{"id":176588745,"date":"2018-03-22T09:39:53","date_gmt":"2018-03-22T16:39:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lingq.com\/blog-new\/?p=176588745"},"modified":"2025-05-19T11:28:42","modified_gmt":"2025-05-19T18:28:42","slug":"japanese-particles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lingq.com\/blog\/japanese-particles\/","title":{"rendered":"Japanese Particles: an Introduction"},"content":{"rendered":"

Japanese is a language that is not dependent upon sentence structure<\/a> so much as it is dependent upon particles (in Japanese, joshi, \u52a9\u8a5e). <\/span><\/p>\n

Particles are characters that relate a noun to another noun or verb. Particles are some of the most important things in Japanese grammar. As such, knowing what they are and how to use them is of the utmost importance, and, ultimately, the way to get used to them is by lots of practice and study. In this post, I will give a brief introduction to some of the most common Japanese particles.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Topic Particle<\/b><\/h2>\n

The first particle to consider is \u306f<\/a> (pronounced \u201cha\u201d normally, but when a particle, pronounced \u201cwa\u201d). <\/span>
\n\u306f is known as the topic particle, as it denotes the topic of concern. For instance, let’s use a very common sample sentence for those learning Japanese<\/a>, \u201c\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u3044\u3044\u5929\u6c17\u3067\u3059\u306d (kyou \u201cwa\u201d ii tenki desu ne).\u201d This phrase means \u201cThe weather (\u5929\u6c17) today (\u4eca\u65e5) is good (\u3044\u3044).\u201d The topic particle indicates \u306f indicates that the topic is \u201ctoday (\u4eca\u65e5, <\/span>kyou)<\/span><\/i>\u201d<\/span>. <\/span><\/i>The rest of the sentence says, \u201cthe weather is good (\u3044\u3044\u5929\u6c17\u3067\u3059\u306d, <\/span>ii tenki desu ne)<\/span><\/i>\u201d. So, the topic particle indicates when the weather is good, which is today.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>
\n\"Japanese<\/p>\n

Here’s another exampled:\u00a0\u201c\u7530\u4e2d\u306f (Tanaka \u201cwa\u201d)?\u201d. \u7530\u4e2d is a name, pronounced \u201cTanaka\u201d. This leaves a lot to context, but essentially it means, \u201cWhat about Tanaka?\u201d The topic particle indicates that there is something about Tanaka that the speaker is concerned with. A suitable answer can be something like, \u201c\u7530\u4e2d\u306f\u660e\u65e5 ( Tanaka \u201cwa\u201d ashita)\u201d, which means that Tanaka is tomorrow. This doesn’t make sense in English, but it does make sense in Japanese with the appropriate context. This presumably would be a conversation about something that Tanaka is doing tomorrow, or something that is being done to Tanaka tomorrow. The topic is shown clearly to be Tanaka here. <\/span><\/p>\n

There is another particle that essentially means the same thing, but with the additional meaning of \u201cas well\u201d. This particle is \u3082 (mo). To relate back to the first example, if you were to say \u201c\u4eca\u65e5\u3082\u3044\u3044\u5929\u6c17\u3067\u3059\u306d (kyou mo ii tenki desu ne)\u201d, it would mean \u201cThe weather is good today as well.\u201d As in the English translation, this implies that the weather was also good on other days as well as today. <\/span><\/p>\n

The Subject Particle<\/b><\/h2>\n

\"Japanese<\/p>\n

The next particle is another common one, \u304c (ga). It can be used for a variety of things. For instance, it can indicate that the previous information is background information. <\/span><\/p>\n

Usually, this can be translated like the English \u201cbut\u201d and likewise, but sometimes it is better translated as \u201cand\u201d. An example of \u304c in this common way would be \u201c\u5148\u751f\u3067\u3059\u304c, \u79c1\u3082\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3088 (sensei desu ga, watashi mo benkyou shimasu yo)\u201d, meaning \u201cI am a teacher, but I also study\u201d. However, it also is commonly used to indicate the subject. For instance, \u201c\u50d5\u304c\u5b66\u751f (boku ga gakusei)\u201d, \u201cI am a student.\u201d This may seem very similar to the \u306f particle, and I am sure a whole small book could be written on the difference between \u306f and \u304c, but essentially, \u304c is used to describe something while \u306f indicates the topic. <\/span><\/p>\n

It can take a lot of practice to get used to as in English it is not so easy to identify the different nuance in what is meant in the subject. For an illustration of the difference, consider the following sentence: \u201c\u79c1\u306f\u592a\u7530\u3055\u3093\u3002\u79c1\u304c\u30b5\u30e9\u30ea\u30fc\u30de\u30f3 (watashi \u201cwa\u201d Oota-san. Watashi ga sarari–man), I (\u79c1) am Oota-san (\u592a\u7530\u3055\u3093). I am a salaryman (\u30b5\u30e9\u30ea\u30fc\u30de\u30f3)\u201d. The \u306f particle shows the topic, \u201c\u79c1 (watashi)\u201d and the \u304c particle adds information about the subject.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Learn<\/a><\/p>\n

Japanese Particles with Verbs<\/b><\/h2>\n

So far, we have looked at some very common Japanese particles concerning statements. Next, let us take a look at particles when used in sentences involving verbs (though the translations included linking verbs, no verbs were used in the Japanese). <\/span><\/p>\n

It is easier to think of the \u306f particle and \u304c particle as having very similar uses in both declarations and sentences with verbs. \u306f indicates who or what is the topic of the sentence. For instance, \u201c\u50d5\u306f\u884c\u304f(boku \u201cwa\u201d iku)\u201d., which translates to \u201cI (\u50d5) am going (\u884c\u304f).\u201d Similarly, \u304c can be used to indicate who or what is doing the action. You can say, \u201c\u50d5\u304c\u884c\u304f (boku ga iku)\u201d, which is <\/span>translated<\/span><\/i> in much the same way, but holds a nuanced difference in meaning, similar to when used in declarations. <\/span><\/p>\n

A lot of practice can help with realizing what to use at what time. There are also examples when \u306f indicates the topic of the sentence and \u304c indicates the subject, such as when you say, \u201c\u897f\u5c3e\u306f\u732b\u304c\u6b32\u3057\u3044 (Nishio \u201cwa\u201d neko ga hoshii)\u201d, which would mean Nishio (\u897f\u5c3e) wants (\u6b32\u3057\u3044) a cat (\u732b). The \u306f particle indicates who is the one that wants, while the \u304c particle indicates what it is that is wanted. <\/span><\/p>\n

\"Japanese<\/p>\n

The \u3092 ((w)o) particle is similar to \u304c in that it is also used to indicate the direct object of a sentence, and this is about it’s only purpose in modern Japanese. \u201c\u8089\u3092\u98df\u3079\u305f\u3044! (niku (w)o tabetai!)\u201d in English means that an undisclosed someone or something wants to eat (\u98df\u3079\u305f\u3044) \u00a0meat (\u8089). <\/span><\/p>\n

\"Learn<\/a><\/h2>\n

The Directional Particles<\/b><\/h2>\n

The \u3078 character is normally pronounced he, though when it is a particle, it is pronounced e. It indicates that the place or state indicated by it is where the subject is headed towards. Note that this does not mean necessarily that the place or state headed towards is reached or that it is the final intended spot. If you say, \u201c\u30a4\u30bf\u30ea\u30a2\u3078\u884c\u3063\u305f (Itaria \u201ce\u201d itta)\u201d, it does not mean strictly that the person <\/span>went to<\/span><\/i> Italy, but that he\/she\/it <\/span>went towards <\/span><\/i>Italy. It would be translated as \u201c(Undisclosed subject) set out (\u884c\u3063\u305f) toward Italy (\u30a4\u30bf\u30ea\u30a2)\u201d and such. <\/span><\/p>\n

\"Japanese<\/p>\n

A similar yet different particle means that the subject went to Italy. \u201c\u30a4\u30bf\u30ea\u30a2\u306b\u884c\u3063\u305f (Itaria ni itta)\u201d would mean that \u201c(Undisclosed subject) went to (\u884c\u3063\u305f) Italy (\u30a4\u30bf\u30ea\u30a2)\u201d. The difference is that this particle is the \u306b particle. This particle can also be used with verbs that don’t indicate a location, such as becoming something. For instance, \u201c\u4f5c\u5bb6\u306b\u306a\u308a\u305f\u3044 (sakka ni naritai)\u201d, which means that the undisclosed subject \u201cwants to become ( \u306a\u308a\u305f\u3044) an author (\u4f5c\u5bb6). <\/span><\/p>\n

It should be noted that this character is also used in lists of subjects, similar to the word \u201cand\u201d, such as in the phrase \u201c\u30b7\u30e3\u30c4\u306b\u30d1\u30fc\u30ab\u30fc (shatsu ni pa–ka–), which means a shirt and parka, which is a type of fashion statement that can look very good if done well. <\/span><\/p>\n

Overall, this as been a very brief overview of some of the more popular Japanese particles. This in no way is an exhaustive overview of them or particles in general. To learn to get used to these particles and many more, continue studying and practicing<\/a>. Luckily for you, LingQ has got you covered to easily and readily study and practice Japanese. As well as studying particles through repeated exposure to the interesting lessons in the Japanese library, you can find lessons that specifically cover the Japanese particles, like this one:<\/span>
\n\"Learn<\/p>\n

Best of luck on your Japanese learning journey!<\/p>\n

***<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Caiman Cotton is a freelance Japanese translator who has studied the language for years. He hopes to one day also study Latin.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Japanese is a language that is not dependent upon sentence structure so much as it is dependent upon particles (in Japanese, joshi, \u52a9\u8a5e). Particles are characters that relate a noun …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":176589520,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[40],"tags":[86,105],"class_list":["post-176588745","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-learning-japanese","tag-basic-japanese","tag-english"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nJapanese Particles: an Introduction<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In this post, you will get a brief introduction to some of the most common particles in Japanese. 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