{"id":176587574,"date":"2018-02-13T09:39:58","date_gmt":"2018-02-13T17:39:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lingq.com\/blog-new\/?p=176587574"},"modified":"2025-05-19T11:28:44","modified_gmt":"2025-05-19T18:28:44","slug":"russian-grammar-101","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lingq.com\/blog\/russian-grammar-101\/","title":{"rendered":"Russian grammar 101"},"content":{"rendered":"

Just like English, the Russian language has a grammatical structure that is too complex for one blog post. However, we\u2019ll try to give a general outline of the Russian grammar and describe the principal differences between Russian and English.<\/span><\/p>\n

Masculine, Feminine or Neuter?<\/b><\/h2>\n

English does not have a grammatical gender system, while Russian has three genders:<\/span>
\n
\n\"Russian<\/span>
\nIn order to distinguish the genders, one has to learn the patterns of inflections for each gender.<\/span>
\n\"Russian
\nFurthermore, Russian adjectives and most pronouns also take a gender form that is \u201ctriggered\u201d by the noun they are used with:<\/span>
\n
\n\"RussianAs you can see, <\/span>\u043c\u043e\u0439, \u043c\u043e\u044f <\/span><\/i>and <\/span>\u043c\u043e\u0451 <\/span><\/i>are masculine, neuter and feminine forms of the possessive pronoun \u043c\u043e\u0439 (my); \u00a0<\/span>\u0437\u0435\u043b\u0451\u043d<\/span><\/i>\u044b\u0439<\/i><\/b>, \u0437\u0435\u043b\u0451\u043d<\/span><\/i>\u043e\u0435<\/i><\/b> and <\/span>\u0437\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d<\/span><\/i>\u0430\u044f <\/i><\/b>are masculine, neuter and feminine adjectives respectively.<\/span><\/p>\n

Analytical vs. Synthetic Language<\/b><\/h2>\n

English is an analytical language. This means that grammatical relations between words are conveyed with the help of prepositions, conjunctions, articles, auxiliary verbs, function words and the word order.<\/span>
\nFor instance, the below two sentences have absolutely different meanings:<\/span>
\n1) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tom hit Paul.<\/span><\/i>
\n2) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Paul hit Tom.<\/span><\/i>
\nThanks to the word order, an English language speaker perceives the subject and the object of each sentence.<\/span>
\n\"Russian
\nIn Russian, relations between words are expressed by means of inflections. This makes it a synthetic language. Word order does not have such an important role as it does in English.<\/span>
\nIn Russian, you can say either of the following:<\/span>
\n1) \u00a0<\/span> \u0422\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0434<\/span>\u0430<\/span>\u043b\u0438\u043b \u041f<\/span>\u043e<\/span>\u043b\u0430.[ Tom ud<\/span>a<\/span>ril Pol<\/span>a<\/span>] or \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043b \u0422\u043e\u043c [Pol<\/span>a <\/span>ud<\/span>a<\/span>ril Tom] = Tom hit Paul.<\/span>
\n2) \u00a0<\/span> \u041f\u043e\u043b \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043b \u0422\u043e\u043c\u0430. [Pol ud<\/span>a<\/span>ril T<\/span>o<\/span>ma] or \u0422\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043b \u041f\u043e\u043b[T<\/span>o<\/span>ma ud<\/span>a<\/span>ril Pol] = Paul hit Tom.<\/span>
\nA speaker of Russian understands what the subject is and what the object is in a sentence thanks to the ending(s) of noun(s)\/pronoun(s). For instance, in this case the genitive ending <\/span>-\u0430<\/span><\/i> signifies the object.<\/span><\/p>\n

How Many Cases are there in Russian?<\/b><\/h2>\n

Russian has six cases. Nominative, genitive<\/a>, accusative, instrumental, prepositional, and dative. In the tables below you can see how noun forms change depending on the case.<\/span>
\n\"Russian
\n\"Russian
\n\"Russian
\nYou might have noticed in the tables above that word stress is not fixed in Russian, and sometimes it changes depending on case. This presents a challenge for foreigners.<\/span>
\n\"Russian
\nPronouns and adjectives are also declined along with the noun they are used with. Adjectives and pronouns agree with nouns not only in gender and case but also in number (plural or singular).<\/span><\/p>\n

Adjectives and Adverbs<\/b><\/h2>\n

Just like in English, Russian adjectives and adverbs modify nouns and verbs or adjectives respectively. They also have the comparative and the superlative forms.<\/span>
\nAdjectives agree with nouns in case, gender and number.\u00a0<\/span>Adverbs do not agree with any other part of the sentence (they have only one form, no gender, no declension, etc.):<\/span>
\n\u0412\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a<\/span>\u043e <\/span>\u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0440<\/span>\u0430<\/span>\u0445 [vysak<\/span>o<\/span> v gar<\/span>a<\/span>kh] \u2013 high in the mountains,<\/span>
\n \u043b\u0435\u0442<\/span>\u0435<\/span>\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e [lit<\/span>e<\/span>t vysak<\/span>o<\/span>] \u2013 to fly high<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Learn<\/a><\/p>\n

What about Verbs?<\/b><\/h2>\n

In some respects, Russian verbs are less tricky than their English counterparts. Because there are no continuous, perfect and gerund forms in Russian, verbs have only four forms:<\/span>
\nInfinitive: \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c [pisat\u2019] \u2013 to write<\/span>
\nPresent tense: \u00a0\u044f \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443 \u00a0[ja pishu] \u2013 I write\/I am writing<\/span>
\nPast tense: \u044f (\u043d\u0430)\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b(masculine)\/\u044f (\u043d\u0430)\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0430(feminine) [ja napisal, ja napisala]\u2013 I wrote(I have written\/I had written)<\/span>
\nFuture tense: \u042f \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443 [ja napishu] \u2013 I will write\/ I am going to write<\/span>
\nOn the other hand, Russian verbs have two conjugations, which means that different conjugations have different forms of person and number. In some ways conjugation of verbs is similar to the declension of nouns.<\/span>
\nHere are some examples of how Russian verbs are conjugated:<\/span>
\nIn the 1<\/span>st<\/span> conjugation, verbs in the 3<\/span>rd<\/span> person plural end in <\/span>-\u0443\u0442,-\u044e\u0442<\/span><\/i>, and this gives you an of idea how to conjugate all other forms of the verb, i.e.<\/span>
\n\"Russian
\n
\nIn the 2<\/span>nd<\/span> conjugation, verbs in the 3<\/span>rd<\/span> person plural end in <\/span>-\u0430\u0442,-\u044f\u0442<\/span><\/i>, and this helps you to identify them and conjugate correctly:<\/span>
\n\"Russian
\nIn the past tense, verbs also have masculine, feminine and neuter genders in the 1st , 2nd and the 3rd person singular:<\/span>
\n\"RussianAnother peculiar thing about Russian verbs is that they have two aspects: imperfective and perfective. Any verb has both forms. The imperfective form signifies an action that is repeated or habitual, an incomplete action, or an action the result of which is not important i.e. \u2018\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u2019 [chitat\u2019] = to read, \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c [pisat] = to write.<\/span>
\n\"Russian
\nThe perfective aspect is used to describe a single finished action or an intention to complete an action in future: \u2018\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u2019[prachitat\u2019], \u2018\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c\u2019[napisat].<\/span>
\nCompare these two sentences for a better understanding:<\/span>
\n\u042f \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043b<\/span><\/i>\u044e <\/span><\/i>\u0447\u0438\u0442<\/i><\/b>\u0430\u0442<\/i><\/b>\u044c <\/i><\/b>[ja liubl<\/span><\/i>iu <\/span><\/i>chit<\/span><\/i>a<\/span><\/i>t] \u2013 I like reading<\/span><\/i>
\n\u041c\u043d\u0435 \u043d<\/span><\/i>\u0443<\/span><\/i>\u0436\u043d\u043e <\/span><\/i>\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442<\/i><\/b>\u0430<\/i><\/b>\u0442\u044c<\/i><\/b> \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u043a\u043d<\/span><\/i>\u0438<\/span><\/i>\u0433\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0437<\/span><\/i>\u0430<\/span><\/i>\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 [Mne n<\/span><\/i>u<\/span><\/i>zhna prachit<\/span><\/i>a<\/span><\/i>t <\/span><\/i>e<\/span><\/i>tu kn<\/span><\/i>i<\/span><\/i>gu dla egz<\/span><\/i>a<\/span><\/i>mina] \u2013 I have to read this book for the exam.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

***<\/strong><\/p>\n

We hope that you are feeling challenged and not discouraged about learning the Russian language. Despite all its differences with English, Russian grammar is logical with clear rules.\u00a0<\/span>
\nThe best way to learn Russian<\/a> grammar is through repeated exposure to interesting Russian content. You can get this even as a beginner on LingQ. The Russian Mini Stories are a great place to start. Grammatical structures will become natural the more you see them in different and interesting contexts. Give it a try!
\n\"Learn<\/p>\n

Ievgeniia Logvinenko is passionate about languages and holds a Master\u2019s degree in English philology. In addition to English, she speaks Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, German and basic French.<\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Just like English, the Russian language has a grammatical structure that is too complex for one blog post. However, we\u2019ll try to give a general outline of the Russian grammar …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":176588315,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[44],"tags":[90,105],"class_list":["post-176587574","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-learning-russian","tag-basic-russian","tag-english"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nRussian grammar 101 - LingQ Language Learning Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This simple introduction to Russian grammar will give you the foundation you need to start your journey to fluency in Russian.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Russian grammar 101 - 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