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Crash Course 1: Random selection of lessons., 03. The French Revolution. Part 2.

03. The French Revolution. Part 2.

Let's invade Austria. The idea was to plunder Austria's wealth and maybe steal some Austrian grain to shore up French food supplies, and also, you know, spread revolutionary zeal. But what actually happened is that Prussia joined Austria in fighting the French. And then Louis encouraged the Prussians, which made him look like an enemy of the revolution, which, of course, he was. And as a result, the Assembly voted to suspend the monarchy, have new elections in which everyone could vote (as long as they were men), and create a new republican constitution.

Soon, this Convention decided to have a trial for Louis XVI, who was found guilty and, by one vote, sentenced to die via guillotine. Which made it difficult for Austria and Prussia to restore him to the throne.

Oh, it's time for the open letter? An Open Letter to the Guillotine.

But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, there's nothing. Oh my gosh, Stan! Jeez. That's not funny! Dear Guillotine, I can think of no better example of Enlightenment thinking run amok. Dr. Joseph Guillotine, the inventor of the guillotine, envisioned it as an egalitarian way of dying.

They said the guillotine was humane and it also made no distinction between rich or poor, noble or peasant. It killed equally. You were also celebrated for taking the torture out of execution. But I will remind you, you did not take the dying out of execution.

Unfortunately for you, France hasn't executed anyone since 1977. But you'll be happy to know that the last legal execution in France was via guillotine. Plus, you've always got a future in horror movies. Best wishes, John Green.

The death of Louis XVI marks the beginning of The Terror, the best known or at least the most sensational phase of the revolution. I mean, if you can kill the king, you can kill pretty much anyone, which is what the government did under the leadership of the Committee of Public Safety (Motto: We suck at protecting public safety) led by Maximilien Robespierre.

The terror saw the guillotining of 16,000 enemies of the revolution including Marie “I never actually said Let them eat cake” Antoinette and Maximilien Robespierre himself, who was guillotined in the month of Thermidor in the year Two. Oh, right.

So while France was broke and fighting in like nine wars, the Committee of Public Safety changed the measurements of time because, you know, the traditional measurements are so irrational and religion-y.

So they renamed all the months and decided that every day would have 10 hours and each hour 100 minutes. And then, after the Terror, the revolution pulled back a bit and another new constitution was put into place, this one giving a lot more power to wealthy people.

At this point, France was still at war with Austria and Britain, wars that France ended up winning, largely [lol] thanks to a little corporal named Napoleon Bonaparte.

The war was backdrop to a bunch of coups and counter coups that I won't get into right now because they were very complicated, but the last coup that we'll talk about, in 1799, established Napoleon Bonaparte as the First Consul of France. And it granted him almost unlimited executive power under yet another constitution. By which he presumably meant that France's government had gone all the way from here to here to here. As with the American revolution, it's easy to conclude that France's revolution wasn't all that revolutionary. I mean, Napoleon was basically an emperor and, in some ways, he was even more of an absolute monarch than Louis XVI had been.

Gradually the nobles came back to France, although they had mostly lost their special privileges. The Catholic Church returned, too, although much weaker because it had lost land and the ability to collect tithes.

And when Napoleon himself fell, France restored the monarchy, and except for a four-year period, between 1815 and 1870, France had a king who was either a Bourbon or a Bonaparte. Now, these were no longer absolute monarchs who claimed that their right to rule came from God; they were constitutional monarchs of the kind that the revolutionaries of 1789 had originally envisioned.

But the fact remains that France had a king again, and a nobility, and an established religion and it was definitely not a democracy or a republic. And perhaps this is why the French Revolution is so controversial and open to interpretation.

Some argue the revolution succeeded in spreading enlightenment ideals even if it didn't bring democracy to France. Others argue that the real legacy of the Revolution wasn't the enhancement of liberty, but of state power. Regardless, I'd argue that the French Revolution was ultimately far more revolutionary than its American counterpart. I mean, in some ways, America never had an aristocracy, but in other ways it continued to have one- the French enlightenment thinker, Diderot, felt that Americans should “fear a too unequal division of wealth resulting in a small number of opulent citizens and a multitude of citizens living in misery.”

And the American Revolution did nothing to change that polarization of wealth. What made the French Revolution so radical was its insistence on the universality of its ideals. I mean, look at Article 6 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen: “Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right to participate personally, or through his representative, in its foundation. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes.”

Those are radical ideas, that the laws come from citizens, not from kings or gods, and that those laws should apply to everyone equally. That's a long way from Hammurabi - and in truth, it's a long way from the slave holding Thomas Jefferson. In the 1970s, Chinese President Zhou Enlai was asked what the affects of the French Revolution had been. And he said, “It's too soon to say.” And in a way, it still is. The French Revolution asked new questions about the nature of people's rights and the derivation of those rights. And we're still answering those questions and sorting through how our answers should shape society today - must government be of the people to be for the people? Do our rights derive from nature or from God or from neither? And what are those rights? As William Faulkner said, “The past is never dead. It's not even past.” Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller, our script supervisor is Danica Johnson, the show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, our graphics team is Thought Bubble,band we are ably interned by Meredith Danko.

Last week's phrase of the week was "Giant Tea Bag". If you want to suggest future phrases of the week, or guess at this week's you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video that will be answered by our team of historians. Thanks for watching Crash Course, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome. (DFTBA)

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03. The French Revolution. Part 2. 03. Die Französische Revolution. Teil 2. 03. Η Γαλλική Επανάσταση. Μέρος 2. 03. La Revolución Francesa. Segunda parte. 03. La Révolution française. Partie 2. 03.フランス革命パート2. 03. 프랑스 혁명. Part 2. 03. Rewolucja francuska. Część 2. 03. A Revolução Francesa. Parte 2. 03. Французская революция. Часть 2. 03. Fransız Devrimi. Bölüm 2. 03.法国大革命第 2 部分:法国大革命 03.法國大革命。第2部分。

Let's invade Austria. Давайте вторгнемся в Австрию. The idea was to plunder Austria's wealth and maybe steal some Austrian grain to shore up French food supplies, and also, you know, spread revolutionary zeal. Идея заключалась в том, чтобы разграбить богатства Австрии и, возможно, украсть немного австрийского зерна, чтобы пополнить запасы продовольствия во Франции, а также, как вы знаете, распространить революционное рвение. But what actually happened is that Prussia joined Austria in fighting the French. Но на самом деле произошло то, что Пруссия присоединилась к Австрии в борьбе с французами. And then Louis encouraged the Prussians, which made him look like an enemy of the revolution, which, of course, he was. А потом Людовик подбадривал пруссаков, что делало его похожим на врага революции, которым он, конечно, и был. And as a result, the Assembly voted to suspend the monarchy, have new elections in which everyone could vote  (as long as they were men), and create a new republican constitution. И в результате Собрание проголосовало за приостановку монархии, проведение новых выборов, на которых могли голосовать все (если они были мужчинами), и создание новой республиканской конституции.

Soon, this Convention decided to have a trial for Louis XVI, who was found guilty and, by one vote, sentenced to die via guillotine. Вскоре этот Конвент постановил провести суд над Людовиком XVI, который был признан виновным и одним голосом приговорен к смертной казни через гильотину. Which made it difficult for Austria and Prussia to restore him to the throne. Что затруднило восстановление его на трон Австрии и Пруссии.

Oh, it's time for the open letter? О, пришло время для открытого письма? An Open Letter to the Guillotine. Открытое письмо на гильотину.

But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Но сначала давайте посмотрим, что сегодня в секретном отделении. Oh, there's nothing. О, нет ничего. Oh my gosh, Stan! О боже, Стэн! Jeez. Боже. That's not funny! Это не смешно! Dear Guillotine, I can think of no better example of Enlightenment thinking run amok. Дорогая Гильотина, я не могу придумать лучшего примера безумного мышления Просвещения. Dr. Joseph Guillotine, the inventor of the guillotine, envisioned it as an egalitarian way of dying. Доктор Джозеф Гильотин, изобретатель гильотины, представлял ее как эгалитарный способ умереть.

They said the guillotine was humane and it also made no distinction between rich or poor, noble or peasant. Они говорили, что гильотина гуманна и не делает различий между богатыми и бедными, дворянами и крестьянами. It killed equally. Убили одинаково. You were also celebrated for taking the torture out of execution. Вас также прославили за то, что вы избавили казнь от пыток. But I will remind you, you did not take the dying out of execution. Но я вам напомню, вы умирающего не сняли с казни.

Unfortunately for you, France hasn't executed anyone since 1977. К сожалению для вас, Франция никого не казнила с 1977 года. But you'll be happy to know that the last legal execution in France was via guillotine. Но вы будете счастливы узнать, что последняя юридическая казнь во Франции была через гильотину. Plus, you've always got a future in horror movies. Кроме того, у тебя всегда есть будущее в фильмах ужасов. Best wishes, John Green.

The death of Louis XVI marks the beginning of The Terror, the best known or at least the most sensational phase of the revolution. Смерть Людовика XVI знаменует собой начало Террора, самого известного или, по крайней мере, самого нашумевшего этапа революции. I mean, if you can kill the king, you can kill pretty much anyone, which is what the government did under the leadership of the Committee of Public Safety  (Motto: We suck at protecting public safety) led by Maximilien Robespierre. Я имею в виду, что если вы можете убить короля, вы можете убить практически любого, что и сделало правительство под руководством Комитета общественной безопасности (девиз: Мы не умеем защищать общественную безопасность) во главе с Максимилианом Робеспьером.

The terror saw the guillotining of 16,000 enemies of the revolution including Marie “I never actually said Let them eat cake” Antoinette and Maximilien Robespierre himself, who was guillotined in the month of Thermidor in the year Two. Террор привел к гильотинированию 16 000 врагов революции, в том числе Марии Антуанетты «Я никогда не говорила: «Пусть едят пирожные», а также самого Максимилиана Робеспьера, который был гильотинирован в месяце термидора второго года. Oh, right.

So while France was broke and fighting in like nine wars, the Committee of Public Safety changed the measurements of time because, you know, the traditional measurements are so irrational and religion-y.

So they renamed all the months and decided that every day would have 10 hours and each hour 100 minutes. Поэтому они переименовали все месяцы и решили, что каждый день будет состоять из 10 часов, а каждый час — из 100 минут. And then, after the Terror, the revolution pulled back a bit and another new constitution was put into place, this one giving a lot more power to wealthy people. А потом, после Террора, революция немного отступила, и была принята еще одна новая конституция, которая давала гораздо больше власти богатым людям.

At this point, France was still at war with Austria and Britain, wars that France ended up winning, largely [lol] thanks to a little corporal named Napoleon Bonaparte. В этот момент Франция все еще находилась в состоянии войны с Австрией и Великобританией, войны, которые Франция в конечном итоге выиграла, во многом [смеется] благодаря маленькому капралу по имени Наполеон Бонапарт.

The war was backdrop to a bunch of coups and counter coups that I won't get into right now because they were very complicated, but the last coup that we'll talk about, in 1799, established Napoleon Bonaparte as the First Consul of France. Война была фоном для множества переворотов и контрпереворотов, в которые я не буду сейчас вдаваться, потому что они были очень сложными, но последний переворот, о котором мы поговорим, в 1799 году сделал Наполеона Бонапарта Первым консулом Франции. . And it granted him almost unlimited executive power under yet another constitution. И это предоставило ему почти неограниченную исполнительную власть в соответствии с еще одной конституцией. By which he presumably meant that France's government had gone all the way from here to here to here. Под этим он, по-видимому, имел в виду, что правительство Франции проделало весь путь отсюда сюда и сюда. As with the American revolution, it's easy to conclude that France's revolution wasn't all that revolutionary. Как и в случае с американской революцией, легко сделать вывод, что революция во Франции не была такой уж революционной. I mean, Napoleon was basically an emperor and, in some ways, he was even more of an absolute monarch than Louis XVI had been. Я имею в виду, что Наполеон был в основном императором, и в некотором смысле он был даже более абсолютным монархом, чем Людовик XVI.

Gradually the nobles came back to France, although they had mostly lost their special privileges. Постепенно дворяне вернулись во Францию, хотя по большей части потеряли свои особые привилегии. The Catholic Church returned, too, although much weaker because it had lost land and the ability to collect tithes. Католическая церковь тоже вернулась, хотя и намного слабее, потому что потеряла землю и возможность собирать десятину.

And when Napoleon himself fell, France restored the monarchy, and except for a four-year period, between 1815 and 1870, France had a king who was either a Bourbon or a Bonaparte. А когда сам Наполеон пал, Франция восстановила монархию, и, за исключением четырехлетнего периода, между 1815 и 1870 годами, во Франции был король, который был либо Бурбоном, либо Бонапартом. Now, these were no longer absolute monarchs who claimed that their right to rule came from God; they were constitutional monarchs of the kind that the revolutionaries of 1789 had originally envisioned. Теперь это были уже не абсолютные монархи, утверждавшие, что их право на власть исходит от Бога; они были конституционными монархами, какими первоначально представляли себе революционеры 1789 года.

But the fact remains that France had a king again, and a nobility, and an established religion and it was definitely not a democracy or a republic. Но факт остается фактом, что во Франции снова был король, и дворянство, и устоявшаяся религия, и это точно не была ни демократия, ни республика. And perhaps this is why the French Revolution is so controversial and open to interpretation. И, возможно, именно поэтому Французская революция так противоречива и открыта для интерпретаций.

Some argue the revolution succeeded in spreading enlightenment ideals even if it didn't bring democracy to France. Некоторые утверждают, что революции удалось распространить идеалы просвещения, даже если она не принесла демократии во Францию. Others argue that the real legacy of the Revolution wasn't the enhancement of liberty, but of state power. Другие утверждают, что настоящим наследием революции было усиление не свободы, а государственной власти. Regardless, I'd argue that the French Revolution was ultimately far more revolutionary than its American counterpart. Тем не менее, я бы сказал, что Французская революция была в конечном счете гораздо более революционной, чем ее американская копия. I mean, in some ways, America never had an aristocracy, but in other ways it continued to have one- the French enlightenment thinker, Diderot, felt that Americans should  “fear a too unequal division of wealth resulting in a small number of opulent citizens and a multitude of citizens living in misery.” Я имею в виду, что в некотором смысле в Америке никогда не было аристократии, но в других отношениях она по-прежнему существовала — французский мыслитель-просветитель Дидро считал, что американцам следует «опасаться слишком неравного распределения богатства, приводящего к небольшому числу богатых граждан». и множество горожан, живущих в нищете».

And the American Revolution did nothing to change that polarization of wealth. И Американская революция ничего не сделала, чтобы изменить эту поляризацию богатства. What made the French Revolution so radical was its insistence on the universality of its ideals. Что сделало Французскую революцию столь радикальной, так это ее настойчивость на универсальности своих идеалов. I mean, look at Article 6 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen:  “Law is the expression of the general will. Я имею в виду, посмотрите на статью 6 Декларации прав человека и гражданина: «Закон есть выражение всеобщей воли. Every citizen has a right to participate personally, or through his representative, in its foundation. Каждый гражданин имеет право участвовать лично или через своего представителя в его учреждении. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes.” Оно должно быть одинаковым для всех, независимо от того, защищает оно или наказывает».

Those are radical ideas, that the laws come from citizens, not from kings or gods, and that those laws should apply to everyone equally. Это радикальные идеи, что законы исходят от граждан, а не от королей или богов, и что эти законы должны применяться ко всем в равной степени. That's a long way from Hammurabi - and in truth, it's a long way from the slave holding Thomas Jefferson. Это далеко от Хаммурапи — и, по правде говоря, далеко от раба, держащего Томаса Джефферсона. In the 1970s, Chinese President Zhou Enlai was asked what the affects of the French Revolution had been. В 1970-х годах президента Китая Чжоу Эньлая спросили, каковы были последствия Французской революции. And he said, “It's too soon to say.” And in a way, it still is. И он сказал: «Слишком рано говорить». И в некотором смысле это все еще так. The French Revolution asked new questions about the nature of people's rights and the derivation of those rights. Французская революция поставила новые вопросы о природе прав людей и их происхождении. And we're still answering those questions and sorting through how our answers should shape society today  - must government be of the people to be for the people? И мы все еще отвечаем на эти вопросы и разбираемся, как наши ответы должны формировать общество сегодня — должно ли правительство быть из народа, чтобы быть для народа? Do our rights derive from nature or from God or from neither? Происходят ли наши права от природы или от Бога, или ни от того, ни от другого? And what are those rights? И что это за права? As William Faulkner said,  “The past is never dead. Как сказал Уильям Фолкнер: «Прошлое никогда не умирает. It's not even past.” Это даже не прошлое». Thanks for watching. Спасибо за просмотр. I'll see you next week. Увидимся на следующей неделе. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller, our script supervisor is Danica Johnson, the show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, our graphics team is Thought Bubble,band we are ably interned by Meredith Danko. «Ускоренный курс» продюсирует и режиссирует Стэн Мюллер, нашим руководителем сценария является Даника Джонсон, сценарий шоу написан моим школьным учителем истории Раулем Мейером и мной, нашей графической командой является Thought Bubble, группу, которую нас умело интернирует Мередит Данко.

Last week's phrase of the week was "Giant Tea Bag". If you want to suggest future phrases of the week, or guess at this week's you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video that will be answered by our team of historians. Если вы хотите предложить будущие фразы недели или угадать фразы этой недели, вы можете сделать это в комментариях, где вы также можете задать вопросы о сегодняшнем видео, на которые ответит наша команда историков. Thanks for watching Crash Course, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome. Спасибо, что посмотрели Crash Course, и, как говорят в моем родном городе, не забывай быть крутым. (DFTBA)

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