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Crash Course 1: Random selection of lessons., 03. The French Revolution. Part 1.

03. The French Revolution. Part 1.

Hi, my name is John Green, this is Crash Course World History and today we're going to talk about The French Revolution. Admittedly, this wasn't the French flag until 1794, but we just felt like he looked good in stripes. As does this guy. Huh?

So, while the American Revolution is considered a pretty good thing, the French Revolution is often seen as a bloody, anarchic mess – which - Mr. Green, Mr. Green!

I bet, like always, it's way more complicated than that. Actually no. It was pretty terrible. Also, like a lot of revolutions, in the end it exchanged an authoritarian regime for an authoritarian regime.

But even if the revolution was a mess, its ideas changed human history - far more, I will argue, than the American Revolution.

[Intro music]

Right, so France in the 18th century was a rich and populous country, but it had a systemic problem collecting taxes because of the way its society was structured.

They had a system with kings and nobles we now call the ancien regime.

Thank you, three years of high school French. [and Meredith the Interness] And for most French people, it sucked, [historical term] because the people with the money - the nobles and the clergy - never paid taxes.

So by 1789, France was deeply in debt thanks to their funding the American Revolution - thank you, France, we will get you back in World Wars I and II.

And King Louis XVI was spending half of his national budget to service the federal debt. Louis tried to reform this system under various finance ministers.

He even called for democracy on a local level, but all attempts to fix it failed and soon France basically declared bankruptcy. This nicely coincided with hailstorms that ruined a year's harvest, [ah, hail] thereby raising food prices and causing widespread hunger, which really made the people of France angry, because they love to eat. Meanwhile, the King certainly did not look broke, as evidenced by his well-fed physique and fancy footwear. He and his wife Marie Antoinette also got to live in the very nice Palace at Versailles thanks to God's mandate, but Enlightenment thinkers like Kant were challenging the whole idea of religion, writing things like: “The main point of enlightenment is of man's release from his self-caused immaturity, primarily in matters of religion.” So basically the peasants were hungry, the intellectuals were beginning to wonder whether God could or should save the King, and the nobility were dithering about, eating fois gras and songbirds, [I'd rather eat cake, personally] failing to make meaningful financial reform. In response to the crisis, Louis XVI called a meeting of the Estates General, the closest thing that France had to a national parliament, which hadn't met since 1614. The Estates General was like a super parliament made up of representatives from the First Estate, the nobles, the Second Estate, the clergy, and the Third Estate, everyone else.

The Third Estate showed up with about 600 representatives, the First and Second Estates both had about 300, and after several votes, everything was deadlocked, and then the Third Estate was like,

“You know what? Forget you guys. We're gonna leave and we're gonna become our own National Assembly.” This did not please King Louis XVI. So when the new National Assembly left the room for a break, he locked the doors, and he was like,

"Sorry, guys, you can't go in there. And if you can't assemble, how you gonna be a national the Third Estate representatives were able to find a different room in France, this time an indoor tennis court where they swore the famous Tennis Court Oath. And they agreed not to give up until a French constitution was established. So then Louis XVI responded by sending troops to Paris primarily to quell uprisings over food shortages, but the revolutionaries saw this as a provocation, so they responded by seizing the Bastille Prison on July 14th, which, coincidentally, is also Bastille Day.

The Bastille was stormed ostensibly to free prisoners - although there were only seven in jail at the time - but mostly to get guns. But the really radical move in the National Assembly came on August 4, when they abolished most of the ancien regime -- feudal rights, tithes, privileges for nobles, unequal taxation, they were all abolished -- in the name of writing a new constitution.

And then, on August 26th, the National Assembly proclaimed the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, which laid out a system of rights that applied to every person, and made those rights integral to the new constitution. That's quite different from the American bill of rights, which was, like, begrudgingly tacked on at the end and only applied to non-slaves. The DoRoMaC, as I called it in high school, declared that everyone had the right to liberty, property, and security - rights that the French Revolution would do an exceptionally poor job of protecting, but as noted last week, the same can be argued for many other supposedly more successful revolutions.

Okay, let's go to the Thought Bubble. Meanwhile, back at Versailles, Louis XVI was still King of France, and it was looking like France might be a constitutional monarchy. Which might've meant that the royal family could hang on to their awesome house, but then, in October of 1789, a rumor started that Marie Antoinette was hoarding grain somewhere inside the palace. And in what became known as the Women's March, a bunch of armed peasant women stormed the palace and demanded that Louis and Marie Antoinette move from Versailles to Paris. Which they did, because everyone is afraid of armed peasant women.

And this is a nice reminder that to many people at the time, the French Revolution was not primarily about fancy Enlightenment ideas; it was mostly about lack of food and a political system that made economic contractions hardest on the poor. Now, a good argument can be made that this first phase of the revolution wasn't all that revolutionary. The National Assembly wanted to create a constitutional monarchy; they believed that the king was necessary for a functioning state and they were mainly concerned that the voters and office holders be men of property. Only the most radical wing, the Jacobins, called for the creation of a republic. But things were about to get much more revolutionary - and also worse for France.

First, the Jacobins had a huge petition drive that got a bit unruly, which led troops controlled not by the King but by the national assembly to fire on the crowd, killing 50 people.

And that meant that the National Assembly, which had been the revolutionary voice of the people, had killed people in an attempt to reign in revolutionary fervor. You see this a lot throughout history during revolutions. What looked like radical hope and change suddenly becomes "The Man" as increasingly radical ideas are embraced. Thanks, Thought Bubble.

Meanwhile, France's monarchical neighbors were getting a little nervous about all this republic business, especially Leopold II, who in addition to being the not holy not roman and not imperial holy roman emperor, was Marie Antoinette's brother. I should note, by the way, that at this point, the Holy Roman Empire was basically just Austria.

Also, like a lot of monarchs, Leopold II liked the idea of monarchies, and he wanted to keep his job as a person who gets to stand around wearing a dress, pointing at nothing, owning winged lion-monkeys made out of gold. [must've been a real partier, that one] And who can blame him? So he and King William Frederick II of Prussia together issued the Declaration of Pilnitz, which promised to restore the French monarchy. At this point, Louis and the National Assembly developed a plan:

03. The French Revolution. Part 1. 03. Die Französische Revolution. Teil 1. 03. Η Γαλλική Επανάσταση. Μέρος 1. 03. La Revolución Francesa. Primera parte. 03. La Révolution française. Partie 1. 03. La Rivoluzione francese. Parte 1. 03.フランス革命パート1. 03. 프랑스 혁명. Part 1. 03. Rewolucja francuska. Część 1. 03. A Revolução Francesa. Parte 1. 03. Французская революция. Часть 1. 03\. Fransız Devrimi. Bölüm 1. 03. Французька революція. Частина перша. 03\. 法国大革命。第1部分。 03.法国大革命第 1 部分:法国大革命 03\. 法國大革命。第1部分。

Hi, my name is John Green, this is Crash Course World History and today we’re going to talk about The French Revolution. Salut, je m'appelle John Green, c'est Crash Course World History et aujourd'hui nous allons parler de la Révolution française. Merhaba, benim adım John Green, burası Hızlandırılmış Kurs Dünya Tarihi ve bugün Fransız Devrimi hakkında konuşacağız. 大家好,我叫约翰·格林,这是世界历史速成班,今天我们要谈谈法国大革命。 Admittedly, this wasn’t the French flag until 1794, but we just felt like he looked good in stripes. Certes, ce n'était pas le drapeau français jusqu'en 1794, mais nous avions juste l'impression qu'il avait l'air bien dans les rayures. Kuşkusuz, bu 1794'e kadar Fransız bayrağı değildi, ama çizgili olarak iyi göründüğünü hissettik. 诚然,直到 1794 年,这才成为法国国旗,但我们只是觉得他穿条纹衣服看起来不错。 As does this guy. Tout comme ce mec. 和这个人一样。 Huh? 嗯?

So, while the American Revolution is considered a pretty good thing, the French Revolution is often seen as a bloody, anarchic mess – which - Mr. Green, Mr. Green! 因此,虽然美国革命被认为是一件好事,但法国大革命通常被视为血腥、无政府主义的混乱——格林先生,格林先生!

I bet, like always, it’s way more complicated than that. 我敢打赌,像往常一样,它比这复杂得多。 Actually no. 其实没有。 It was pretty terrible. 这太可怕了。 Also, like a lot of revolutions, in the end it exchanged an authoritarian regime for an authoritarian regime. Aussi, comme beaucoup de révolutions, elle a fini par troquer un régime autoritaire contre un régime autoritaire. 还有,像很多革命一样,到头来是用专制政权换了专制政权。

But even if the revolution was a mess, its ideas changed human history - far more, I will argue, than the American Revolution. 但即使革命一团糟,它的思想改变了人类历史——我认为,比美国革命改变的要多得多。

[Intro music] [介绍音乐]

Right, so France in the 18th century was a rich and populous country, but it had a systemic problem collecting taxes because of the way its society was structured. Bon, la France au XVIIIe siècle était un pays riche et peuplé, mais elle avait un problème systémique de collecte des impôts en raison de la structure de sa société. 是的,所以 18 世纪的法国是一个富裕和人口众多的国家,但由于其社会结构的方式,它在征税方面存在系统性问题。

They had a system with kings and nobles we now call the ancien regime. 他们有一个我们现在称之为旧政权的国王和贵族制度。

Thank you, three years of high school French. 谢谢你,三年的高中法语。 [and Meredith the Interness] And for most French people, it sucked, [historical term] because the people with the money - the nobles and the clergy - never paid taxes. [et Meredith the Interness] Et pour la plupart des Français, c'était nul, [terme historique] parce que les gens avec de l'argent - les nobles et le clergé - n'ont jamais payé d'impôts. [和实习生梅雷迪思] 对大多数法国人来说,这很糟糕,[历史术语] 因为有钱的人——贵族和神职人员——从不纳税。

So by 1789, France was deeply in debt thanks to their funding the American Revolution - thank you, France, we will get you back in World Wars I and II. Ainsi, en 1789, la France était profondément endettée grâce à leur financement de la Révolution américaine - merci, France, nous vous ramènerons dans les guerres mondiales I et II. Итак, к 1789 году Франция оказалась по уши в долгах благодаря финансированию американской революции — спасибо, Франция, мы вернем вас в Первую и Вторую мировые войны. 因此,到 1789 年,法国因资助美国革命而负债累累——谢谢你,法国,我们会让你在第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战中重获新生。

And King Louis XVI was spending half of his national budget to service the federal debt. А король Людовик XVI тратил половину своего национального бюджета на обслуживание федерального долга. 路易十六国王将一半的国家预算用于偿还联邦债务。 Louis tried to reform this system under various finance ministers. Луи пытался реформировать эту систему при разных министрах финансов. 路易斯试图在历任财政部长的领导下改革这一制度。

He even called for democracy on a local level, but all attempts to fix it failed and soon France basically declared bankruptcy. Il a même appelé à la démocratie au niveau local, mais toutes les tentatives pour y remédier ont échoué et bientôt la France a pratiquement déclaré faillite. Он даже призывал к демократии на местном уровне, но все попытки ее исправить провалились, и вскоре Франция фактически объявила себя банкротом. 他甚至呼吁在地方层面实行民主,但所有修复它的尝试都失败了,很快法国基本上宣布破产。 This nicely coincided with hailstorms that ruined a year’s harvest, [ah, hail] thereby raising food prices and causing widespread hunger, which really made the people of France angry, because they love to eat. Cela a bien coïncidé avec des tempêtes de grêle qui ont ruiné la récolte d'une année, [ah, grêle] augmentant ainsi les prix des denrées alimentaires et provoquant une famine généralisée, ce qui a vraiment mis les Français en colère, car ils aiment manger. Это прекрасно совпало с градом, который уничтожил годовой урожай, [ах, град], тем самым подняв цены на продукты и вызвав повсеместный голод, который действительно разозлил жителей Франции, потому что они любят поесть. 恰逢冰雹破坏了一年的收成,[啊,冰雹]从而抬高了食品价格并造成了普遍的饥饿,这确实使法国人民愤怒,因为他们爱吃。 Meanwhile, the King certainly did not look broke, as evidenced by his well-fed physique and fancy footwear. Pendant ce temps, le roi n'avait certainement pas l'air fauché, comme en témoignent son physique bien nourri et ses chaussures de fantaisie. Между тем король уж точно не выглядел разоренным, о чем свидетельствовали его упитанное телосложение и модная обувь. 与此同时,国王当然看起来并不穷,他吃得饱的体格和漂亮的鞋子证明了这一点。 He and his wife Marie Antoinette also got to live in the very nice Palace at Versailles thanks to God’s mandate, but Enlightenment thinkers like Kant were challenging the whole idea of religion, writing things like: “The main point of enlightenment is of man’s release from his self-caused immaturity, primarily in matters of religion.” Lui et sa femme Marie-Antoinette ont également pu vivre dans le très beau château de Versailles grâce au mandat de Dieu, mais les penseurs des Lumières comme Kant remettaient en question toute l'idée de religion, écrivant des choses comme : "Le point principal de l'illumination est la libération de l'homme de son immaturité auto-causée, principalement en matière de religion. Ему и его жене Марии-Антуанетте также пришлось жить в очень красивом Версальском дворце благодаря Божьему повелению, но мыслители эпохи Просвещения, такие как Кант, бросали вызов самой идее религии, написав такие вещи, как: «Основной смысл просвещения заключается в освобождении человека от его незрелость, вызванная им самим, прежде всего в вопросах религии». 由于上帝的命令,他和他的妻子玛丽·安托瓦内特也得以住在凡尔赛宫非常漂亮的宫殿里,但像康德这样的启蒙思想家正在挑战整个宗教观念,他们写道:“启蒙运动的主要观点是人类从他自己造成的不成熟,主要是在宗教问题上。” So basically the peasants were hungry, the intellectuals were beginning to wonder whether God could or should save the King, and the nobility were dithering about, eating fois gras and songbirds,  [I’d rather eat cake, personally] failing to make meaningful financial reform. Donc, fondamentalement, les paysans avaient faim, les intellectuels commençaient à se demander si Dieu pouvait ou devait sauver le roi, et la noblesse tergiversait, mangeait du foie gras et des oiseaux chanteurs, [je préférerais manger du gâteau, personnellement] ne parvenait pas à gagner de l'argent réforme. Таким образом, в основном крестьяне были голодны, интеллектуалы начинали задаваться вопросом, может ли или должен ли Бог спасти короля, а дворяне колебались, ели фуа-гра и певчих птиц, [лично я бы лучше съел торт], не имея возможности заработать сколько-нибудь существенные финансовые реформа. 所以基本上农民饿了,知识分子开始怀疑上帝是否可以或应该拯救国王,贵族们犹豫不决,吃着鹅肝和鸣禽,[我个人宁愿吃蛋糕]未能做出有意义的财务改革。 In response to the crisis, Louis XVI called a meeting of the Estates General, the closest thing that France had to a national parliament, which hadn’t met since 1614. En réponse à la crise, Louis XVI a convoqué une réunion des États généraux, la chose la plus proche que la France avait d'un parlement national, qui ne s'était pas réuni depuis 1614. В ответ на кризис Людовик XVI созвал собрание Генеральных штатов, самое близкое, что было во Франции, к национальному парламенту, который не собирался с 1614 года. 为了应对危机,路易十六召集了三级会议,这是法国最接近国民议会的会议,自 1614 年以来就没有召开过会议。 The Estates General was like a super parliament made up of representatives from the First Estate, the nobles, the Second Estate, the clergy, and the Third Estate, everyone else. Генеральные штаты были чем-то вроде суперпарламента, состоящего из представителей Первого сословия, дворян, Второго сословия, духовенства, Третьего сословия и всех остальных. 三级会议就像一个超级议会,由第一阶层、贵族、第二阶层、神职人员、第三阶层以及其他所有人的代表组成。

The Third Estate showed up with about 600 representatives, the First and Second Estates both had about 300, and after several votes, everything was deadlocked, and then the Third Estate was like, Le Tiers État s'est présenté avec environ 600 représentants, les Premier et Second États en avaient environ 300, et après plusieurs votes, tout était dans l'impasse, puis le Tiers État était comme, Третье сословие явилось примерно с 600 представителями, Первое и Второе сословия имели по 300, и после нескольких голосов все зашло в тупик, а затем Третье сословие сказало: 三级代表有600人左右,一二级都有300人左右,经过几次投票,一切都陷入僵局,然后三级就好像,

“You know what? "Знаешь что? Forget you guys. Oubliez-vous les gars. Забудьте, ребята. We’re gonna leave and we’re gonna become our own National Assembly.” This did not please King Louis XVI. Nous allons partir et nous allons devenir notre propre Assemblée nationale. Cela ne plaisait pas au roi Louis XVI. Мы уйдем и станем своей собственной Национальной ассамблеей». Это не понравилось королю Людовику XVI. So when the new National Assembly left the room for a break, he locked the doors, and he was like, Alors, quand la nouvelle Assemblée nationale a quitté la salle pour une pause, il a verrouillé les portes, et il s'est dit, Итак, когда новый член Национальной ассамблеи вышел из комнаты на перерыв, он запер двери и сказал:

"Sorry, guys, you can’t go in there. «Извините, ребята, вам туда нельзя. And if you can’t assemble, how you gonna be a national the Third Estate representatives were able to find a different room in France, this time an indoor tennis court where they swore the famous Tennis Court Oath. Et si vous ne pouvez pas vous réunir, comment vous allez être un ressortissant, les représentants du Tiers État ont pu trouver une autre salle en France, cette fois un court de tennis couvert où ils ont prêté le fameux serment du court de tennis. И если вы не можете собраться, как вы собираетесь быть гражданином, представители Третьего сословия смогли найти другую комнату во Франции, на этот раз крытый теннисный корт, где они принесли знаменитую клятву теннисного корта. And they agreed not to give up until a French constitution was established. Et ils ont convenu de ne pas abandonner jusqu'à ce qu'une constitution française soit établie. So then Louis XVI responded by sending troops to Paris primarily to quell uprisings over food shortages, but the revolutionaries saw this as a provocation, so they responded by seizing the Bastille Prison on July 14th, which, coincidentally, is also Bastille Day. Alors Louis XVI a répondu en envoyant des troupes à Paris principalement pour réprimer les soulèvements liés aux pénuries alimentaires, mais les révolutionnaires ont vu cela comme une provocation, ils ont donc répondu en s'emparant de la prison de la Bastille le 14 juillet, qui, par coïncidence, est également le jour de la Bastille. Тогда Людовик XVI ответил, отправив войска в Париж в первую очередь для подавления восстаний из-за нехватки продовольствия, но революционеры увидели в этом провокацию и в ответ захватили тюрьму Бастилии 14 июля, что, по совпадению, также является Днем взятия Бастилии.

The Bastille was stormed ostensibly to free prisoners - although there were only seven in jail at the time - but mostly to get guns. La Bastille a été prise d'assaut apparemment pour libérer des prisonniers - bien qu'il n'y en ait eu que sept en prison à l'époque - mais surtout pour obtenir des armes à feu. Бастилию брали якобы для того, чтобы освободить заключенных — хотя в то время в тюрьме было только семеро — но в основном для того, чтобы получить оружие. But the really radical move in the National Assembly came on August 4, when they abolished most of the ancien regime -- feudal rights, tithes, privileges for nobles, unequal taxation, they were all abolished -- in the name of writing a new constitution. Mais le mouvement vraiment radical à l'Assemblée nationale est survenu le 4 août, lorsqu'ils ont aboli la plupart de l'ancien régime - droits féodaux, dîmes, privilèges pour les nobles, taxation inégale, ils ont tous été abolis - au nom de la rédaction d'une nouvelle constitution. . Но по-настоящему радикальный шаг в Национальном собрании произошел 4 августа, когда они отменили большую часть старого режима — феодальные права, десятины, привилегии для дворян, неравное налогообложение, все это было отменено — во имя написания новой конституции. .

And then, on August 26th, the National Assembly proclaimed the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, which laid out a system of rights that applied to every person, and made those rights integral to the new constitution. А затем, 26 августа, Национальное собрание провозгласило Декларацию прав человека и гражданина, в которой была изложена система прав, применимых к каждому человеку, и которая сделала эти права неотъемлемой частью новой конституции. That’s quite different from the American bill of rights, which was, like, begrudgingly tacked on at the end and only applied to non-slaves. C'est assez différent de la déclaration américaine des droits, qui a été ajoutée à contrecœur à la fin et ne s'appliquait qu'aux non-esclaves. Это сильно отличается от американского билля о правах, который был неохотно добавлен в конце и применялся только к нерабам. The DoRoMaC, as I called it in high school, declared that everyone had the right to liberty, property, and security - rights that the French Revolution would do an exceptionally poor job of protecting, but as noted last week, the same can be argued for many other supposedly more successful revolutions. Le DoRoMaC, comme je l'appelais au lycée, a déclaré que tout le monde avait droit à la liberté, à la propriété et à la sécurité - des droits que la Révolution française ferait un travail exceptionnellement médiocre pour protéger, mais comme indiqué la semaine dernière, on peut faire valoir la même chose pour de nombreuses autres révolutions soi-disant plus réussies. DoRoMaC, как я называл это в старшей школе, провозгласил, что каждый имеет право на свободу, собственность и личную неприкосновенность — права, защитить которые Французская революция будет исключительно плохо, но, как отмечалось на прошлой неделе, то же самое можно утверждать. для многих других якобы более успешных революций.

Okay, let’s go to the Thought Bubble. Bon, allons dans la bulle de pensée. Хорошо, давайте перейдем к мыльному пузырю. Meanwhile, back at Versailles, Louis XVI was still King of France, and it was looking like France might be a constitutional monarchy. Pendant ce temps, à Versailles, Louis XVI était toujours roi de France, et il semblait que la France pourrait être une monarchie constitutionnelle. Тем временем в Версале Людовик XVI все еще был королем Франции, и казалось, что Франция может стать конституционной монархией. Which might’ve meant that the royal family could hang on to their awesome house, but then, in October of 1789, a rumor started that Marie Antoinette was hoarding grain somewhere inside the palace. Ce qui aurait pu signifier que la famille royale pouvait s'accrocher à leur superbe maison, mais ensuite, en octobre 1789, une rumeur a commencé selon laquelle Marie-Antoinette accumulait du grain quelque part à l'intérieur du palais. Это могло означать, что королевская семья могла сохранить свой великолепный дом, но затем, в октябре 1789 года, пошли слухи, что Мария-Антуанетта копит зерно где-то внутри дворца. And in what became known as the Women’s March, a bunch of armed peasant women stormed the palace and demanded that Louis and Marie Antoinette move from Versailles to Paris. Et dans ce qui est devenu connu sous le nom de Marche des femmes, un groupe de paysannes armées a pris d'assaut le palais et a exigé que Louis et Marie-Antoinette déménagent de Versailles à Paris. И во время того, что стало известно как Женский марш, группа вооруженных крестьянок ворвалась во дворец и потребовала, чтобы Людовик и Мария-Антуанетта переехали из Версаля в Париж. Which they did, because everyone is afraid of armed peasant women. Ce qu'ils ont fait, car tout le monde a peur des paysannes armées. Что они и сделали, потому что все боятся вооруженных баб.

And this is a nice reminder that to many people at the time, the French Revolution was not primarily about fancy Enlightenment ideas; it was mostly about lack of food and a political system that made economic contractions hardest on the poor. Et c'est un bon rappel que pour beaucoup de gens à l'époque, la Révolution française n'était pas principalement une question d'idées fantaisistes des Lumières; il s'agissait principalement du manque de nourriture et d'un système politique qui rendait les contractions économiques plus difficiles pour les pauvres. И это хорошее напоминание о том, что для многих людей в то время Французская революция была не связана в первую очередь с причудливыми идеями Просвещения; в основном это было связано с нехваткой еды и политической системой, которая усугубляла экономические трудности для бедных. Now, a good argument can be made that this first phase of the revolution wasn’t all that revolutionary. Теперь можно привести хороший аргумент в пользу того, что эта первая фаза революции не была такой уж революционной. The National Assembly wanted to create a constitutional monarchy; they believed that the king was necessary for a functioning state and they were mainly concerned that the voters and office holders be men of property. L'Assemblée nationale voulait créer une monarchie constitutionnelle ; ils croyaient que le roi était nécessaire au fonctionnement de l'État et ils craignaient principalement que les électeurs et les titulaires de charge soient des hommes de propriété. Национальное собрание хотело создать конституционную монархию; они считали, что король необходим для функционирующего государства, и в основном их заботило, чтобы избиратели и должностные лица были состоятельными людьми. Only the most radical wing, the Jacobins, called for the creation of a republic. Только наиболее радикальное крыло, якобинцы, призывали к созданию республики. But things were about to get much more revolutionary - and also worse for France. Mais les choses étaient sur le point de devenir beaucoup plus révolutionnaires - et aussi pires pour la France. Но все должно было стать гораздо более революционным, а также еще хуже для Франции.

First, the Jacobins had a huge petition drive that got a bit unruly, which led troops controlled not by the King but by the national assembly to fire on the crowd, killing 50 people. Tout d'abord, les Jacobins ont organisé une énorme campagne de pétitions qui est devenue un peu indisciplinée, ce qui a conduit des troupes contrôlées non pas par le roi mais par l'Assemblée nationale à tirer sur la foule, tuant 50 personnes. Во-первых, у якобинцев была огромная кампания петиций, которая стала немного неуправляемой, в результате чего войска, контролируемые не королем, а национальным собранием, открыли огонь по толпе, убив 50 человек.

And that meant that the National Assembly, which had been the revolutionary voice of the people, had killed people in an attempt to reign in revolutionary fervor. Et cela signifiait que l'Assemblée nationale, qui avait été la voix révolutionnaire du peuple, avait tué des gens pour tenter de régner dans la ferveur révolutionnaire. А это означало, что Национальное собрание, бывшее революционным голосом народа, убивало людей в попытке царствовать в революционном пылу. You see this a lot throughout history during revolutions. Vous voyez cela beaucoup à travers l'histoire pendant les révolutions. Вы часто видите это на протяжении всей истории во время революций. What looked like radical hope and change suddenly becomes "The Man" as increasingly radical ideas are embraced. Ce qui ressemblait à un espoir radical et à un changement devient soudainement "l'homme" alors que des idées de plus en plus radicales sont adoptées. То, что выглядело как радикальная надежда и перемены, внезапно становится «Человеком» по мере принятия все более радикальных идей. Thanks, Thought Bubble. Спасибо, мыслительный пузырь.

Meanwhile, France’s monarchical neighbors were getting a little nervous about all this republic business, especially Leopold II, who in addition to being the not holy not roman and not imperial holy roman emperor, was Marie Antoinette’s brother. Pendant ce temps, les voisins monarchiques de la France devenaient un peu nerveux à propos de toutes ces affaires de république, en particulier Léopold II, qui en plus d'être l'empereur romain non saint, non romain et non impérial, était le frère de Marie-Antoinette. Тем временем монархические соседи Франции немного нервничали из-за всех этих республиканских дел, особенно Леопольд II, который, помимо того, что был не святым, не римским и не имперским императором Священной Римской империи, был братом Марии-Антуанетты. I should note, by the way, that at this point, the Holy Roman Empire was basically just Austria. Je dois noter, en passant, qu'à ce stade, le Saint Empire romain germanique n'était fondamentalement que l'Autriche. Между прочим, я должен отметить, что на тот момент Священная Римская империя была в основном просто Австрией.

Also, like a lot of monarchs, Leopold II liked the idea of monarchies, and he wanted to keep his job as a person who gets to stand around wearing a dress, pointing at nothing, owning winged lion-monkeys made out of gold. De plus, comme beaucoup de monarques, Léopold II aimait l'idée des monarchies, et il voulait garder son travail en tant que personne qui peut se tenir debout vêtue d'une robe, ne pointant rien, possédant des singes-lions ailés en or. Кроме того, как и многим монархам, Леопольду II нравилась идея монархий, и он хотел сохранить свою работу как человека, который может стоять в платье, указывая в никуда, владея крылатыми львами-обезьянами, сделанными из золота. [must’ve been a real partier, that one] And who can blame him? [debe haber sido un verdadero fiestero, ese] ¿Y quién puede culparlo? [il devait être un vrai fêtard, celui-là] Et qui peut lui en vouloir ? So he and King William Frederick II of Prussia together issued the Declaration of Pilnitz, which promised to restore the French monarchy. At this point, Louis and the National Assembly developed a plan: