми з вами розійдемося. Because: We are going to do…philosophy!

[Theme Music]

These days, people use the word “philosophy” to describe some opinion they might have, or the approach they take to a certain topic. Bu günlerde insanlar “felsefe” kelimesini sahip olabilecekleri bazı fikirleri veya belli bir konuya yönelik yaklaşımlarını tanımlamak için kullanıyor. Like, you might have a “philosophy” when it comes to golf. Por ejemplo, puede que tengas una "filosofía" a la hora de jugar al golf. Mesela golf söz konusu olduğunda bir “felsefeye” sahip olabilirsiniz. Наприклад, у вас може бути своя "філософія", коли справа доходить до гольфу. Though...I personally do not. Aunque... yo personalmente no. Olsa da ... ben şahsen yapmam. Хоча... особисто я ні. But we’re going to use this word more narrowly, to describe a way of approaching the world that traces its roots back to ancient Greece, 500 years before the Common Era. لكننا سنستخدم هذه الكلمة بشكل أضيق، لوصف طريقة للتعامل مع العالم تعود جذورها إلى اليونان القديمة، قبل 500 عام من العصر الميلادي. Fakat biz bu kelimeyi daha dar kullanacağız, köklerini Eski Çağ'dan 500 yıl önce, Eski Çağ'a kadar izleyen dünyaya yaklaşmanın bir yolunu tarif edeceğiz. Але ми будемо використовувати це слово більш вузько, щоб описати спосіб підходу до світу, який сягає своїм корінням Стародавньої Греції, за 500 років до нашої ери.

This was a time of great intellectual movement around the world. لقد كان هذا وقت حركة فكرية عظيمة حول العالم. Bu, dünya çapında mükemmel bir entelektüel hareket zamanıydı. Buddhism and Jainism were developing in Asia, at the same time philosophical thought was emerging in Greece. كانت البوذية والجاينية تتطوران في آسيا، وفي نفس الوقت كان الفكر الفلسفي يظهر في اليونان. Budizm ve Jainizm Asya'da gelişiyordu, aynı zamanda Yunanistan'da felsefi düşünce ortaya çıkıyordu. Буддизм і джайнізм розвивалися в Азії, в той же час філософська думка зароджувалася в Греції. There, scholars were tangled up in a distinction they were just beginning to make – between philos and mythos – or what we’d now roughly call science and storytelling. هناك، كان العلماء متشابكين في التمييز الذي بدأوا للتو في القيام به - بين الفلسفة والميثوس - أو ما نسميه الآن تقريبًا العلم وسرد القصص. Orada, alimler, filos ve mitolar arasında yeni yeni yapmaya başladıkları bir şeyle ya da şimdi kabaca bilim ve hikaye anlatımı olarak adlandırdığımız bir şeyle karıştı. Там науковці заплуталися у розмежуванні, яке вони тільки починали робити, - між філософією та міфами, або тим, що ми зараз приблизно називаємо наукою та розповіддю.

At that time, there were bards, like Homer, who were trying to understand and explain the world through stories, while the earliest philosophers were using methods that were more analytical and scientific -- although they didn’t really have the concept of “science” back then. O zamanlar, dünyayı hikâyelerle anlamaya ve açıklamaya çalışan Homer gibi, ilk filozoflar daha “analitik ve bilimsel” yöntemleri kullanıyorlardı. " o zamanlar.

So philosophia – literally "the love of wisdom" – was a new way of trying to make sense of the world. لذا فإن الفلسفة - والتي تعني حرفياً "حب الحكمة" - كانت طريقة جديدة لمحاولة فهم العالم. Yani felsefe - kelimenin tam anlamıyla "bilgelik aşkı" - dünyayı anlamaya çalışmanın yeni bir yoluydu. Тож філософія - дослівно "любов до мудрості" - була новим способом намагання зрозуміти світ. When the earliest philosophers used the word “philosophy,” they basically meant, “the academic study of anything.” Which, like, I guess could include golf. İlk filozoflar “felsefe” kelimesini kullandıklarında, temel olarak “her şeyin akademik çalışması” anlamına geliyorlardı. Коли перші філософи використовували слово "філософія", вони в основному мали на увазі "академічне вивчення чого-небудь". Що, напевно, може включати гольф. But at what we might call the first universities in the western world – Plato’s Academy, and its rival, Aristotle’s Lyceum — math, biology, physics, poetry, political science, and astronomy were all considered to be philosophy. ولكن في ما يمكن أن نسميه الجامعات الأولى في العالم الغربي – أكاديمية أفلاطون، ومنافستها مدرسة أرسطو الثانوية – كانت الرياضيات والأحياء والفيزياء والشعر والعلوم السياسية وعلم الفلك تعتبر جميعها فلسفة. Ancak batı dünyasındaki ilk üniversiteler - Plato Akademisi ve rakibi, Aristoteles'in Lisesi - matematik, biyoloji, fizik, şiir, siyaset bilimi ve astronomi olarak adlandırdığımız şeylerin hepsi felsefe olarak kabul edildi. Eventually, scholars began thinking of these fields differently -- as separate disciplines. وفي نهاية المطاف، بدأ العلماء يفكرون في هذه المجالات بشكل مختلف - كتخصصات منفصلة. Зрештою, вчені почали думати про ці галузі по-іншому - як про окремі дисципліни. Studies that had strong empirical elements came to be considered science -- a search for answers. أصبحت الدراسات التي تحتوي على عناصر تجريبية قوية تعتبر علمًا - بحثًا عن الإجابات. Badania, które miały silne elementy empiryczne, zaczęto uważać za naukę – poszukiwanie odpowiedzi. Güçlü ampirik unsurlara sahip olan çalışmalar bilim olarak kabul edildi - cevapların aranması. Дослідження, які мали сильні емпіричні елементи, стали вважатися наукою - пошуком відповідей.

But philosophy came to be understood more as a way of thinking about questions. لكن الفلسفة أصبحت تُفهم أكثر على أنها طريقة للتفكير في الأسئلة. Fakat felsefe daha çok sorular hakkında düşünmenin bir yolu olarak anlaşıldı. Але філософію стали розуміти більше як спосіб роздумів над питаннями. Big questions. And today, twenty-five hundred years after the ancient Greeks first brought them up, philosophers still love asking questions -- oftentimes, the same questions -- and they don’t mind that they never get an answer. واليوم، بعد مرور 2500 عام على طرحها اليونانيون القدماء لأول مرة، لا يزال الفلاسفة يحبون طرح الأسئلة - في كثير من الأحيان، نفس الأسئلة - ولا يمانعون أنهم لن يحصلوا على إجابة أبدًا. Ve bugün, eski Yunanlılar ilk defa ortaya çıktıktan yirmi beş yıl sonra, filozoflar hala soru sormayı severler - çoğu zaman, aynı soruları - ve asla cevap alamayacaklarını umursamazlar. І сьогодні, через двадцять п'ять сотень років після того, як стародавні греки вперше поставили їх, філософи все ще люблять ставити питання - часто одні й ті ж питання - і не зважають на те, що ніколи не отримують на них відповіді.

So. What are these big questions that have managed to intrigue -- and stump -- philosophers for so long? ما هي هذه الأسئلة الكبيرة التي نجحت في إثارة فضول الفلاسفة لفترة طويلة؟ ¿Cuáles son esas grandes preguntas que han intrigado -y dejado perplejos- a los filósofos durante tanto tiempo? Wat zijn deze grote vragen die filosofen al zo lang intrigeren - en verbijsteren? Filozofları bu kadar uzun zamandır entrika - güdük - yönetmeyi başaran bu büyük sorular nelerdir? Що це за великі питання, які так довго інтригують - і ставлять у глухий кут - філософів? One of the first might best be phrased as: What is the world like? من الأفضل صياغة إحدى هذه الأسئلة على النحو التالي: كيف يبدو العالم؟ İlklerden biri en iyi şekilde şöyle ifade edilebilir: Dünya nasıl? Одне з перших можна сформулювати так: Яким є світ? Sounds simple enough to answer, right Like, just look around! Cevap vermek için yeterince basit geliyor, sağ gibi, sadece etrafına bak! Звучить досить просто, щоб відповісти на це питання: "Просто озирніться навколо!". See all the stuff? Hepsini görüyor musun?

Well, this is what the world is like. Pues así es el mundo. İşte, dünya böyle. But the philosophical approach isn’t just based on observation -- it has other, much more complex questions packed inside it. لكن المنهج الفلسفي لا يعتمد فقط على الملاحظة، بل يحتوي على أسئلة أخرى أكثر تعقيدًا. Pero el enfoque filosófico no se basa sólo en la observación, sino que encierra otras cuestiones mucho más complejas. Fakat felsefi yaklaşım sadece gözlemlere dayanmakla kalmıyor - içinde daha ayrıntılı ve çok daha karmaşık sorular var. When a philosopher wonders what the world is like, she might really be asking: What’s the nature of reality? عندما تتساءل الفيلسوفة عن شكل العالم، فربما تتساءل حقًا: ما طبيعة الواقع؟ Bir filozof dünyanın nasıl olduğunu merak ettiğinde, gerçekten soruyor olabilir: Gerçekliğin doğası nedir?

Like, is the world just made up of matter and energy, or is there something else going on? مثلًا، هل العالم يتكون فقط من المادة والطاقة، أم أن هناك شيئًا آخر يحدث؟ Mesela dünya madde ve enerjiden mi oluşuyor yoksa başka bir şeyler mi var? And if it is just matter and energy, then where did it all come from? وإذا كان الأمر مجرد مادة وطاقة، فمن أين جاء كل ذلك؟ Ve eğer sadece madde ve enerji ise, o zaman hepsi nereden geldi? Is there a God? And if so, what is he, she, or it like? Ve eğer öyleyse, o, o veya nasıl biri? And for that matter, when you’re asking about the world, can you also be asking about the nature of yourself, as a citizen of the world. І якщо вже на те пішло, коли ви запитуєте про світ, чи не можете ви також запитати про природу себе, як громадянина світу.

So…what kind of being am I? إذًا... أي نوع من الكائنات أنا؟ Peki… ben nasıl bir türüm? Do I have a soul? هل لدي روح؟ Bir ruhum var mı? Is there something immaterial about me that will survive after I die? هل هناك شيء غير مادي فيّ سيبقى على قيد الحياة بعد وفاتي؟ Is er iets immaterieels aan mij dat zal overleven na mijn dood? Ben öldükten sonra hayatta kalacağım önemsiz bir şey var mı? Чи є в мені щось нематеріальне, що залишиться після моєї смерті?

All of these questions are ways of exploring what philosophers call metaphysics – one of the three main branches of philosophy -- an effort to understand the fundamental nature of the world, of the universe, and of being. Bu soruların tümü, filozofların metafizik olarak adlandırdığı şeyleri - felsefenin üç ana dalından biri olan - dünyanın, evrenin ve varlığın temel doğasını anlama çabasıdır.

Now, if those questions aren’t heady enough for you, we, as students of philosophy, also have a whole separate set of questions, that are about how we know the answers to any of this stuff. Teraz, jeśli te pytania nie są dla ciebie wystarczająco mocne, my, jako studenci filozofii, mamy również cały oddzielny zestaw pytań, które dotyczą tego, skąd znamy odpowiedzi na którekolwiek z tych rzeczy. Şimdi, eğer bu sorular sizin için yeterince kafa karıştırıcı değilse, felsefe öğrencileri olarak biz de bu soruların cevaplarını nasıl bildiğimizle ilgili ayrı bir soru setimiz var. Якщо ці питання не досить запаморочливі для вас, ми, студенти філософії, також маємо цілу низку запитань, які стосуються того, як ми знаємо відповіді на всі ці речі.

This particular strain of philosophy, which is like knowing about knowing, is epistemology -- literally the study of knowledge -- the second major field of philosophy. هذه السلالة الخاصة من الفلسفة، والتي تشبه معرفة المعرفة، هي نظرية المعرفة - حرفيًا دراسة المعرفة - المجال الرئيسي الثاني للفلسفة. Bilmeyi bilmeye benzeyen bu felsefe türü, felsefenin ikinci ana alanı olan epistemolojidir - kelimenin tam anlamıyla bilgi çalışmasıdır. Цей особливий напрям філософії, який нагадує знання про знання, є епістемологією - буквально вивченням знання - другою основною галуззю філософії. And it poses questions like: Is the world really what I think it is? ويطرح أسئلة مثل: هل العالم حقًا هو ما أعتقده؟ Ve şu gibi soruları ortaya koyuyor: Dünya gerçekten düşündüğüm şey mi? І це ставить питання на кшталт: Чи дійсно світ такий, яким я його уявляю? Like, really, is everything I see and think and experience…is it actually…true? Gerçekten, gördüğüm, düşündüğüm ve deneyimlediğim her şey gibi… aslında… doğru mu? If it isn’t, then, what is true? And what’s the best way to go about figuring out the truth? Ve gerçeği bulmak için gitmenin en iyi yolu nedir? І як найкраще з'ясувати правду? Is science the best way? Bilim en iyi yol mu?

Or are there more ethereal paths to Truth, paths that science can never really travel? Ya da Gerçeğe daha fazla eterik yol var mı? Чи існують більш неземні шляхи до Істини, шляхи, які наука ніколи не зможе пройти? And let’s say that, after a lot of searching and question-asking, I begin to develop some ideas -- an inkling about what might be true. Y digamos que, después de mucho buscar y preguntar, empiezo a desarrollar algunas ideas, un indicio de lo que podría ser cierto. Ve diyelim ki, birçok arama ve soru sorduktan sonra, bazı fikirler geliştirmeye başladım. І, скажімо, після довгих пошуків і запитань я починаю розвивати деякі ідеї - здогадки про те, що може бути правдою. Then…how do I know if I’m right? O zaman… haklı olup olmadığımı nasıl bilebilirim? How will I ever know I’m wrong? كيف سأعرف أنني مخطئ؟ Yanıldığımı nasıl bilebilirim? Can I ever be certain about anything? Hiç bir şeyden emin olabilir miyim? Now, at this point I wouldn’t blame you if you’re thinking: “Am I real?” “Do I...do I know anything?” Şimdi, bu noktada şunu düşünüyorsan seni suçlamazdım: “Gerçek miyim?” “Bir şey biliyor muyum?”