{"id":176586571,"date":"2017-12-14T10:51:06","date_gmt":"2017-12-14T18:51:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lingq.com\/blog-new\/?p=176586571"},"modified":"2025-05-19T11:28:48","modified_gmt":"2025-05-19T18:28:48","slug":"italian-verbs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lingq.com\/blog\/italian-verbs\/","title":{"rendered":"Essential Italian Verbs: Essere and Avere"},"content":{"rendered":"

Verbs are a crucial part of any language. Try to make a sentence without using one and you will realize that they are truly indispensable. The more of them you know, the better you can express yourself. Having said that, there are two Italian verbs which can be considered the most useful due to their versatility. I am talking about \u201cessere\u201d and \u201cavere\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Italian Verbs<\/h2>\n

Essere \u2013 to be<\/b><\/h3>\n

\u201cEssere, o non essere, questo \u00e8 il dilemma\u201d says Shakespeare\u2019s Hamlet in the Italian translation of the famous quote. The \u201cto be or not to be\u201d monologue may not be essential for your language survival, but it contains arguably the most important verb in the Italian language. As luck would have it, this verb is also irregular. Without further ado, this is how \u201cessere\u201d conjugates.<\/span><\/p>\n

The present tense (presente)<\/strong>
\nSingular: \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> Plural:<\/span>
\nIo <\/span>sono<\/b> – I am \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> Noi <\/span>siamo<\/b> \u2013 We are<\/span>
\nTu <\/span>sei<\/b> \u2013 You are \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> Voi <\/span>siete<\/b> \u2013 You are<\/span>
\nLui, lei <\/span>\u00e8<\/b> \u2013 He, she is \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> Loro <\/span>sono<\/b> \u2013 They are<\/span><\/p>\n

The past tense (imperfetto)<\/strong>
\nSingular: \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> Plural:<\/span>
\nIo <\/span>ero<\/b> \u2013 I was \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> Noi <\/span>eravamo<\/b> \u2013 We were<\/span>
\nTu <\/span>eri<\/b> \u2013 You were \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> Voi <\/span>eravate<\/b> \u2013 You were<\/span>
\nLui, lei <\/span>era<\/b> \u2013 He, she was \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> Loro <\/span>erano<\/b> \u2013 They were<\/span><\/p>\n

The future tense (futuro semplice)<\/strong>
\nSingular: \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> Plural:<\/span>
\nIo <\/span>sar\u00f2<\/b> \u2013 I will be \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> Noi <\/span>saremo<\/b> \u2013 We will be<\/span>
\nTu <\/span>sarai<\/b> \u2013 You will be \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> Voi <\/span>sarete<\/b> \u2013 You will be<\/span>
\nLui, lei <\/span>sar\u00e0<\/b> \u2013 He, she will be \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> Loro <\/span>saranno<\/b> \u2013 They will be<\/span><\/p>\n

Please remember that in Italian, unlike in English, the use of personal pronouns like io (I), tu (you) etc. with verbs is not required. On the contrary! It sounds artificial to use them as the form of the verb itself indicates who it is referring to.<\/span><\/p>\n

The verb \u201cessere\u201d has multiple uses. Thanks to this Italian verb we can…\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Talk about nationality: \u00a0<\/strong>
\nSono<\/b> americano \u2013 I am American (singular, male)<\/span>
\nSiamo<\/b> brasiliane \u2013 We are Brazilians (plural, female)<\/span><\/p>\n

Talk about feelings:<\/strong>
\nEro<\/b> arrabbiata \u2013 I was angry (singular, female)<\/span>
\nMarta <\/span>\u00e8<\/b> stanca \u2013 Marta is tired (singular, female)<\/span><\/p>\n

Introduce ourselves or someone else:<\/strong>
\nSono<\/b> Angela \u2013 I am Angela<\/span>
\nQuesto <\/span>\u00e8<\/b> mio marito \u2013 This is my husband<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cEssere\u201d is also used in various expressions:<\/span>
\nEssere<\/b> in ritardo \u2013 To be late:<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Siete<\/b> in ritardo! \u2013 You are late! (plural)<\/span>
\nEssere<\/b> contro \u2013 to be against something:\u00a0<\/span>Siamo<\/b> contro ogni discriminazione \u2013 We are against any discrimination<\/span>
\nEssere<\/b> in pensione \u2013 to be retired:\u00a0<\/span>Andre <\/span>\u00e8<\/b> gia in pensione \u2013 Andrea has already retired.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Learn<\/a><\/p>\n

\u201cEssere\u201d can also be used as an auxiliary (\u201chelping\u201d) verb to form compound (composed of two or more parts) tenses. I know it may seem complicated but please don\u2019t panic. You already know some compound tenses as they exist in English. Let us take Present Perfect as an example. In the sentence \u201cI have just eaten\u201d, the verb \u201chave\u201d is an auxiliary and in a way, helps the verb \u201ceat\u201d to convey a certain meaning. The idea behind Italian compound tenses is the same. To properly form sentences in them, you need to learn how to conjugate \u201cessere\u201d as shown above, in past (imperfetto), present (presente) and future (futuro semplice). \u201cEssere\u201d is used in the following frequently used compound tenses.<\/span><\/p>\n

Past tense, passato prossimo<\/strong>
\nTo form a sentence in passato prossimo you need an auxiliary verb in the present tense, in this case \u201cessere\u201d, and a form of the actual Italian verb we want to use called participio passato (e.g. uscire = uscito). Have a look at the following examples:<\/span>
\nSono<\/b> andata al cinema ieri \u2013 I went to the cinema yesterday<\/span>
\nLuigi <\/span>\u00e8<\/b> partito due settimane fa \u2013 Luigi left two weeks ago<\/span>
\nCi <\/span>siamo<\/b> divertiti un sacco \u2013 We had a lot of fun<\/span><\/p>\n

Another past tense, trapassato prossimo<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trapassato prossimo uses a form of an auxiliary verb in a past tense (imperfetto) and a participio passato. You can think about this tense as an equivalent of Past Perfect in English e.g.<\/span>
\nQuando Lino \u00e8 venuto a casa nostra, <\/span>ero<\/b> gi\u00e0 partita \u2013 When Lino came to our house, I had already left.<\/span><\/p>\n

Future tense, futuro anteriore<\/strong>
\nSentences in futuro anteriore are created by the use of an auxiliary verb in a future tense (futuro semplice) and a participio passato e.g.<\/span>
\n Quando <\/span>sar\u00f2<\/b> diventata grande ti sposer\u00f2 \u2013 When I grow up, I will marry you.<\/span>
\n\u201cEssere\u201d is one of the two auxiliary Italian verbs which can be used in an appropriate form in compound tenses. In the vast majority of cases we use the verb \u201cavere\u201d (to have), which we are going to discuss shortly. \u201cEssere\u201d is required by many verbs of motion (andare \u2013 to go, venire \u2013 to come etc) and all reflexive verbs (alzarsi \u2013 to get up, svegliarsi \u2013 to wake up, etc). When you use \u201cessere\u201d in compound tenses you need to modify participio passato so that it reflects the gender and number of the subject, just like we do with adjectives in Italian:<\/span>
\nMaria <\/span>\u00e8<\/b> andat<\/span>a<\/b> via \u2013 Maria went away<\/span>
\nMario non <\/span>\u00e8<\/b> ancora venut<\/span>o<\/b> \u2013 Mario has not come yet<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Learn<\/a><\/p>\n

Avere \u2013 to have<\/b><\/h3>\n

\u201cAvere\u201d which means \u201cto have\u201d is arguably the second most useful verb in the Italian language. Unfortunately, it is also irregular. It conjugates in the following manner.<\/span><\/p>\n

The present tense (presente):<\/strong>
\nSingular: \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> Plural:<\/span>
\nIo <\/span>ho<\/b> \u2013 I have \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> Noi <\/span>abbiamo<\/b> \u2013 We have<\/span>
\nTu <\/span>hai<\/b> \u2013 You have \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> Voi <\/span>avete<\/b> \u2013 You have<\/span>
\nLui, lei <\/span>ha<\/b> \u2013 He, she has \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> Loro <\/span>hanno<\/b> \u2013 They have<\/span><\/p>\n

Past tense (imperfetto)<\/strong>
\nSingular: \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> Plural:<\/span>
\nIo <\/span>avevo<\/b> \u2013 I had \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0Noi <\/span>avevamo<\/b> \u2013 We had<\/span>
\nTu <\/span>avevi<\/b> \u2013 You had \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span>\u00a0Voi <\/span>avevate<\/b> \u2013 You had<\/span>
\nLui, lei <\/span>aveva<\/b> \u2013 He, she had\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span>Loro <\/span>avevano<\/b> \u2013 They had<\/span><\/p>\n

Future tense (futuro semplice)<\/strong>
\nSingular: \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> Plural:<\/span>
\nIo <\/span>avr\u00f2<\/b> \u2013 I will have \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Noi <\/span>avremo<\/b> \u2013 We will have<\/span>
\nTu <\/span>avrai<\/b> \u2013 You will have \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> Voi <\/span>avrete<\/b> \u2013 You will have<\/span>
\nLui, lei <\/span>avr\u00e0<\/b> – He, she will have\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span> Loro <\/span>avranno<\/b> \u2013 They will have<\/span><\/p>\n

We can use this Italian verb to express numerous things.<\/span>
\nPossessing something literally:<\/strong>
\nHo<\/b> un cane \u2013 I have a dog<\/span>
\nSapevo che Giorgio <\/span>aveva<\/b> dei problemi \u2013 I knew Giorgio had problems<\/span><\/p>\n

Expressions of possessing something in a figurative way:<\/strong>
\nAvere<\/b> X anni \u2013 to be X years old:\u00a0<\/span>Hai<\/b> 20 anni \u2013 You are 20 years old<\/span>
\navere<\/b> fame \u2013 be hungry:\u00a0<\/span>Perch\u00e9 Gino <\/span>ha<\/b> sempre fame? \u2013 Why is Gino always hungry?<\/span>
\navere<\/b> fretta – be in a hurry:\u00a0<\/span>Dai, Carla, <\/span>ho<\/b> fretta. \u2013 Come on, Carla, I am in a hurry.<\/span>
\navere<\/b> bisogno di \u2013 to need something:\u00a0<\/span>Non <\/span>abbiamo<\/b> bisogno di te \u2013 We do not need you<\/span>
\navere<\/b> caldo\/freddo \u2013 be cold\/hot:\u00a0<\/span>Hai<\/b> freddo? \u2013 Are you cold?<\/span>
\nThere are many, many more!
\n\u201cAvere\u201d, just like \u201cessere\u201d, can also be used as an auxiliary to form compound tenses. It is, in fact, your \u201cgo to verb\u201d to form correct sentences.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
\nPast compound tense (passato prossimo)\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>
\nGrazie, <\/span>ho<\/b> mangiato abbastanza \u2013 Thank you, I\u2019ve eaten enough.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Another past compound tense (trapasassato prossimo)<\/strong>
\nHo letto un libro che <\/span>avevo<\/b> comprato il mese scorso. \u2013 I read the book I had bought last month.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Future compound tense (futuro anteriore)<\/strong>
\nTi chiamer\u00f2, quando <\/span>avr\u00f2<\/b> finito di lavorare \u2013 I will call you when I will have finished working.<\/span><\/p>\n

To communicate successfully you definitely need more than two Italian verbs. And yet, every language learner has to start somewhere. Regardless of your level, make sure that you can conjugate these two Italian verbs correctly and that you know the expressions and\u00a0sayings<\/a>\u00a0that they are used in. Knowing the grammar essentials cannot be overestimated!<\/span><\/p>\n

Learn Italian faster, using content you love<\/h2>\n

We both know that being told what to study isn’t always fun, especially when it comes to learning Italian. Wouldn’t it be better to use content you love to help you improve your language skills?<\/p>\n

That’s why I recommend LingQ to learn Italian online<\/a>. Simply put, LingQ comes equipped with 100s of lessons that have been transcribed and recorded by native Italian speakers. They’re easy to read and follow thanks to LingQ’s interface which also allows you to look up words with a single tap!<\/p>\n

\"Learn<\/p>\n

Not only does LingQ come equipped with loads of content, but also, you can import Italian content you enjoy into the app too! Turn your favorite Italian YouTuber<\/a> videos, audiobooks, and much more into interactive lessons.<\/p>\n

Try it for free today, LingQ\u2019s language learning apps are available for both\u00a0Android<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0iOS<\/a>. Good luck!<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Magdalena Osiejewicz-Cooper has lived in Bologna and Palermo. Apart from Italian she speaks fluent Polish and French. She is currently self-studying Spanish.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Verbs are a crucial part of any language. Try to make a sentence without using one and you will realize that they are truly indispensable. The more of them you …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":176587402,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[39],"tags":[85,105],"class_list":["post-176586571","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-learning-italian","tag-basic-italian","tag-english"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nEssential Italian Verbs: Essere and Avere - LingQ Language Learning<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Two Italian verbs are considered the most useful due to their versatility: \u201cessere\u201d and \u201cavere\u201d. 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