{"id":176590817,"date":"2019-05-08T13:07:26","date_gmt":"2019-05-08T20:07:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lingq.com\/blog-new\/?p=176590817"},"modified":"2025-06-19T12:17:56","modified_gmt":"2025-06-19T19:17:56","slug":"japanese-adjective-conjugation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lingq.com\/blog\/japanese-adjective-conjugation\/","title":{"rendered":"Understanding Japanese Adjective Conjugation"},"content":{"rendered":"

In language, there are ways to express things very simply and ways to express things in a more nuanced way. <\/span> \u00a0 When expressing ideas and opinions, it becomes important to be able to modify nouns and verbs. These modifying words are called adjectives and adverbs<\/a>. <\/span> \u00a0<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

It’s important to know that in Japanese, descriptions pretty much always go in front of what they are describing<\/strong>. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

This is true for adjectives as well. This should be at least a little familiar to native English speakers, as the adjective tends to go in front of the noun it describes. <\/span> \u00a0 There are effectively two types of Japanese adjectives, -na<\/strong> adjectives and -i<\/strong> adjectives. Further, Japanese heavily relies on conjugation, which makes it more uniform than English. Japanese adjectives are no exception to the conjugation that Japanese has. We will expand upon these topics and more below. <\/span> \u00a0<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Normal Adjective Usage<\/b><\/h2>\r\n

In order to grasp the conjugations of Japanese adjectives, it’s important to first realize the normal ways that adjectives are used. <\/span> \u00a0<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Adjectives are words that describe a noun. For instance, if I were to say, \u201cThe quick fox\u201d, then the word \u201cquick\u201d is the adjective that describes the noun, \u201cfox\u201d. In English, the adjective tends to come before the noun it describes, which is the opposite of, say, how Spanish adjectives are used. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Luckily for English speakers, Japanese adjectives usually come before the noun it describes. For instance, in \u9177\u3044\u4ed5\u6253\u3061 (<\/span>hidoi shiuchi<\/span><\/i>, cruel treatment), the adjective \u9177\u3044 (<\/span>hidoi<\/span><\/i>, cruel) describes the noun \u4ed5\u6253\u3061 (<\/span>shiuchi<\/span><\/i>, treatment). <\/span> Similarly, consider \u6e29\u304b\u3044\u5fa1\u98ef (<\/span>atatakai gohan<\/span><\/i>, warm rice) has the adjective \u6e29\u304b\u3044 (<\/span>atatakai<\/span><\/i>, warm) come before and describe the noun \u5fa1\u98ef (<\/span>gohan<\/span><\/i>, rice). <\/span> \u00a0<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Have you noticed a pattern? The adjectives mentioned above all end in \u3044 (<\/span>i<\/span><\/i>). That is because those are most common. As mentioned earlier, there are effectively two types of Japanese adjectives, -i adjectives and -na adjectives. <\/span> As you can probably guess, the -i adjectives end in \u3044 (<\/span>i<\/span><\/i>), while -na adjectives end in \u306a (<\/span>na<\/span><\/i>). <\/span> \u00a0<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Here’s another example. \u7dba\u9e97\u306a\u666f\u8272 (<\/span>kirei na keshiki<\/span><\/i>, pretty view) has the adjective \u7dba\u9e97 (<\/span>kirei<\/span><\/i>, pretty), which describes the noun \u666f\u8272 (<\/span>keshiki<\/span><\/i>, view). The word \u7dba\u9e97 (<\/span>kirei<\/span><\/i>, pretty) is often written in kana, like \u30ad\u30ec\u30a4 (<\/span>kirei<\/span><\/i>) or \u304d\u308c\u3044 (<\/span>kirei<\/span><\/i>), but I want to make it clear that it is a -na adjective and not an -i adjective. Notice how the kanji ends with the -i and that it does not, when written with kanji, end with \u3044 (<\/span>i<\/span><\/i>).\u00a0<\/span> \u00a0<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Though they are effectively adjectives, many may consider -na adjectives to be nouns, and they are conjugated like nouns, not like normal -i adjectives. -na adjectives are essentially treated like a noun in such grammatical cases, except you can modify nouns with them by putting \u306a (<\/span>na<\/span><\/i>) at the end.<\/span> \u00a0<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

While still on the topic of -na adjectives, some -i adjectives actually can also be -na adjectives. For instance, \u5c0f\u3055\u3044 (<\/span>chiisai<\/span><\/i>, small) can become a -na adjective by removing the \u3044 (<\/span>i<\/span><\/i>) and adding \u306a (<\/span>na<\/span><\/i>). It then becomes \u5c0f\u3055\u306a (<\/span>chiisana<\/span><\/i>, small). Notice that this is more of a rarity than something you can do to most adjectives, as you can only do it to relatively few -i adjectives. With that out of the way, let’s get to conjugating!<\/span> \u00a0<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\"Japanese<\/a> \u00a0<\/p>\r\n

Simple Conjugations<\/b><\/h2>\r\n

Normal -i adjectives can become adverbs by removing the \u3044 (<\/span>i<\/span><\/i>) and adding \u304f (<\/span>ku<\/span><\/i>). So, \u624b\u65e9\u3044 (<\/span>tebayai<\/span><\/i>) as an adjective means nimble or quick. As an adverb, however, \u624b\u65e9\u304f (tebayaku) means nimbly or quickly, such as in \u624b\u65e9\u304f\u7a3c\u3050 (<\/span>tebayaku kesagu<\/span><\/i>) means to labor nimbly. <\/span> \u00a0<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

This can work with pretty much all -i adjectives to turn to them into adverbs. But this form is important not only to change adjectives into adverbs, but also to a lot of other conjugations with adjectives. For instance, if you wanted to use the negative form of the adjectives, then you’d change it to the adverb form and then add \u306a\u3044 (<\/span>nai<\/span><\/i>). <\/span> \u00a0<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

For example, take the adjective \u5bd2\u3044 (<\/span>samui<\/span><\/i>, cold) and make it negative by dropping the \u3044 (<\/span>i<\/span><\/i>), adding \u304f (<\/span>ku<\/span><\/i>), and then adding \u306a\u3044 (<\/span>nai<\/span><\/i>) to become \u5bd2\u304f\u306a\u3044 (<\/span>samukunai<\/span><\/i>, not cold). The \u306a\u3044 (<\/span>nai<\/span><\/i>) part itself works as an adjective, so the word is still an adjective. If you want to use the negative form of an adjective as an adverb, you simply drop the \u3044 (<\/span>i<\/span><\/i>) and add a \u304f (<\/span>ku<\/span><\/i>), just like you’d normally do. <\/span> \u00a0<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

So, as an adverb, \u5bd2\u304f\u306a\u3044 (<\/span>samukunai<\/span><\/i>) would become \u5bd2\u304f\u306a\u304f (<\/span>samukunaku<\/span><\/i>). \u6016\u3044 (<\/span>kowai<\/span><\/i>, frightening), if you wanted the negative form, would become \u6016\u304f\u306a\u3044 (<\/span>kowakunai<\/span><\/i>, not frightened). And so it is for most -i adjectives. <\/span> \u00a0 To talk of the past tense, you drop the \u3044 (<\/span>i<\/span><\/i>) and add \u304b\u3063\u305f (katta) on an -i adjective. So, \u8f9b\u3044 (<\/span>karai<\/span><\/i>, spicy) would become \u8f9b\u304b\u3063\u305f (<\/span>karakatta<\/span><\/i>) to mean that whatever it is describing was spicy. <\/span> \u00a0<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Remember how I said the \u306a\u3044 (<\/span>nai<\/span><\/i>) part of a negative adjective itself acts like an adjective? Knowing this, can you guess how you’d make the negative past tense form of an adjective? You simply take the negative form of an adjective and then make it past tense. For example, \u6691\u3044 (<\/span>atsui<\/span><\/i>, hot or warm) would become \u6691\u304f\u306a\u3044 (<\/span>atsukunai<\/span><\/i>) to become the negative form. <\/span> Then, to become the negative past form of the verb, \u6691\u304f\u306a\u3044 (<\/span>atsukunai<\/span><\/i>) would become \u6691\u304f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f (<\/span>atsukunakatta<\/span><\/i>), which means it wasn’t hot. Similarly, \u512a\u3057\u3044 (<\/span>yasashii<\/span><\/i>, kind), would become \u512a\u3057\u304f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f (<\/span>yasashikunakatta<\/span><\/i>, wasn’t kind). <\/span> \u00a0<\/p>\r\n

\"Learn<\/a><\/p>\r\n

Other Conjugations<\/b><\/h2>\r\n

Now that some of those basic conjugations are covered, we’re going to quickly go over some other popular conjugations of -i adjectives. You can take an -i adjective and make it a noun by removing the \u3044 and adding \u3055 (sa). <\/span> \u00a0 So, \u61d0\u304b\u3057\u3044 (<\/span>natsukashii<\/span><\/i>, nostalgic) can become \u61d0\u304b\u3057\u3055 (<\/span>natsukashisa<\/span><\/i>) to mean nostalgia. You can also drop the \u3044 (<\/span>i<\/span><\/i>) of an -i adjective and add \u305d\u3046 (<\/span>sou<\/span><\/i>) to describe how something or someone seems. So, \u53b3\u3057\u3044 (<\/span>kibishii<\/span><\/i>, strict) becomes \u53b3\u3057\u305d\u3046 (<\/span>kibishisou<\/span><\/i>) to mean that something or someone seems strict. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Alright, we have one last conjugation to go over. That is how you can drop the \u3044 (<\/span>i<\/span><\/i>) of an -i adjective and add \u3059\u304e\u308b (sugiru) to mean that the adjective becomes too much of what said adjective means. It is easier to think of it as meaning \u201ctoo [insert adjective]\u201d. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

T<\/span>hat may be confusing, so let me provide an example. <\/span>If you say someone is \u5f31\u3044 (<\/span>yowai<\/span><\/i>, weak), then saying that he or she is \u5f31\u3059\u304e\u308b (<\/span>yowasugiru<\/span><\/i>) would mean that said someone is too weak. The \u3059\u304e\u308b (<\/span>sugiru<\/span><\/i>) part would then conjugate like a special -ru verb, but that is a different topic. <\/span> \u00a0<\/p>\r\n

\"Learn<\/a><\/h3>\r\n

Learn Japanese adverbs in context<\/h2>\r\n

Adjectives are an important part of language, and so it is also important to know how to use them and conjugate them well. Rather than study each one individually, why not learn them in context? This way, you also learn how to conjugate them as well.<\/span> \u00a0<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Learn Japanese online<\/a> using LingQ. LingQ is packed with 100s of lessons that have been professionally recorded and transcribed by native Japanese speakers so you can read and listen as you study. There’s a variety of topics to choose from such as everyday conversation, questions about work, sports, and much more. \u00a0<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\"Learn<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

If the lessons LingQ offers aren’t your cup of tea, you can import content from the web into LingQ. For example, you can import anime into LingQ from a variety of sites and LingQ will create an easy-to-follow lessons using anime subtitles<\/a> and audio. Pretty sweet, right? Take it on the go using LingQ’s mobile app (Android<\/a> or iOS<\/a>) and study anytime, anywhere. \u00a0<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\"Learn
The anime Shirokuma Cafe imported into LingQ<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In language, there are ways to express things very simply and ways to express things in a more nuanced way. \u00a0 When expressing ideas and opinions, it becomes important to …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":176593798,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[40],"tags":[86,105],"class_list":["post-176590817","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-learning-japanese","tag-basic-japanese","tag-english"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nUnderstanding Japanese Adjective Conjugation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In this post, we will teach you the basics of Japanese adverb conjucation to help you move along with your studies.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" 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